No description available.

[by] Britton Chance. / "Reprinted from the Review of scientific instruments, vol. 18, no. 9, 601-609, Sept. 1947." / Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis presents the development of calibration and data-reduction algorithms for non-conventional multi-hole pressure probes. The algorithms that have been developed for conventional 5- and 7-hole probes are not optimal for probes with port arrangements (on the probe tip) that are non-conventional. Conventional algorithms utilize the axisymmetry of the port distribution pattern to define the non-dimensional pressure coefficients. These coefficients are typically defined specifically for these patterns, but fail to correctly represent different patterns of port arrangements, such as patterns without axisymmetry or regularity. The algorithms introduced herein can handle any pattern of port arrangement, from axisymmetric and regular to random. Moreover, they eliminate the need to separate the measurement domain of a probe to "low-angle" and "high-angle" regimes, typical in conventional 5- and 7-hole-probe algorithms that require two different sets of pressure coefficient definitions and procedures. Additionally, the algorithms have been formulated such that they facilitate redundancy implementations, especially in applications where such redundancy is important, such as air-data systems. The developed algorithms are first applied to a non-conventional probe, a nearly omni-directional 18-hole probe, and demonstrate very high flow measurement accuracy. Subsequently, the algorithms were applied to a new 12-hole, nearly omni-directional, flow velocity measurement probe capable of measuring reversed flows. The new 12-hole design offers several advantages over a previously developed, 18-hole, nearly omni-directional probe. The probe is optimized in the sense that, regardless of the flow direction, it allows calculation of the 4 unknown flow quantities, i.e. the two flow angles, the velocity magnitude and the static pressure, with the minimum necessary number of holes/ports on the probe tip. This probe also has a non-conventional arrangement of its pressure ports and therefore the new calibration and data-reduction algorithms can be effectively employed. With theoretically generated pressure data for the 12-hole probe, the coefficient definitions are analyzed and found to be well-behaved.

Sammanfattning Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda om Mark- och miljööverdomstolen (MÖD) tillgodoser försiktighetsprincipen och EU-rättens krav vid riskbedömningar i Natura 2000-ärenden. Elva svenska rättsfall har analyserats och fyra fall från EU-domstolen. Följande frågor besvaras; -       hänvisar domstolen till begreppet gynnsam bevarandestatus? -       går det att utläsa ur MÖD:s domskäl om försiktighetsprincipen har tillämpats? Natura 2000-regleringen baseras på två EU-direktiv och syftar till att bevara och skydda den biologiska mångfalden inom unionen. Medlemsstaterna åläggs därför att upprätta skyddsområden för de arter och livsmiljöer som är listade i bilagor till direktiven. Medlemsstaterna är skyldiga att inrätta ett förfarande för att pröva verksamheters tillåtlighet inom skyddsområdena. Genom detta förfarande ska de nationella myndigheterna inte tillåta verksamheter som kan skada områdets integritet. Av EU-domstolens rättsfall framgår att tillståndsförfarandet ska tillämpas i ljuset av försiktighetsprincipen. Min analys av rättsfallen visar att MÖD fram till 2011 inte tillgodosett försiktighetsprincipen på ett tillfredställande sätt. Osäkerheter i utredningar angående potentiella skador har förbisetts och i något fall har det inte gått att utläsa om försiktighetsprincipen tillämpats. De två senaste åren har en positiv förändring skett. Domskälen har blivit tydligare, hänvisningar till lagstiftningen har gjorts mer tillfredställande och osäkerheter i utredningarna har lett till att tillstånd inte meddelats. Fortfarande finns dock möjlighet att förtydliga domskälen genom hänvisningar till gynnsam bevarandestatus och bevarandeplaner i aktuella områden.

This dissertation will be focused on the characterization of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet source with an application oriented diagnostic approach and the description of processes supported by this plasma source. The plasma source investigated is a single electrode plasma jet. Schlieren images, optical emission spectra, temperature and heat flux profiles are analyzed to deeply investigate the fluid dynamic, the chemical composition and the thermal output of the plasma generated with a nanosecond-pulsed high voltage generator. The maximum temperature measured is about 45 °C and values close to the room temperature are reached 10 mm down the source outlet, ensuring the possibility to use the plasma jet for the treatment of thermosensitive materials, such as, for example, biological substrate or polymers. Electrospinning of polymeric solution allows the production of nanofibrous non-woven mats and the plasma pre-treatment of the solutions leads to the realization of defect free nanofibers. The use of the plasma jet allows the electrospinnability of a non-spinnable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) solution, suitable for the production of biological scaffold for the wound dressing.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om oral administrering av två milliliter 30 % glukos har någon smärtlindrande effekt vid vaccination mot mässling, påssjuka och röda hund [MPR]. Metod: Urvalsgruppen bestod av 18 månader gamla barn som besökte Samariterhemmet- och Eriksbergs barnavårdcentral (interventionsgrupp) eller Flogsta barnavårdcentral (kontrollgrupp) för en 18-månaderskontroll och MPR-vaccination under tiden för studien. Totalt deltog 24 barn, interventionsgruppen bestod av 14 barn och kontrollgruppen bestod av 10 barn. Studien har genomförts med en kvantitativ, kvasi-experimentell design. Vid observation av deltagarna mättes skriktid samt föräldrarnas upplevelse av barnets smärta. Resultat: Vid mätning av skriktid kunde inte två milliliter 30 % glukos ses ha någon analgetisk effekt i samband med procedurrelaterad smärta. Föräldrarna i interventionsgruppen skattade sina barns smärta högre än de i kontrollgruppen. Slutsats: Då ingen analgetisk effekt utav två milliliter 30 % glukos till 18 månader gamla barn har kunnat påvisas stödjer denna studie inte att glukos som smärtlindringsmetod implementeras vid procedurrelaterad smärta i åldersgruppen. Studien har dock sina begränsningar då studiegruppen var liten och 8 av 10 deltagare i kontrollgruppen fick ett annat typ av vaccin. Detta vaccin (Priorix) anses orsaka mindre smärta än det vaccin som gavs till de övriga deltagarna (MMR-II). / Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether oral administration of two milliliters of 30 % glucose have an analgesic effect during vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella in 18-month-old children. Method: The sample group consisted of 18-month-old children who had their 18-month visit at Samariterhemmet or Eriksberg’s healthcare center (intervention group) or Flogsta healthcare center (control group) during the period of the study. The total amount of participants was 24 children; 14 children in the intervention group were observed at Samariterhemmet and Erikbergs healthcare center and 10 children were observed in the control group at Flogsta healthcare center. The study was conducted as a quantitative quasi-experimental study. During the visits the duration of the child’s crying/screaming and the parents’ perception of their child’s pain were observed and noted. Results: When measuring the duration of the child’s crying/screaming, two milliliters of 30 % glucose could not be considered to have any analgesic effect on procedure-related pain. Parents in the study group perceived their children as having more pain than the parents in the control group. Conclusion: Since this study could not show any positive analgesic effect attributed to the administration of 30 % glucose in 18-month-old children this procedure cannot be recommended for this age group. However, this study has its limitations, the low amount of participants should be considered and also the fact that eight out of ten children in the control group received a different type of vaccine (Priorix) than the rest of the sample group (MMR-II). This vaccine has been found to cause less pain than MMR-II.

This thesis presents the development of calibration and data-reduction algorithms for non-conventional multi-hole pressure probes. The algorithms that have been developed for conventional 5- and 7-hole probes are not optimal for probes with port arrangements (on the probe tip) that are non-conventional. Conventional algorithms utilize the axisymmetry of the port distribution pattern to define the non-dimensional pressure coefficients. These coefficients are typically defined specifically for these patterns, but fail to correctly represent different patterns of port arrangements, such as patterns without axisymmetry or regularity. The algorithms introduced herein can handle any pattern of port arrangement, from axisymmetric and regular to random. Moreover, they eliminate the need to separate the measurement domain of a probe to "low-angle" and "high-angle" regimes, typical in conventional 5- and 7-hole-probe algorithms that require two different sets of pressure coefficient definitions and procedures. Additionally, the algorithms have been formulated such that they facilitate redundancy implementations, especially in applications where such redundancy is important, such as air-data systems. The developed algorithms are first applied to a non-conventional probe, a nearly omni-directional 18-hole probe, and demonstrate very high flow measurement accuracy. Subsequently, the algorithms were applied to a new 12-hole, nearly omni-directional, flow velocity measurement probe capable of measuring reversed flows. The new 12-hole design offers several advantages over a previously developed, 18-hole, nearly omni-directional probe. The probe is optimized in the sense that, regardless of the flow direction, it allows calculation of the 4 unknown flow quantities, i.e. the two flow angles, the velocity magnitude and the static pressure, with the minimum necessary number of holes/ports on the probe tip. This probe also has a non-conventional arrangement of its pressure ports and therefore the new calibration and data-reduction algorithms can be effectively employed. With theoretically generated pressure data for the 12-hole probe, the coefficient definitions are analyzed and found to be well-behaved.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.