A Constituição de 1988 classifica-se como Rígida, porque seu procedimento de transformação é mais solene do que o das demais leis e normas. A despeito dos limites à sua transformação, experimentou amplas e reiteradas emendas, o que a faz instável. Logo, a Estabilidade constitucional é um dos fins perseguidos pela rigidez constitucional, mas com ela não se confunde. Por Estabilidade entende-se a capacidade de uma Constituição ou de uma organização constitucional de persistir e transformar-se no tempo, preservando suas principais características. A Estabilidade, enquanto categoria foi compreendida de maneira diferente na Antiguidade, na Idade Média e a partir das revoluções liberais. Deve-se a James Bryce a classificação das Constituições em Rígidas e Flexíveis. Nas primeiras, centros decisórios distintos produzem normas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais; nas segundas, uma única fonte. O autor também cotejou essas Constituições com a concepção de Estabilidade. O passar dos anos obscureceu essa implicação, a recomendar a revisitação de sua obra. As Constituições Rígidas são dotadas de uma imutabilidade relativa e de uma supremacia formal. Garantidas por um modelo de controle de constitucionalidade e de institutos de superação de crises. A competência reformadora é obstaculizada por limites normativos, o que faz da Mutação Constitucional, em princípio, a expressão de sua atualização. A história constitucional brasileira é caracterizada por uma sucessão de Constituições, o que denota uma instabilidade, provocada pelos mais diferentes motivos. A Constituição de 1988 dispõe de adequados limites à alteração formal e de um complexo modelo de controle de constitucionalidade. De outro lado, não lhe impediu diversas emendas. Todavia, ainda não lhe desestruturou a identidade das normas materialmente constitucionais, sendo uma instabilidade de superfície ou aparente. O perigo é que a banalização das reformas produza uma instabilidade de fundo, que comprometa regras materialmente constitucionais. A advertência recomenda que se investigue uma solução. / The Constitution of 1988 is classified as rigid because its procedure for transformation is more solemn than that of other laws and rules. Despite the limits to its transformation, it has repeatedly undergone ample amendment, which makes it unstable. Hence, constitutional stability is one of the ends sought by constitutional rigidity, but must not be confused with it. Stability is understood as the ability of a Constitution or constitutional organization to endure and transform itself in time, while preserving its primary characteristics. Stability as a category has been understood in different ways in Antiquity, in the Middle Ages, and with the coming of liberal revolutions. Classifying Constitutions as rigid and flexible is something we owe to James Bryce. In the former, distinct decision-making centers produce constitutional and sub-constitutional rules; in the latter, a single source does. That author has also compared such Constitutions to the conception of stability. The course of time has cast a shadow on that implication, so revisiting his works might be commendable. Rigid Constitutions are endowed with a relative immutability and a formal supremacy, and assured by a framework for controlling constitutionality, and by doctrines for overcoming crises. Reformative jurisdiction has the hurdles of regulatory limits, making Constitutional Mutation, in principle, the expression of their updating. Brazilian constitutional history is characterized by a succession of Constitutions, belying an instability caused by a wide variety of reasons. The Constitution of 1988 is provided with suitable limits to formal change, and with a complex framework for controlling constitutionality. This, on the other hand, has not prevented its various amendments. However, it has not yet taken apart the identify of materially constitutional rules, as such instability is only superficial or apparent. The danger lies in the triteness of reforms leading to an in-depth stability that compromises materially constitutional rules. This warning commends looking into a solution.

Bibliography: p. leaves 62-68.

Though known for his fantastical writings George MacDonald is often considered to be a typical Victorian teacher of religious and moral seriousness. Approaches to MacDonald’s works normally seek to find his ‘message’ by expositing the moral, social, pedagogical, psychological or theological ‘content’ of his work. This study recasts MacDonald in the light of his shorter fairytales for the ‘childlike’ and argues that these seemingly small and insignificant works are a golden key to his artistic enterprise. This is not because of any particular ‘message’ that they carry but because of their peculiarly light mode of generating meaning and the relation of this lightness to theology. Whilst it is frequently disparaged, levity actually has strong parallels with the theological atmosphere of Christianity. Light modalities such as folly, ecstasy, play, vanity, carnival and Sabbath demonstrate that the Christian faith has greater affinities with lightness and whimsicality than its solemn defenders sometimes admit. MacDonald’s fairytales draw upon this surprising harmony between levity and faith to create environments in which readers can playfully reflect upon the nature of ultimate reality and begin to find their own place within that reality. By helping to remove the mask of ‘seriousness’ presented by things in the everyday world, fairytales engender a kind of ‘divine carelessness’ and help people to let go of the weighty cares and fears that keep them tightly bound to worldly things.

The proposed study is to examine the contribution made by John D'Oyly, a British Civil Servant, to the British acquisition and control of the whole of Ceylon. It is also aimed to examine the history of this period (between 1805-1818) in Ceylon as a part of British colonial expansion in South Asia focusing on the policy of infiltration which was used by the British as a method of expanding and consolidating their power and influence. In The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, published in 1996, P.J. Marshall submitted that the British had become a major political force on the south east coast of the Indian subcontinent, and had become the real rulers of the wealthy province of Bengal by the end of the eighteenth century. He further submits that the success of the British was mainly due to their ability to infiltrate into the internal politics of local states and kingdoms, and thereby dominate some of these political entities rather than overcome and destroy them by the use of military force. This process of infiltration will be examined in detail in the study of British relations with the Kandyan Kingdom, which was situated in the centre of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and was the only local kingdom then in existence as an independent political entity. The primary documents to be studied are those that relate to the British relations with the Kandyan Kingdom between 1805 and 1818, which covers the career of John D'Oyly as a civil servant working in Ceylon. He was the principal figure used by the British in their dealings with the Kandyan Kingdom, due mainly to his proficiency in the Sinhalese language and his knowledge of the customs and manners of the local people. His official diary, covering between the periods of 1810 and 1815, is one of the major sources of this study, examining the methods of infiltration. What is attempted in this Thesis is to examine this new theoretical approach of infiltration (submitted by P.J. Marshall) to the history of British relations with the Kandyan Kingdom between the periods of 1805 to 1818. This study is associated therefore with giving a new dimension to D'Oyly's work as a civil servant, and also to give a deeper reason for British expansion in Ceylon (as much as in Asia) in the context of the broader British strategic objectives. It strives to give a new meaning to the primary documents available in studying British Kandyan relations, as a part of the successful political expansion of the British in India and Asia.

Tesis para optar al grado de MagíSter en Historia con mención en Historia de América

A Constituição Federal de 1988 inovou ao trazer um artigo (4o) especificamente dedicado a estabelecer os princípios das relações internacionais do Brasil. Esta tese situa essa inovação no contexto da evolução constitucional brasileira, examina se os atos praticados pelo Poder Executivo no exercício da competência para conduzir as relações internacionais podem ser submetidos ao controle jurisdicional e, finalmente, avalia como um dos princípios do art. 4o o da prevalência dos direitos humanos poderia ser utilizado como parâmetro para aferição de constitucionalidade, buscando identificar que exigências ele impõe ao Estado brasileiro em sua atuação externa. Com base na investigação da jurisprudência local e estrangeira, demonstra-se que a judicialização de questões internacionais é um processo já em curso, mas que, na ausência de uma definição mais clara do papel que cabe ao Judiciário no campo das relações internacionais, esse Poder tem reagido de forma incerta e pouco consistente às demandas que lhe são apresentadas. Nesse contexto, são identificados os principais obstáculos jurídicos geralmente oferecidos ao controle jurisdicional dos atos de relações internacionais no Brasil para, em seguida, expor suas fragilidades, sustentando-se a possibilidade desse tipo de controle. Em situações em que o princípio da prevalência dos direitos humanos seja relevante, trata-se de verificar se o Executivo agiu internacionalmente com observância dos direitos humanos de quaisquer indivíduos que possam ser afetados pelo ato em questão, sejam ou não brasileiros, estejam ou não em território nacional. Condutas (ações ou omissões) eventualmente restritivas dos direitos humanos, desacompanhadas de fundamentação constitucional, podem corresponder a uma violação do princípio e ser, portanto, objeto da censura judicial. A tese se encerra com um estudo de casos, onde essas ideias são aplicadas a duas situações concretas. / The 1988 Federal Constitution broke new ground by establishing in a specific provision (Article 4) the directive principles for Brazils international relations. The present thesis firts considers this provision in light of the Brazilian constitutional history, it further questions whether acts from the Executive branch in exercise of its constitutional mandate to conduct foreign policy are subject to judicial review and, finally, it discusses how a specific principle established by Article 4 the one determining primacy of human rights in international relations operates as a constitutional standard, seeking to clarify what are the obligations that this provision imposes on the Brazilian State while conducting its foreign policy. Based on an analysis of case law from Brazil and other jurisdictions, this thesis argues that the judicialization of international relations is already underway, although the Judiciary has not been able to develop assertive and consistent judicial standards to resolve cases dealing with issues of foreign policy, considering the lack of a clear definition of the role to be played by the Judiciary in this realm. In this sense, the thesis takes into account the main legal barriers generally faced in cases of judicial review of foreign policy issues in Brazil, revealing some of its shortcomings, and argues in favor of such judicial scrutiny. In cases where the principle of primacy of human rights applies, the act of the Executive branch should protect the human rights of all individuals involved by this act, regardless their nationality (Brazilian or not) or location (national territory or abroad). Restrictive measures (actions or omissions) that limit human rights, without a constitutional basis, can amount to a violation of the abovementioned principle, and, therefore, might be struck down by the Judiciary. This thesis concludes with a case study, where those ideas are applied to two particular situations.

A Constituição de 1988 classifica-se como Rígida, porque seu procedimento de transformação é mais solene do que o das demais leis e normas. A despeito dos limites à sua transformação, experimentou amplas e reiteradas emendas, o que a faz instável. Logo, a Estabilidade constitucional é um dos fins perseguidos pela rigidez constitucional, mas com ela não se confunde. Por Estabilidade entende-se a capacidade de uma Constituição ou de uma organização constitucional de persistir e transformar-se no tempo, preservando suas principais características. A Estabilidade, enquanto categoria foi compreendida de maneira diferente na Antiguidade, na Idade Média e a partir das revoluções liberais. Deve-se a James Bryce a classificação das Constituições em Rígidas e Flexíveis. Nas primeiras, centros decisórios distintos produzem normas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais; nas segundas, uma única fonte. O autor também cotejou essas Constituições com a concepção de Estabilidade. O passar dos anos obscureceu essa implicação, a recomendar a revisitação de sua obra. As Constituições Rígidas são dotadas de uma imutabilidade relativa e de uma supremacia formal. Garantidas por um modelo de controle de constitucionalidade e de institutos de superação de crises. A competência reformadora é obstaculizada por limites normativos, o que faz da Mutação Constitucional, em princípio, a expressão de sua atualização. A história constitucional brasileira é caracterizada por uma sucessão de Constituições, o que denota uma instabilidade, provocada pelos mais diferentes motivos. A Constituição de 1988 dispõe de adequados limites à alteração formal e de um complexo modelo de controle de constitucionalidade. De outro lado, não lhe impediu diversas emendas. Todavia, ainda não lhe desestruturou a identidade das normas materialmente constitucionais, sendo uma instabilidade de superfície ou aparente. O perigo é que a banalização das reformas produza uma instabilidade de fundo, que comprometa regras materialmente constitucionais. A advertência recomenda que se investigue uma solução. / The Constitution of 1988 is classified as rigid because its procedure for transformation is more solemn than that of other laws and rules. Despite the limits to its transformation, it has repeatedly undergone ample amendment, which makes it unstable. Hence, constitutional stability is one of the ends sought by constitutional rigidity, but must not be confused with it. Stability is understood as the ability of a Constitution or constitutional organization to endure and transform itself in time, while preserving its primary characteristics. Stability as a category has been understood in different ways in Antiquity, in the Middle Ages, and with the coming of liberal revolutions. Classifying Constitutions as rigid and flexible is something we owe to James Bryce. In the former, distinct decision-making centers produce constitutional and sub-constitutional rules; in the latter, a single source does. That author has also compared such Constitutions to the conception of stability. The course of time has cast a shadow on that implication, so revisiting his works might be commendable. Rigid Constitutions are endowed with a relative immutability and a formal supremacy, and assured by a framework for controlling constitutionality, and by doctrines for overcoming crises. Reformative jurisdiction has the hurdles of regulatory limits, making Constitutional Mutation, in principle, the expression of their updating. Brazilian constitutional history is characterized by a succession of Constitutions, belying an instability caused by a wide variety of reasons. The Constitution of 1988 is provided with suitable limits to formal change, and with a complex framework for controlling constitutionality. This, on the other hand, has not prevented its various amendments. However, it has not yet taken apart the identify of materially constitutional rules, as such instability is only superficial or apparent. The danger lies in the triteness of reforms leading to an in-depth stability that compromises materially constitutional rules. This warning commends looking into a solution.

As brass instruments evolved from crude instruments limited to only a few notes into instruments that could play melodic passages within the vocal range, they began to be paired with the voice. The development traced in this paper will focus primarily on the addition of brass instruments with a choral ensemble from the late Renaissance period through the Modern period. Insight into the historical use of brass and the evolution of choral and brass music allows us to better understand the genre and how subject matter, text, and/or the occasion for which the compositions were composed often influenced the composer’s decision to add brass. Four representative pieces will be studied: In Ecclesiis by Giovanni Gabrieli (c.1554-1612); Herr, unser Herscher by Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672); Ecce Sacerdos by Anton Bruckner (1824- 1896); and Ode a la Musique by Frank Martin (1890-1974).

Dans un premier temps, cette étude présente, sommairement, la question socio-politique, économique et culturelle du Chili au XIXe siècle, époque de transition entre les régimes colonial et républicain (1800-1900). Un deuxième chapitre tente de faire un rapide survol du phénomène de la présence des Français durant la même période au Chili, lesquels arrivèrent en grand nombre à partir de 1840, en pleine période de romantisme. Après ces chapitres servant d'introduction, le corpus du mémoire est consacré à la vie et à l'oeuvre du peintre français Raymond Auguste Quinsac Monvoisin qui, dans le champ des arts plastiques au Chili, mérite une place de choix. Il est incontestablement un des principaux intervenants dans l'éveil artistique du pays. D'ailleurs, Monvoisin est considéré comme un des précurseurs de l'école chilienne. Grâce aux toiles qu'il y apporta et à celles qu'il y réalisa, dont plusieurs furent acquises par l'État et par des collectionneurs du pays, un nombre important de ses oeuvres, représentant les trois grandes périodes de sa carrière, se trouvent actuellement au Chili. La présence de Monvoisin au pays coïncide avec l'époque d'instauration de la République, d'où la valeur particulière de son témoignage. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013

Dans ce mémoire, nous avons voulu discerner le charisme et le prophétisme de Marie-Louise-Elisabeth, fondatrice de la congrégation des sœurs de la Charité de Saint-Louis. Pour ce faire, nous avons appliqué les concepts de charisme et de prophétisme aux principaux événements de la vie et aux écrits de cette servante de Dieu. Cette étude a été élaborée à la lumière de la théologie et de la sociologie. La conclusion de cette recherche nous autorise à affirmer que Marie- Louise-Elisabeth avait vraiment un charisme. De plus, sa vision prophétique s’est concrétisée et continue encore d’exercer son influence, dans plusieurs pays.