Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lewis Carroll’s classic children’s tale Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, as well as its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, have the reputation of being the most quoted and translated texts of all time, after the Bible and Shakespeare. The status of the Alice books as timeless classics is confirmed by the numerous translations and adaptations of the texts that have already been made and is still being made. In this study, a descriptive investigation of André P. Brink’s Afrikaans translation of Carroll’s classic children’s books is undertaken in order to investigate whether the translation is still suitable for Afrikaans readers today. Brink’s Afrikaans translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was published in 1965, and his translation of Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There in 1968. Firstly, an overview of the most important theoretical contributions to translation studies since the nineteen-eighties is given to provide a foundation for the investigation and description of translations. Relevant terminology, such as adequacy and acceptability, will be explained. Emphasis will especially be placed on the interaction between the theoretical contributions, which will serve as a basis for the conclusion drawn regarding the suitability of the translation. The conclusion will be based on an application where the translation will be investigated. The translation is studied from a theoretical point of view on macrostructural as well as microstructural level. In the macrostructural analysis, references to the title, cover pages, illustrations, chapter titles, and the (in)visibility of the translator will be made. The microstructural analysis comprises an investigation of how Brink dealt with translation problems that arose during the particular translation. As a result of the investigation of the translation, conclusions can be drawn regarding the suitability of the translation for current readers. A recommendation on the possibility of a retranslation is also offered. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lewis Carroll se klassieke kinderverhaal Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland en die opvolg Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, het die reputasie as die tekste wat, naas die Bybel en Shakespeare, die meeste aangehaal word en vertaal word van alle tekste. Die status van die Alice-verhale as tydlose, klassieke verhale word bevestig deur die verskeie vertalings en verwerkings daarvan wat reeds gedoen is en steeds onderneem word. In hierdie studie word ’n beskrywende ondersoek van André P. Brink se Afrikaanse vertaling van Carroll se verhale onderneem om vas te stel of die vertalings vir huidige lesers steeds gepas is. Brink se Afrikaanse vertaling van Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is reeds in 1965 gepubliseer en die vertaling van Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There in 1968. ’n Oorsig oor die vernaamste vertaalteoretiese bydraes sedert die tagtigerjare word eerstens gebied as gronding vir die bestudering en beskrywing van vertalings. Relevante terminologie, waaronder geskiktheid en aanvaarbaarheid, kom ook aan bod. Daar word veral klem gelê op die interaksie tussen die teoretiese bydraes, wat gesamentlik dien as ’n grondslag vir die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word oor die gepastheid van die vertaling. Die oordeel oor die gepastheid, al dan nie, van die vertaling word gegrond op ’n toepassing waar die vertaling bestudeer word. Die vertaling word vanuit ’n vertaalteoretiese oogpunt op makro- sowel as mikrovlak bestudeer. Op makrovlak word daar onder andere verwys na die titel, voorblaaie, illustrasies, hoofstuktitels en die (on)sigbaarheid van die vertaler. Die bestudering van die vertaling op mikrovlak behels ’n ondersoek na Brink se hantering van vertaalprobleme wat in die betrokke vertaalsituasie ontstaan. Na aanleiding van die bestudering van die vertaling kan daar afleidings gemaak word oor die gepastheid daarvan vir huidige lesers en word ’n aanbeveling gemaak oor die moontlikheid van ’n hervertaling.

Because of the lack of information concerning the success or failure of Schubert's bilingual edition and concerning the relationship between the English texts and Schubert's settings, most performers take the conservative route of performing both the songs from Lady of the Lake and the rest of Schubert's English song repertoire only with the German translations. Because of the desirability of performing this repertoire in English for English-speaking audiences, this study examines all of the English songs of Schubert to determine whether the original poems can be successfully substituted for the German translations. Editions of the settings that can be effectively performed with the English texts are included in the appendix, in order to make available editions which reflect Schubert's ambition to make his songs easily accessible to non-German-speaking audiences.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 482-490. / William Robert Ware (1832- 1915) planned and directed the first collegiate program in architectural education i n the United States. He was educated in the liberal arts and civil engineering at Harvard University and received further training in architects' offices before entering into practice with Henry Van Brunt (1832-1903). In 1865 Ware was appointed to the newly established Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He remained on the faculty until 1881, when he was called to Columbia University to organize still another collegiate program in architecture. During 1866-67, Ware traveled in Europe, paying particular attention to the role of national schools and professional organizations in the teaching of architecture in Britain and France. Formal instruction in architecture at M.I.T. began in the fall of 1868. Ware devised a curriculum, which he adjusted throughout the 1870s, including drawing and design, architectural history, and construction and practice (i . e., building materials and components, specifications, and contracts). In the spring of 1872, he recruited Eugene Letang (1842-1892), an alumnus of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, to teach design. From this time on, the routine studio problems at M.I.T. began to emulate those of the Ecole, and the eclectic neoclassicism of the Beaux-Arts began to predominate in students' drawings. The Department of Architecture at M.I.T. in these earliest years functioned best in providing a one- or two-year course of special study for persons who were graduates of four-year colleges or who had some experience in architects' offices. It also served to prepare Americans for the formal or informal study they intended to pursue in Paris. Ware's department offered, in effect, a postgraduate program, a program in continuing education, and a preparatory program for advanced study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. By virtue of its location in cosmopolitan Boston, the M.I.T. Department of Architecture emerged in the 1870s as the preeminent American collegiate program, attracting more students from more diverse parts of the country than the other important early programs at Cornell University and the University of Illinois. Ware trained some 235 students at M.I.T., and many of them became the leaders in architecture and architectural education in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. / by John Andrew Chewning. / Ph.D.

Si bien la crítica latinoamericana contemporánea ha estudiado buena parte de las referencias literarias, plásticas y filosóficas de De Sobremesa (1895) de José Asunción Silva, aún queda por investigar con mayor profundidad cuál es la relación que se establece entre esta novela típicamente modernista y la mitología faustiana. La mayoría de estudiosos de la obra de Silva han señalado las fuertes influencias europeas de fines del siglo XIX enfatizando en las de Joris-Karl Huysmans, Charles Baudelaire, el novelista y psicólogo Paul Bourget, el pintorpoeta Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Friedrich Nietzsche e incluso Arthur Schopenhauer. Sin embargo, no se ha considerado con seriedad el influjo que sin lugar a dudas tuvo Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) en la obra de José Asunción Silva (1865-1896). El Modernismo fue un movimiento literario que surgió en Latinoamérica a fines del siglo XIX y cuya estética estuvo determinada en gran parte por la necesidad de instituir un nuevo modelo de hombre intelectual moderno que estuviera al margen de los discursos del poder político y educativo. Durante casi todo el siglo XIX el letrado era un intelectual ligado al dominio de lo público y a las más altas esferas del poder político. La literatura constituía un dispositivo puesto al servicio del Estado que, en ese entonces, buscaba educar a una gran parte de la población americana considerada como “bárbara” y “salvaje”. Son los casos del Facundo (1845) de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Amalia (1851) de José Mármol y María (1867) de Jorge Isaacs, textos narrativos realistas con fines didácticos. Con la emancipación de la metrópoli, la literatura latinoamericana empieza a tomar distancia de sus obligaciones pedagógicas–morales y, como consecuencia de ello, los escritores se repliegan en la soledad de sus despachos para crear desde su yo interior. De aquí se entiende por qué en la poesía como en la narrativa modernista hay una repetición de imágenes alusivas a los espacios interiores como las habitaciones de las amadas, los despachos, las tertulias entre amigos cercanos y los consultorios médicos. En este “interior”, perfumado del olor de los cigarrillos de Oriente, colmado de exóticos objetos decorativos traídos desde China y tapizado con finos terciopelos y pieles de origen ruso, las referencias librescas no pasan desapercibidas. Bajo este mismo espíritu sofisticado y preciosista para describir las atmósferas intimas, la novela de Silva podría ser considerada como un valioso catálogo bibliográfico que recoge muchas de las inspiraciones artísticas y científicas de su autor. De sobremesa es, entonces, no sólo una “autobiografía novelada” donde el personaje principal es “un alter ego exacto” (Remedios Mataix, 111) de J. A. Silva, sino un homenaje a los autores y sus obras que más huella dejaron en la corta vida del autor. . / Tesis

During the 1860s in Paris, Edouard Manet and his circle transformed the style and content of art to reflect an emerging modernity in the social, political and economic life of the city. Manet's Olympia (1863) was foundational to the new manner of painting that captured the changing realities of modern life in Paris. One readily observable development of the period was the emergence of a small but highly visible population of free blacks in the city, just fifteen years after the second and final French abolition of territorial slavery in 1848. The discourse around Olympia has centered almost exclusively on one of the two figures depicted: the eponymous prostitute whose portrayal constitutes a radical revision of conventional images of the courtesan. This dissertation will attempt to provide a sustained art-historical treatment of the second figure, the prostitute's black maid, posed by a model whose name, as recorded by Manet, was Laure. It will first seek to establish that the maid figure of Olympia, in the context of precedent and Manet's other images of Laure, can be seen as a focal point of interest, and as a representation of the complex racial dimension of modern life in post-abolition Paris. It will then examine the continuing resonance and influence of Manet's Laure across successive generations of artists from Manet's own time to the present moment. The dissertation thereby suggests a continuing iconographic lineage for Manet's Laure, as manifested in iteratively modernizing depictions of the black female figure from 1870 to the present. Artworks discussed include a clarifying homage to Manet by his acolyte Frédéric Bazille; the countertypical portrayal by early modernist Henri Matisse of two principal black models as personifications of cosmopolitan modernity; the presentation by collagist Romare Bearden of a black odalisque defined by cultural, rather than sexual, attributes metaphoric of the cultural hybridity of African American culture; and direct engagement with Manet's depiction of Laure by selected contemporary artists, including Maud Sulter and Mickalene Thomas, often with imagery, materials and processes also influenced by Matisse or Bearden. In each case, the fitfully evolving modernity of the black female figure will be seen to emerge from each artist's fidelity to his or her transformative creative vision regardless of the representational norms of the day. The question of what, if anything, is represented by Manet's idiosyncratic depiction of the prostitute's black maid has seldom been comprehensively addressed by the histories of modern art. The small body of published commentary about Manet's Laure, with a few notable exceptions, generally dismisses the figure as meaning, essentially, nothing -- except as an ancillary intensifier of the connotations of immorality attributed to the prostitute. Manet's earlier portrait of Laure, rich in significations relevant to her portrayal in Olympia, is even more rarely discussed, and typically seen as a study for Olympia, rather than as a stand-alone portrait as this analysis suggests. The image of Laure as Olympia's maid is frequently oversimplified as a racist stereotype, a perspective that belies the metonymic implications of a figure that is simultaneously centered and obscured. It is in the extensive body of response to Laure's Olympia pose by artists, more than by historians, that the full complexity and enduring influence of the figure's problematic nuance can be seen. This dissertation, like the artists, takes its cues from the formal qualities of Manet's images of Laure, in the context of precedent images and the fraught racial interface within Manet's social and artistic milieu, to suggest new and revisionary narratives. It suggests that Manet's Laure can be seen as an early depiction of an evolving cultural hybridity among black Parisians- visible in Laure's placement, affect and attire--that took shape during the early years of the newly built northern areas of Paris that are today home to some of the largest black populations in central Paris. Within this context, an iconographic legacy of ambivalent yet innovative modernity can be asserted for the Laure figure -extending from Delacroix to Matisse, Bearden and beyond. This lineage can be seen as parallel to the long-established pictorial lineage for Manet's figuring of the prostitute Olympia. What is at stake is an art-historical discourse posed as an intervention with the prevailing historical silence about the representation and legacy of Manet's Laure, and by derivation about the significance of the black female muse to the formation of modernism. This analysis suggests that the black female figure is foundational to the evolving aesthetics of modern art. It suggests that Olympia's standing as a progenitor of modern painting can only be enhanced by breaking through the marginalization of Laure's representational legacy. It asserts that it is only when the bi-figural significance of Manet's Olympia is recognized that the extent and influence of Manet's radical modernity can be most fully understood.

Abstract not available

À l'aube du XXIe siècle, la littérature merveilleuse connaît un regain de popularité, particulièrement avec la venue de phénomènes éditoriaux tels que la série Harry Potter. Les sept romans de Joanne Kathleen Rowling, publiés entre 1997 et 2007, sont l'objet d'une popularité toujours croissante à chaque nouvelle publication. L'intérêt pour la littérature merveilleuse n'est cependant pas nouveau, particulièrement en Grande-Bretagne; en effet, ce point du globe a été le berceau d'une vague d'engouement pour la littérature merveilleuse tout aussi forte environ 150 ans plus tôt, avec la publication du roman Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. La liste des auteurs qui ont été inspirés par Carroll, ou du moins qui ont contribué à faire gonfler la vague, est passablement longue. Dans ces sociétés où l'enfant possède une importance capitale, que ce soit la société victorienne ou la nôtre, il n'est pas si étonnant que les ouvrages qui le concernent captent autant l'intérêt du public. Cependant, ce ne sont pas tous les romans qui parlent des enfants qui connaissent le même succès; comment expliquer que le choix des lecteurs s'arrête sur telle œuvre plutôt que sur telle autre? Nous postulons que la popularité de certains ouvrages réside principalement dans le processus de lecture qui prévaut dans chacun d'eux. L'acte de lecture est une activité complexe; certains textes demandent à être lus un peu de la façon dont on participe à un jeu, soit en étant confronté à des indéterminations et en résolvant des énigmes, mais surtout en se laissant prendre au jeu du « let's pretend ». Dans les œuvres qui retiennent notre attention pour cette étude, soit les deux romans de Carroll mettant en scène le personnage d'Alice ainsi que les sept romans de la série Harry Potter, de nombreux effets de lecture nous permettent de démontrer ce postulat. Dans le premier chapitre, nous procédons à un court compte-rendu des connaissances concernant les genres littéraires auxquels se rattachent les œuvres de notre corpus, c'est-à-dire le merveilleux et la fantasy, ainsi que les éléments caractéristiques de ceux-ci. Nous présentons ensuite différents outils provenant des théories de la lecture qui nous permettront de mieux saisir les mécanismes du texte contribuant à provoquer un fort phénomène d'adhésion chez le lectorat, tels que la théorie des mondes possibles (Eco) ou celle des univers fictionnels (Pavel), les concepts d'indétermination (Iser) et de préconstruit (Thérien), les régies de lecture (Gervais) ainsi que des théories présentant la lecture comme un jeu (Calinescu et Picard). Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous montrons comment les œuvres de notre corpus, en s'inscrivant dans le genre merveilleux et en parlant de l'enfant, suggèrent un cadre de lecture ludique. Les nombreuses allusions au jeu qui les parsèment, que ce soit le jeu d'échec, de Quidditch, ou encore celui du « faire-semblant », ainsi que les stratégies textuelles qui s'y trouvent conduisent le lecteur à procéder à une construction mentale des univers qui lui sont présentés de la même façon qu'il résoudrait des énigmes. Les blancs laissés dans le texte contribuent à stimuler son imagination et les effets de surprise, largement présents dans ces textes, augmentent le plaisir ressenti lors de la lecture. Toujours dans le deuxième chapitre, nous démontrons que les auteurs utilisent des procédés semblables en ce qui concerne l'organisation spatiale de leurs univers; ils utilisent des frontières instables et perméables qui font hésiter le lecteur quant aux propriétés du monde dans lequel il pénètre et qui le désorientent. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, nous voyons comment l'identité des personnages se construit autour d'un noyau fixe, constitué par le nom du personnage, ainsi que d'une partie mobile et morcelée, soumise aux transformations. La quête identitaire qui fait l'objet des œuvres de notre corpus contribue à renforcer l'identification au personnage, puisque ces œuvres s'organisent autour d'une construction en miroir, qui fait en sorte que le monde de la fiction reflète le monde réel connu du lecteur. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : merveilleux, fantasy, lecture, mondes possibles, univers fictionnels, indéterminations, préconstruits, jeu, enfance, identité, miroir, Lewis Carroll, J.K. Rowling, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Through the Looking-Glass, Harry Potter.

Not available / text

No description available.

No description available.