Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Max Weber’s text, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-5), also called “the Weber thesis”, has animated debates on the relationship between religion, particularly Calvinism, and capitalism for over a century. Many studies have been done to test the validity of the relationship between religion, particularly Protestantism, and capitalism in different parts of the world. However, the case of the relationship between Calvinism and capitalism in South Africa has received limited scholarly attention. In the view of the political economist Francis Fukuyama, ‘the failure of the Calvinist Afrikaners to develop a thriving capitalist system until the last quarter of the [19th] century’ is an anomaly that needs explanation. My doctoral thesis takes up this challenge and offers an understanding of the engagement of Boers/Afrikaner Calvinists with trade, later modern industrial capitalism, from 1652 to 1948. In order to understand the South African case study — Calvinism found roots at the Cape in 1652 and is significant still today — I have employed historical sociology as my methodology. My preference was guided by Weber’s use of a form of this methodology. This allows for nuanced understandings of Calvinism and forms of capitalism at different periods in its evolution. I have employed Weberian sociological theory, including his ideal type constructs such as the Protestant ethic, bureaucracy and the spirit of capitalism, to gain greater insight. In my analysis I have also relied on Weber’s Verstehen (interpretive) frameworks to offer more nuanced results. To add to the conceptual framework, I have used Weber’s metaphor of the “switchmen” in order to trace the impact of ideas. Of course, the focus is on Calvin’s ideas as they were reintroduced at different periods in South African Calvinist history: often to suit new socio-political conditions and material interests. I trace the values of the Protestant ethic and the attitudes expressing the spirit of capitalism, following Weber, through an investigation of bureaucratisation of business and government. I show the increased convergence of the Afrikaner Calvinist volk with the spirit of modern industrial capitalism in the early 20th century through the call by the elite among the Afrikaners acting as ideological “switchmen” through their ideas and wanting to alleviate poverty amongst the group. Finally, the thesis shows the validity of the Weber thesis and its use for the study of Afrikaner Calvinism, including in period that follows after 1948. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Max Weber se teks, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-5), ook genoem “die Weber tesis”, het debatte oor die verhouding tussen religie, veral Calvinisme, en kapitalisme vir meer as ‘n eeu geanimeer. Daar is vele studies wat poog om die geldigheid van ‘n verband tussen religie, veral Protestantisme en kapitalisme in ander dele van die wêreld te beoordeel. Die verhouding tussen Calvinisme en kapitalisme in Suid Afrika het egter beperkte akademiese ondersoek gekry. Na die siening van die politieke ekonoom Francis Fukuyama is “die onvermoë van die Calvinistiese Afrikaners om ‘n welvarende kapitalistiese stelsel te ontwikkel tot voor die laaste kwart van die [19de] eeu” ‘n anomalie wat verduideliking benodig. My doktorale tesis neem die uitdaging aan en bied insig in die verband tussen Afrikaner Calvinisme en handel, later, moderne industriële kapitalisme, van 1652 tot 1948. Historiese sosiologie, gelei deur ‘n Weberiaanse benadering, is as metodologie toegepas om insig te kry in die Suid-Afrikaanse gevallestudie – Calvinisme vestig in die Kaap in 1652 en is tans nog betekenisvol. Dit het my in staat gestel om ‘n genuanseerde begrip van Calvinisme en die vorms van kapitalisme in verskillende tydperke in sy evolusie te ontwikkel. Weberiaanse sosiale teorie, insluitend sy ideale tipes konsepte, soos die Protestante etiek, burokrasie en die gees van kapitalisme is toegepas om beter insig te kry. In my analise het ek op Weber se Verstehen (interpretatiewe) raamwerke gesteun om meer genuanseerde resultate op te lewer. Weber se metafoor van die “switchmen” is aangewend om die nalatenskap van idees te volg. Die fokus is natuurlik veral op die wyse waarop Calvyn se idees herhaaldelik gebruik is gedurende verskillende tydperke in Suid-Afrikaanse Calvinistiese geskiedenis: soms om nuwe sosio-politieke kondisies en materiële belange te bevredig. Ek het die waardes van die Protestante etiek en houdings wat, volgens Weber, die gees van kapitalisme uitdruk, in die burokratisering van besigheid en regering ondersoek. Ek het toenemende konvergensie tussen die Afrikaner Calvinistiese volk en die gees van moderne industriële kapitalisme in die vroeë 20e eeu, gevoed deur die oproep van die elite onder die Afrikaners wat waarneem as ideologiese “switchmen” deur hulle idees in die poging om armoede onder die groep te verlig, uitgelig. Laastens, die tesis bewys die geldigheid van die Weber tesis en sy toepassing in die studie van Afrikaner Calvinisme, insluitend die tydperk wat volg na 1948.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales / El presente ensayo realizará en un análisis de los aspectos relevantes de la obra de Immanuel Kant para aproximarse al positivismo durante el siglo XX, entendiendo que el intento kantiano de depurar el trabajo científico al intentar establecer los límites del conocimiento humano y modelos formales para una ética universal significó una metodología rigurosa en forma temprana en términos históricos, comprendiendo así la extensión de la obra del filósofo en el trabajo de autores fundamentales para el desarrollo intelectual de la etapa señalada en el marco de las ciencias sociales y en particular del derecho, para posteriormente aproximarse, desde la perspectiva kantiana comentada, tanto a la propuesta de Max Weber, quien elaboró una metodología para la investigación de los fenómenos propios de las ciencias sociales, para el desarrollo efectivamente científico de estas y comprendiendo estos avances como fundamentales para tal disciplina en el contexto al cual pertenece, como también a la Teoría Pura del Derecho de Hans Kelsen, la cual comparte la finalidad pretendida por Weber pero respecto de la comprensión de aquello que es propiamente jurídico en forma depurada de otras disciplinas y teniendo un éxito bastante amplio en el debate jurídico. Finalmente, desde la teoría del reconocimiento extraída a partir de los escritos de Jena realizados por G. W. F. Hegel, se criticará la posición adoptada por Kant, extendiendo dicho ejercicio al trabajo de los autores influidos por el filósofo antes señalados, analizando la posibilidad de existencia de un método diverso al sostenido por Weber y Kelsen, tanto en las ciencias sociales como en el derecho, desde una comprensión integral de la realidad empírica y además desde la eticidad como totalidad respecto de la relación entre los fenómenos estudiados por estas ciencias y los seres humanos, particularmente como alternativa a los esfuerzos más influidos por la filosofía pura.

La vocation est un concept omniprésent dans la pensée de Max Weber. De son ouvrage phare sur l'Éthique protestante à ses deux célèbres conférences sur le savant et le politique, Weber analyse cette conduite de vie méthodique comme un modèle de personnalité éthique en s'inspirant de l'exemple archétypal du protestant ascétique. Comme diagnostic de la modernité et comme idéal normatif, l'étude de la vocation permet d'interpréter le travail comparatif wébérien tout en dégageant les fondements d'une éthique individuelle et politique. Ethos typique de la doctrine protestante, la vocation recouvre une transformation de la considération éthique du monde dont les effets se sont rationalisés dans l'exercice de la profession quotidienne. À la suite des transformations apportées par l'histoire, le désenchantement du monde et son intellectualisation, la conduite de vie méthodique propre à la vocation doit être recomposée selon ses nouvelles conditions historiques de possibilité. Éthique d'un métier spécialisé et ascétique, porteur d'un engagement normatif et responsable dans le monde, Weber édifie un modèle de personnalité à même de répondre aux défis politiques et intellectuels de son temps. Face à la lutte et à la sélection inéluctable des qualités et des types d'hommes, la défense pugnace de la vocation contient en elle la volonté de préserver le potentiel de transformation immanent d'une telle conduite menacé par les processus endémiques de différenciation et de dépersonnalisation des ordres de vie tels que la bureaucratisation. Modeler les conditions historiques nécessaires à l'engagement vocationnel pour le constituer comme un modèle dominant d'ethos, voilà ce qui guide la préoccupation anthropologique de Weber. À cette fin, le charisme et la virtuosité sont indispensables pour apprécier les ressorts et la portée de la définition de ce type d'homme d'élite adéquat pour prendre en main son histoire. Constamment préoccupé par la qualité des hommes du futur, Weber offre à travers la vocation une incitation aux hommes d'aujourd'hui à ne pas renoncer à agir décisivement pour déployer leur conception du monde différenciée. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Max Weber, vocation, éthique, conduite de vie, type d'homme.

In the works of Weber, Freud, and Foucault we find a distinct depiction of the relation between the self and modern civilization. This thesis describes that relation as "entrapment": the self has become mired in the life orders of modernity and is unable to reign over them. The primary hazard of these orders is their imposition of subjectivities that are highly circumscribed, subjectivities more responsive to external functions and imperatives than to the expression of individuality. Underlying this outlook is a new consciousness of time; in lieu of evolutionary and progressive theories of history, a tragic view emerges. History is seen as devoid of any deterministic necessity, yet its collective products have become too weighty and entrenched to allow for radical, over-arching political transformations. The thesis examines how, beginning with these shared presuppositions, Weber, Freud, and Foucault develop very different understandings of entrapment, understandings that pose fundamental challenges to one another.

This study is centered on the social question as addressed and defined by Ernst Troeltsch (1865--1923) and by Max Weber (1864--1920); it pertains mainly to the rise of religious modernity and its conditions of possibility; based on a comparative analysis of the socio1ogy of religion of Troeltsch and Weber, it deals with the question how religious modernity has to be thought from a sociological perspective. / Along with modern historical science and scientific rationality in general, the social question challenged religion in the nineteenth century; this study brings out the originality of Troeltsch's vision of a modernity compatible with belief in the future of religion. / Motivated by the debate on the social question, Troeltsch's concern was the social foundations of the Christian doctrine in its relation to secular domains of activity, and this calls for a new outlook on the issue of the relation between religion and culture. / Eventually, the comparative approach of the sociological thought of Weber and Troeltsch pursued in the present work, while providing new insight into Weber's views on religion, brings about a better understanding of Troeltsch as a theologian and a philosopher of religion.

This study examines two interconnected and as yet wholly neglected aspects of Max Weber's 'Sociology of Law,' namely, its substantive underpinnings and focal concern with the status of the judge. At the heart of the 'Sociology of Law' is a comparative analysis of the Continental and the English administrations of justice, which can best be understood when read against his substantive sociology and which requires an assiduous reading of the 'Sociology of Law.' Thus the first part of this examination elucidates Weber's overarching concern with the effects of bureaucratization on the development of personality. The second part provides a detailed explication of the 'Sociology of Law' which privileges his treatment of the Common Law and distinguishes the juristic and sociological strands of his analysis, re-examines his notion of formal and substantive rationality, pays close attention to his assessment of the Free Law Movement, and accords due place to his discussion of the anti-formalistic tendencies in modern law. Taken together, these expose the contradictions and assumptions which frame his tendentious analysis and bring to light the vital role he ascribes to the judge.

Weber's contribution to the study of social action has been a major influence upon the development of modern sociology but aspects of his approach have been obscured by the process of translation, commentary and evaluation - and in this respect the work of Parsons and to a lesser extent Schutz has been significant. Hence this study aims (a) to clarify the nature of Webens Theory of Action and (b) to determine its contemporary value in comparison with the extension of his ideas by Parsons and Schutz. We examine the interpretation, advanced particularly by Parsons, that Weber's approach to the study of action changed as he became increasingly concerned with the nature of sociological inquiry, and, thereby, moved beyond the problems of historical method. On the basis of a detailed examination of Weber's theoretical and methodological arguments we reject the idea of a break in his thinking about historical and sociological research and this has important implications for some accepted views-on Weber's conception of objectivity, ideal type concepts and understanding. Parsons set out to extend Weber from the perspective of a natural science of society, but his claim to identify a convergence between Durkheim, Pareto and Weber into the Voluntaristic Theory of Action is rejected and the criticisms, which his development of some aspects of Weberts approach have experienced, are sufficient to cast doubts upon the-validity of his General Theory. Schutz formulated a phenomenological critique of Weber's categories of interpretive sociology and sought to establish a philosophically more secure basis for the study of action but, we suggest, his assumptions about the everyday world, allied to his evaluation of Weber's approach, led him to propose an impracticable methodology. Finally, we argue that the contemporary relevance of Weber's Theory of Action can be seen from the way many of the problems involved in the study of action, some of which were identified by the development of the phenomenological perspective, can be solved by recourse to his approach.

A constatação da disparidade nas considerações sobre a vinculação do compositor Alberto Nepomuceno (1864-1920) com o modernismo musical durante a Primeira República brasileira gerou os problemas que a presente tese se propõe a estudar. Assim, enquanto seus contemporâneos viam nele um compositor moderno, a geração posterior, balizada pelos ideais da Semana de Arte Moderna, o viam como passadista, romântico ou (pré)nacionalista. A necessidade de se estabelecer uma leitura crítica desta mudança de avaliação e diagnosticar o elo de Nepomuceno com o movimento modernista determinou que, após o balizamento conceitual necessário à compreensão deste movimento, fosse imprescindível focalizar a formação acadêmica deste compositor e observar de que modo os conhecimentos aí recebidos se manifestaram em seu futuro profissional, em suas crenças ideológicas, opções estéticas e técnica composicional. Ao final, com o objetivo de constatar as filiações de Nepomuceno com este movimento musical, segue-se a análise de três composições: a Variations sur un Théme Original op.29, para piano, o Trio em fá sustenido menor, para piano, violino e violoncelo, e o ciclo de tragipoemas Le Miracle de la Semence, para barítono e piano/orquestra. / The verification of the disparity in the considerations on Alberto Nepomuceno's (1864-1920) link with the musical modernism during the First Brazilian Republic generated the problems that we intend to study here. Hence their contemporaries saw him as a modern composer, the subsequent generation, steeped-in the ideals of the “Semana de Arte Moderna”, saw him as old-fashioned, romantic or (pre)nationalist. The need to establish a critical reading of this change in evaluation in order to diagnose the link between Nepomuceno and the modernist movement required a conceptual framework of this movement. It became indispensable to focus on the composer's academic formation and to observe the way this knowledge manifested in his professional future, in his ideological beliefs, aesthetic options and composicional resources. The analysis focuses on three main compositions: Variations sur un Théme Original op.29, for piano, the Trio in F sharp minor, for piano, violin and cello, and the tragipoems cycle Le Miracle de la Semence, for baritone and piano / orchestra.

5 v. (xliv, 1314 p.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: KNIGHT HV6545.D84M3 / Few have perceived that Durkheim entertained two distinct schemas of anomie and egoisme in his classic Suicide. I shall demonstrate that Durkheim shifted on his analytical axes from the notion that the absence of moral discipline generates modern suicides, to the more significant insight that anomie and egoisme are generated by the presence of extreme modern cultural sanctions. Absence/presence, too little/ too much--these are the key analytical axes around which Durkheim's two schemas of suicide revolved. Resting on his image of human nature (homo duplex) as inherently egoistic and insatiable, the first schema concerns the absence of legitimate moral constraint over the pre-social ego in the modern transitional crisis. The second schema, which shifted the original burden of insatiability from the organic half of human nature to modern culture, concerns the presence of cultural sanctions which absolutize individualism and d.rives for "progress and perfection." Only selected parts of the first schema have been perceived and pursued so far by sociologists. In the second schema, all four suicidal types are seen as the "exaggerated or deflected forms of virtues." Both anomie and egoisme proceed from common sources; they differ in their prime mode of expression .. Anomie is active; egoisme passive. When extreme individualism and drives for "progress and perfection" are turned against the external world, we see anomie--the "infinity of desires'--and the collapse of the will in frustration, as seen in suicides in the economic arena. This ethos,is supported by what I shall call the "Anglo Utilitarian Cultural Tradition." Further, when these twin sanctions for absolute individualism and legitimate insatiability are turned inward against the self, we witness egoisme--the "infinity of dreams'--and the collapse of the will and imagination in frustration and exhaustion seen in suicides of artists, poets, and intellectuals. This ethos of angst and the "journey into the interior," in which suicide becomes a vocation, is sanctioned by what I shall call the "Romantic-Idealistic Cultural Tradition." Finally, these ironic and destructive outcomes of some of our highest aspirations are then linked with Weber's work in the sociology of religion and culture. As an "infinity of desires" sanctioned by a dominant modern cultural tradition, anomie is interpreted as the secularized outcome of Protestant "inner-light," "inner-worldly asceticism." As an "infinity of dreams" sanctioned by another dominant contemporary cultural tradition, egoisme is interpreted as the secularized outcome of Protestant "inner-light," "inner-worldly mysticism." These twin expressions of our highest callings and heroic ideals are chronic forms of the "moral anarchy" and "diseases of the infinite" plaguing the modern world. Durkheim's moral philosophy of "human finitude" and health as the "golden mean,'" lead us to recognize, then, that when our virtues are pushed to extremes, they also become, ironically, our special vices. / Adviser: G. Benton Johnson