Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2000 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fundamental perspective of this study is that faith cannot be separated from either tradition or empirical experience. The relationship between theology, as the critical justification of faith, and sociology, as the empirical study of society and religion, is discussed in this perspective. Chapter 1 presents an overview of tradition as a theological problem. The conclusion is that the reformational sola-scriptura-confession is not antithetical to a positive evaluation of tradition, but that reformed theology has often had problems with really taking the historical aspect of tradition seriously. In Chapter 2 it is argued that a dialogue between theology and sociology is both necessary and fruitful. Chapter 3 discusses the philosophy of science, in order to give a perspective on the foundations for dialogue. This discussion also facilitates the choice of sociological partners for discussion. Weber and Berger, as sociologists who take theological themes seriously, are chosen as partners for discussion. Chapter 4 presents a critical evaluation of Weber's sociology. It is argued that his approach to religion is reductionistic, but that it poses questions that should be taken seriously. Among these the question of the influence of the social context on tradition and the problem of routinization of tradition stand out. These problems also surface in the sociology of Berger, as Chapter 5 points out. Berger differs from Weber in that he is a Christian who practices theology. Yet his perspective on religion remains reductionistic. His view that religion is to a great extent determined by the social context finds itself in tension with his view that faith is a fee choice of the individual. This problem is never satisfactorily adressed in Berger's work. The final chapter attempts to give a basic perspective within which theology can both remain true to itself and take sociology seriously. It is argued that thisperspective is found in the viewpoint that humans are neither the passive objects of social determination, nor the active constructors of society. Humans receive the empirical world as a gift, but this reception should be understood as an activity. The conclusion is that tradition is ambivalent. On the one hand it is a necessary tool for ordering experience, but on the other hand it can distort experience. Therefore there is a tension between tradition and experience. Faith should not be tied exclusbely to either tradition or experience, but stands within the tension between the two. Theso/a-scriptura-confession expresses the conviction that faith lives within this tension through the Word of God alone. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie gaan uit van die standpunt dat geloof in die spanningsveld van tradisie en empirie staan. Dit impliseer dat geloof nie losgemaak kan word van 'n positiewe waardering vir tradisie nie, maar dat geloof ook nie teenoor empiriese waarneming gestel kan word nie. Hierdie standpunt word belig deur die verhouding tussen teologie, as kritiese geloofsverantwoording, en sosiologie, as 'n empiriese dissipline wat ook die godsdiens vertolk, te bestudeer. Hoofstuk 1 bespreek die kerklike tradisie. Daar word gewys op die waarde sowel as die ambivalensie van tradisie. Die reformatorieseso/a scriptura word aan die orde gestel om aan te dui dat dit moontlik is om hierdie belydenis te versoen met 'n waardering vir die tradisie, hoewel die Skrif as kritiese norm teenoor tradisie gehandhaaf word. Verder word aangetoon dat die gereformeerde benadering tot tradisie nie sonder probleme is nie en dat veral die historiese aard van die geloofstradisie nie altyd in die gereformeerde teologie verdiskonteer word nie. In Hoofstuk 2 word die keuse vir 'n dialogiese benadering tot die verhouding tussen teologie en sosiologie gemotiveer. Hoofstuk 3 stel die wetenskapsfilosofie aan die orde, ten einde die gespreksbasis sowel as die keuse vir gespreksgenoteduidelik te maak. Die keuse vir gespreksgenote val op Weber en Berger as sosiolce wat beide erns gemaak het met teologiese temas. Die sosiologie van Max Weber word in Hoofstuk 4 bespreek. In die evaluering van sy godsdienssosiologie word aangedui dat Weber se perspektief op die godsdiens reduksionisties is, maar dat dit die teologie voor ernstige vrae stel, waaronder die invloed van die sosiale konteks op die geloofstradisie en die probleem van roetinisering van die tradisie uitstaan. Hierdie vrae kom ook na vore uit die sosiologie van Peter Berger. Berger verskil van Weber daarin dat hy 'n Christen is en self teologie beoefen. Tog bly sy perspektief op die godsdiens reduksionisties en staan sy siening oor die beinvloedinq van die godsdiens deur die sosiale konteks in spanning met sy verstaan van die geloof as 'n vrye keuse van die individu. Hierdie spanning word nie bevredigend opgelos nie. Die slothoofstuk soek na 'n perspektief waarbinne die teologie erns kan maak met die sosiologie, maar ook getrou kan bly aan sy eie aard as geloofsverantwoording. Hierdie perspektief word gevind in die uitgangspunt dat die mens n6g as 'n passiewe objek van sosiale be"lnvloeding, n6g as 'n aktiewe subjek van sosiale konstruering verstaan kan word. In die geloof ontvang die mens sy ervarinqswereld, maar hy is aktief betrokke by daardie ontvangs. Die slotsom is dat tradisie ambivalent is. Aan die een kant maak dit gerigte ervaring vir die mens moontlik. Aan die ander kant kan tradisie die mens se uitsig op die werklikheid belemmer. Daarom staan tradisie altyd in spanning met empiriese ervaring. Geloof staan nie net in die tradisie nie en ook nie net in die ervaring nie, maar in die spanningsveld van tradisie en empirie. Die sola-scriptura-belydenis verwoord die oortuiging dat geloof in hierdie spanningsveld leef uit die Woord van God aileen.

Objectives. Scholars have debated Max Weber's theory of the relationship between religion and capitalism for almost 100 years. Still, the debate is clouded by confusion over Weber's claims about religious doctrine and over the supporting evidence. The purpose of this study is to clarify Max Weber's claims regarding the concept of the calling and the related "anti-mammon" injunction and concept of "good works" and substantiate with historical evidence the religious doctrine Weber describes. Methods. Comparative analysis of early Protestant Lutheran and Calvinist documents from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was used to flesh out a history of ideas to determine whether evidence exists to support Weber's claims related to religious doctrine. Results. Historical analyses revealed that the concept of the calling pre-dated Luther in the Bible. Luther's innovation was not in his use of the word beruf but in his application of the concept of the calling to the common people and his teaching of that idea. The idea of sanctified work was key in both Lutheran and Calvinist documents. There was an increased emphasis on work and encouragement to accumulate wealth in Calvinist documents. Conclusion. Weber's etymological evidence surrounding Martin Luther's use of the word beruf in his German translation of the bible is idiosyncratic and not important to the transmission of the concept of the calling. Luther's application of the concept of the calling to the laity and idea of sanctified work, however, is the foundation on which the Protestant ethic rests, as Weber claims. Weber's other claims regarding the concept of work in early Protestantism are also supported here. Weber did not overstate the implications for societal transformation in early Protestant theology.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6137.pdf: 2477459 bytes, checksum: 7f1c69b3d934f96b2c206446f0d478fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-08 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The main subject of this investigation is concerned with the idealistic influences on Max Weber spiritualistic interpretation. The problem gained as heritage from German idealism, initially referred as an inverted world , since it can be understood as the difficulty that challenges the historic interpretation of practical values, this problem may be also identified inside Max Weber s interpretation of both, ethical and aesthetical phenomena. This investigation is twofold, as the subtitle indicates; the first part shall deal with the aesthetical fragmentation, the emergence of conflictive values in the artistic phenomena. The second part shall deal with the ethical crisis, undertaking this expression in the most literal sense, as a breakdown or a rupture of the ethical world. Both interpretations shall joint together, composing the Weberian diagnosis of an absolute polytheism and of the problem of theodicy. The Weberian theory of values once properly grasped shall finally guide us to draw a conclusion about the relation between spiritualistic and materialistic interpretations, as presented in the guidelines of Max Weber s greatest interests in the economic ethics of the world religions. / O principal tema dessa investigação está voltado para as influências idealistas na intepretação espiritualista de Max Weber. O problema adquirido por herança do idealismo alemão, denominado inicialmente de problema do mundo invertido , corresponde à dificuldade que desafia a intepretação histórica dos valores práticos. Ele será identificado no interior da interpretação de Max Weber tanto dos fenômenos éticos como estéticos. Tal como o subtítulo sugere, trata-se de uma investigação em duas instâncias; a primeira abordará a fragmentação estética, o surgimento de valores conflitantes segundo os fenômenos do campo da arte. A segunda parte abordará a crise ética, tomando essa expressão no seu sentido mais literal, como um rompimento, uma cisão no mundo ético. Essas duas interpretações poderão ser justapostas por se remeterem tanto ao diagnóstico de Weber de um politeísmo, como ao problema da teodiceia. Uma vez que a teoria weberiana dos valores for propriamente identificada, ela poderá então nos conduzir a uma conclusão acerca da relação entre a interpretação espiritualista e materialista que compõe o principal interesse de Max Weber na ética econômica das religiões mundiais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:07:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gigante_lc_dr_arafcl.pdf: 728927 bytes, checksum: 3324fc0a4b972f5ba4c0f305e0f03617 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A presente pesquisa propõe-se a estabelecer um diálogo com a Sociologia Política de Max Weber, vendo-a como uma área estruturada pelos conceitos de dominação e legitimação, basicamente. Ao contrário da forma de discussão mais corrente que analisa e aplica tais conceitos – bem como os conceitos a eles imediatamente relacionados, como poder, organização e luta – queremos trabalhar a articulação entre idéias e interesses enquanto uma dimensão implícita nestes conceitos, pois que mantém estreita afinidade com eles. Isto significa que as idéias se inserem em cursos de legitimação de interesses materiais e de interesses ideais. Pretendemos demonstrar que existem, no pensamento de Weber, três níveis cruciais desta articulação, quais sejam: o epistemológico, o teórico sistemático de sua Sociologia da Religião e o de sua Sociologia Política, sendo que este último se objetiva a partir da ênfase nas justificações internas em que se apóia a dominação. Derivamos daí a principal questão da pesquisa: como as idéias se inserem em cursos de legitimação específicos? / This study aims to establish a dialogue with Max Weber’s Political Sociology, deeming it as an area structured by the concepts of domination and legitimation, basically. Unlike the most common approach, which analyzes and applies such concepts – as well as the concepts immediately related to them, such as power, organization and strife – we would like to work the articulation between ideas and interests as an implicit dimension in these concepts, for it bears close affinity with them. This means that ideas are inserted in courses of legitimation of ideal and material interests. Our intention is to demonstrate that there are, in Weber’s thought, three crucial levels of such articulation: the epistemological, the theoretical systematic of his Sociology of Religion and that of his Political Sociology, the latter being objectified from the emphasis on the internal justifications which support domination. From that argument we derive the main question of this study: how are ideas embedded in specific courses of legitimation?

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronegócios, 2013. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2013-08-13T14:57:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_TiagoParreiraCarvalhoGuimaraes.pdf: 2603646 bytes, checksum: c6e5fc9fbce14de040be165c01250775 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-08-14T11:47:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_TiagoParreiraCarvalhoGuimaraes.pdf: 2603646 bytes, checksum: c6e5fc9fbce14de040be165c01250775 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-14T11:47:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_TiagoParreiraCarvalhoGuimaraes.pdf: 2603646 bytes, checksum: c6e5fc9fbce14de040be165c01250775 (MD5) / O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender como se deu o conflito entre duas diferentes lógicas econômicas sobre o crédito rural no período que vai de 1965 a 1990 e quais pressupostos sustentavam a busca de legitimidade dessas lógicas e o consequente controle sobre as diretrizes da política do crédito rural. Adotou-se como referencial teórico elementos da Teoria Geral dos Campos de Pierre Bourdieu conjugado com proposições de Max Weber sobre racionalidade da gestão econômica. Este procedimento foi possível pela ênfase que os autores dão a questão dos conflitos entre interesses antagônicos dos agentes sociais. Isto permitiu propor a explicação do SNCR como uma proposta política de modernização do setor agrícola brasileiro que tem a origem de seus conflitos e disputas em um antagonismo de interesses construídos sobre diferentes percepções econômicas. Este estudo adota a pesquisa documental e bibliográfica e entrevistas presenciais semiestruturadas como procedimento analítico. Tratamos basicamente das duas principais “crenças econômicas” no crédito rural como sendo derivadas de diferentes padrões de racionalidade econômica. Estas geram lógicas de atuação, ou estratégias, de disputa sobre a forma e finalidade do financiamento que seguiu a trajetória prescrita por Max Weber, no sentido do desenrolar histórico ser na direção de uma gradual racionalização formal em detrimento das expectativas dos agentes valorativos, submetidos as forças mais amplas da política econômica nacional, situação típica de sociedades modernas. A análise ressalta uma oposição previsível entre, de um lado, os agentes portadores de uma racionalidade formal ligados às autoridades monetárias controladoras das fontes de recursos da política de crédito. Por isso conseguiam submeter o SNCR as diretrizes da política macroeconômica tornando o crédito rural um subcampo extremamente susceptível as conjunturas macroeconômicas. A força e legitimidade dos “formalistas” derivavam dos argumentos técnicos de cunho fiscal e monetário. São os indivíduos ligados a esse grupo que conseguiram predominância dentro do BB e transitaram com maior facilidade entre governo e banco, tornando os funcionários “valorativos” quadros anacrônicos da instituição. De outro lado, os agentes mais valorativos orbitavam em torno da política agrícola, principalmente, as organizações ruralistas que formavam grupos de pressão junto aos parlamentares ligados ao setor, que se utilizavam de maneira geral a noção de serviço público para manter as características econômicas do crédito rural. Nesse mercado representavam o papel de demandantes. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This study aims to understand how was the conflict between two different economic logics of rural credit in the period from 1965 to 1990 and assumptions which supported the search for legitimacy of logical and consequent control over policy guidelines for rural credit. It was adopted as theoretical elements of the General Theory of Fields of Pierre Bourdieu conjunction with Max Weber's propositions about rationality of economic management. This procedure was made possible by the emphasis that the authors give the issue of conflicts between antagonistic interests of social agents. This allowed propose the explanation of SNCR as a policy proposal to modernize the Brazilian agricultural sector which has the origin of conflicts and disputes in an antagonism of interests built on different economic perceptions. This study adopts the bibliographic and documentary research and semi-structured face to face interviews as analytical procedure. We deal basically the two main "economic beliefs" in rural credit as being derived from different patterns of economic rationality. These generate logics of action or strategies of dispute over the shape and purpose of the funding that followed the path prescribed by Max Weber, in the sense of unfolding history is toward a gradual rationalization rather formal agents' expectations evaluative, submitted the broader forces of national economic policy, a situation typical of modern societies. The analysis highlights a predictable opposition between; on the one hand, agents bearing a formal rationality linked monetary authorities controlling the sources of funds of the credit policy. So could submit the SNCR guidelines macroeconomic policy making rural credit a subfield extremely susceptible to macroeconomic conjunctures. The strength and legitimacy of the "formalist" derived from technical arguments of fiscal and monetary nature. Individuals are connected to this group who managed predominance within the BB and moved with ease between government and bank officials making "evaluative" frames anachronistic institution. On the other hand, the agents more evaluative orbited agricultural policy, especially ruralists organizations that formed pressure groups together parliamentarians linked to the sector, which used to be the general notion of public service to keep the economic characteristics of rural credit. In this market accounted for the role of plaintiff.

Orientadores: Adriana Giarola Kayama, Flavio Cardoso de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:26:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_PolianadeJesus_M.pdf: 5410367 bytes, checksum: 446a9970749b6794a798ec541a64181f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos uma visão interpretativa das canções sinfônicas de Alberto Nepomuceno, da primeira década do séc. XX (1901 a 1910): Despedida, Turquesa, Trovas, Ao amanhecer e Sempre. Para tanto, realizamos uma busca aos manuscritos originais, uma macroanálise das obras e a inter-relação composicional entre texto e música / Abstract: In this work we present an interpretative view of five symphonic songs composed by Alberto Nepomuceno, from the first decade of the XX Century (1901 a 1910): Despedida, Turquesa, Trovas, Ao amanhecer e Sempre. The study was based upon the original manuscripts, and for each song we did a macroanalysis as well as looked into the compositional inter-relation of text and music / Mestrado / Mestre em Música

This study was an examination of businesses that became big businesses in the United States during the time period between the years of 1861 and 1890, a period of time frequently referred to as the “big business era.” The purpose of the study was to identify actions taken by businesses that enabled them to become and remain big businesses. A secondary purpose of the study was to show that these actions were explained by theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber. The results of the study showed that businesses which took specific actions were able to become and remain big businesses and these actions were explained by the theories of Marx and Weber. The results of the study demonstrate the ability of classical sociological theory to explain macro-level social change.

Alberto Nepomuceno (1864-1920) is considered to be the father of the Brazilian art song. With a total of seventy songs, Nepomuceno revolutionized and established a new path to the Brazilian art song. His songs were innovative because they: (1) incorporated folk elements in his songs, (2) introduced Portuguese as a language acceptable in bel canto style and (3) established Brazilian songs in the tradition of the European vanguard. His approach influenced several composers including his young student Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959), one of the most significant Latin American composers. The purpose of this research is to inform singers and teachers about one of Brazil's most significant art song composers, and to provide the necessary tools--Brazilian Portuguese diction guide, IPA and poem translations of the selected songs--for effective and accurate performances and interpretations.

This dissertation offers a novel quantitative method for assessing an actor's subjective temporal orientation. Our method involves the use of supervised machine learning techniques in concert with natural language processing tools and linguistic principles. We suggest our method may offer a clandestine technique for extracting aspects of an actor’s temporal orientations from right behind their back. This capacity occurs because of the unique ways time references are reflected in language syntax. This reflection does not simply occur in face-to-face spoken interactions, but also resides in recorded vocal transcripts and within textual documents articulated by speakers for a social audience (e.g., political speeches). . From a social theory point of view, we argue that our technique can help objectify some of the major links theorists have long made between the temporal features of mind, subjective meaning, and social processes. Temporal orientation has long been defined as a tripartite mental process. Edmund Husserl famously defined this process as involving retention (a mental focus on past), presentation (a mental focus on the present) or protention (a mental envisioning of the future). From a pure phenomenology perspective, Husserl’s innovation was to link this mental interlocking process with meaning-making. For Husserl, it was directly through an actor’s temporal orientation that meaning became variably constituted and the problem of subjectivity emerged. From a sociological point of view, it is primarily through Alfred Schutz’s formulation of social phenomenology that Husserl’s tripartite system was opened to accommodate the influence of the social in meaning-making. This opening has possessed a long-standing contradiction. For Schutz, endogenous social structure could affect where an actor temporally orients. The resulting implication is that social structure could have a direct effect on how actors assign specific meanings in social systems. Even more, social structure could facilitate shared temporal orientations among actors. However, Schutz also promoted the idea that different temporal orientations could explain how different meanings could be assigned to the same social object by disparate actors. This possibility served as the centerpiece of Schutz’s well-known methodological critique of Max Weber’s direct linkage between subjective meaning, motive, and empathetic based interpretations of social action. To carry out our efforts to quantify how the subjective processes of temporal orientation appear to be influenced by endogenous social processes, we employed our algorithm on three different text-based data sets. We suggest these datasets possess strong reflections of the social world. The first dataset entails a collection of matched twitter tweets that correspond to Trump’s reelection bid and Biden’s challenge during the 2020 period. In this dataset, our method illustrates how both candidates appear to have different temporal orientations despite being bounded by a similar social event. We suggest this finding may reflect the relationship between what Schütz called inner duration and the influence of external stocks of knowledge (i.e., external structures.) The second dataset corresponds to a recorded conversational transcript of the Cuban missile crisis, taken from President Kennedy’s Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm) on the 6th of October in 1962. Using our algorithm, we offer objective measures of homogenous temporal orientations of committee members that are consistent with meso-group conformity. We suggest that our method may offer a novel way of measuring group conformity in general. The third dataset consists of the State of the Union Corpora (SOU). In this dataset, we apply our algorithm to identify changes in temporal orientation occurring among a single President’s entire collection of SOU speeches. Furthermore, we compare the average temporal orientation of the Presidents in relation to various social categories, such as party affiliation and societal events. The scope of the Presidents inventoried for temporal orientation is restricted from Eisenhower to Biden.

À travers l'examen de plusieurs critiques de la raison instrumentale, ce mémoire cherchera à déterminer s'il en est une qui soit le mieux à même de répondre de la complexité de la société occidentale moderne. Tout d'abord, la problématique sera introduite avec la lecture de Max Weber proposée par Jürgen Habermas. Il sera question chez Weber du phénomène de la rationalisation de la société. Partant de l'évidence que la sphère cognitive-instrumentale de la raison s'impose fortement dans la modernité, notamment par le complexe monétaire-bureaucratique, il s'agira d'expliquer, en revenant sur le processus historique du désenchantement du monde, comment la rationalité par rapport à une fin a-t-elle pu devenir aussi dominante dans nos institutions sociales? Ensuite, la critique de la réification de Max Horkheimer et Theodor W. Adorno sera abordée. Elle voudra montrer que la raison est totalitaire dans son essence; la raison a toujours produit de la domination et de la violence dans tous ses rapports: à la nature, à la société et à la subjectivité. Depuis le tout premier mot de l'homme, mana, jusqu'à l'Aufklärung en passant par le mythe, la raison est totalitaire. Enfin, Jürgen Habermas proposera un changement de paradigme qui, selon lui, est nécessaire pour dépasser le concept de raison réduit à son seul potentiel cognitif-instrumental. C'est dans le paradigme du langage que Habermas trouvera les ressources manquantes pour saisir le riche potentiel de la rationalité communicationnelle. Puis, grâce à ce nouveau paradigme, il pourra adéquatement conceptualiser les deux niveaux qui composent la société moderne: le système et le monde vécu. C'est seulement après avoir considéré l'importance du rôle que joue le système pour la reproduction matérielle et le monde vécu pour l'intercompréhension que Habermas abordera la colonisation systémique du monde vécu, une critique de la raison instrumentale nuancée et représentative de l'ambivalence qui caractérise la société moderne.