L'art et l'industrie appartiennent à des milieux a priori opposés l'un à l'autre. Or, que se passe-t-il lorsqu'ils tentent l'improbable et s'unissent malgré tout? Les constructivistes-productivistes russes Lioubov Popova et Varvara Stépanova vivent l'expérience en collaborant avec la Première fabrique de cotons imprimés de Moscou en 1923-1924, une usine d'État. Leur but est de créer des tissus à motifs géométriques, un style différent de celui proposé par l'industrie textile russe de l'époque prérévolutionnaire. Cette seule intégration dans l'industrie problématise le contexte de leur collaboration et souligne les ambiguïtés inhérentes à ce type de production. À première vue, cette imbrication de l'art et de l'industrie textile apparaît éloignée du milieu artistique parce qu'elle est tournée vers la création de vêtements faits pour être portés au quotidien. L'objectif de ce mémoire vise à identifier le problème de l'application de la théorie constructiviste dans des circonstances pratiques et soulève les contradictions qui découlent de cette impossible conciliation. L'ensemble de l'étude est centré sur des écrits datant des années 1920 et se divise en trois temps. D'abord, le premier chapitre se concentre sur la période d'éclosion du constructivisme et du productivisme. Il est donc essentiel de bien définir la terminologie des termes « composition » et « construction » développés à l'Inkhouk, l'Institut de culture artistique soviétique. Pour y arriver, nous étudions des écrits originaux et des traductions de textes fondateurs identifiant des divergences dans la définition des principes théoriques sous-jacents à la production des textiles de Popova et de Stépanova. Ces textes permettent de ratisser plus large et d'identifier les variations dans la compréhension des disciplines appelées tectonique, facture et construction. Le second chapitre nous plonge ensuite dans la période de réalisation du projet de collaboration avec la fabrique de tissus. Un discours de Stépanova traduit par Lavrentiev (1997) démontre que l'application concrète des principes constructivistes au travail en industrie est loin d'aller de soi. L'étude des conditions de travail de Popova et de Stépanova dans le contexte de l'Union soviétique émergente permet un positionnement sur le statut dont jouissent les artistes de cette époque. De plus, l'analyse jettera un éclairage sur les avantages que peut tirer l'industrie textile à accueillir des artistes dans ses fabriques. Des divergences entre les écrits étudiés au premier chapitre et l'application pratique seront alors relevées. Le dernier chapitre identifie le changement de statut des créations constructivistes, considérées à la fois comme « œuvre d'art » ou « produit industriel ». Nous verrons que ce sont principalement les motifs dessinés qui sont mis de l'avant plutôt que les tissus eux-mêmes, rendant caduc l'objectif de départ des artistes de pénétrer la vie quotidienne. L'analyse des créations toujours existantes, présentées dans les musées, tend à exemplifier cette dualité. En somme, l'imbrication constante des caractéristiques de l'art et de l'industrie a pour effet général de problématiser sans cesse la filiation industrielle de ces artistes, tout en confirmant le statut artistique de cette production. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Russie soviétique, Avant-garde russe, Lioubov Popova, Varvara Stépanova, Constructivisme, Productivisme, Industrie, Production, Tissu, Textile, Vêtement, Objets utilitaires, Vie quotidienne.

Since Presocratic Greece, suicide in the West has been “known” and controlled, both politically and discursively. Groups as diverse as theologians and literary critics have propagated many different views of self-killing, but, determining its cause and moralizing about it, they have commonly exerted interpretive power over suicide, making it nameable, explicable, and predominantly reprehensible. The four modernist authors that I consider in this dissertation -- Ernest Hemingway, Joseph Conrad, Virginia Woolf, and William Faulkner -- break completely with the tradition of knowing suicide by insisting on its inscrutability, refusing to judge it, and ultimately rendering it “almost unnamable,” identifiable but indefinable. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, Victory, Mrs. Dalloway, and The Sound and the Fury, respectively, these authors portray illustrative, but by no means definitive, modernist self-killings; they construct a distinctive representational space around suicide, one free of causal, moral, theoretical or thematic meaning and, I argue, imbued with the power to disrupt interpretation. “‘Almost Unnamable’: Suicide in the Modernist Novel” examines the power of self-killing’s representational space in early twentieth-century fiction, arguing for its importance not only to the history of suicide in the West but also to the portrayal of death in the twentieth-century novel. / text

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This dissertation situates literary modernism in the context of a nascent form of globalization. Before it could be fully acknowledged global encroachment was, by virtue of its novelty, repeatedly experienced as a kind of shattering or disintegration. Through an examination of three modernist novels, I argue that a general modernist preoccupation with space both expresses and occludes anxieties over a globe which suddenly seemed to be too small and too undifferentiated. Building upon recent critical work that has begun to historicize modernist understandings of space, I address the as yet under-appreciated ways in which globalism and its discontents informed all of the locales that modernist fictions variously inhabited. For Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, the responses to global change were as diverse as the spaces through which they were inflected. / I begin by identifying a modernist predilection for spatial metaphors. This rhetorical touchstone has, from New Criticism onward, been so sedimented within critical responses to the era that modernism's interest in global space has itself frequently been diminished. In my readings of Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Joyce's Ulysses, and Woolf's To the Lighthouse, I argue that the signs of globalization are ubiquitous across modernism. As Conrad repeats and contests New Imperialist constructions of Africa as a vanishing space, that continent becomes the stage for his anxieties over a newly diminished globe. For Joyce, Dublin's conflicted status as both provincial capital and colonial metropolis makes that city the perfect site in which to worry over those recent world-wide developments. Finally, I argue that for Woolf, it is the domestic space which serves best to register and resist the ominous signs of global incursion. In conclusion, I suggest that modernism's anticipatory attention to globalization makes the putative break between that earlier era and postmodernity---itself often predicated upon spatial compression---all the more difficult to maintain.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

This thesis argues that Robert Louis Stevenson's South Seas writings locate him alongside Joseph Conrad on the 'strategic fault line' described by the Marxist critic Fredric Jameson that delineates the interstitial area between nineteenth-century adventure fiction and early Modernism. Stevenson, like Conrad, mounts an attack on the assumptions of the grand narrative of imperialism and, in texts such as 'The Beach of Falesa' and The Ebb Tide, offers late-Victorian readers a critical view of the workings of Empire. The present study seeks to analyse the common interests of two important writers as they adopt innovative literary methodologies within, and in response to, the context of changing perceptions of the effects of European influence upon the colonial subject.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The stories and histories of the human race are littered with the remnants of utopia. These utopias always exist in some "far away" place, whether this place be removed in terms of time (either as a nostalgically remembered past, or an idealistically projected future), or in terms of space (as a place that one must arrive at). In our attempts to attain these utopias, we construct our worlddefinitions in accordance with our projections of these ideal places and ways of "being". Our discourses come to embody and perpetuate these ideals, which are maintained by excluding any definitions of the world that run counter to these ideals. The continued existence of utopia relies on the subjects of that utopia continuing their belief in its ideals, and not questioning its construction. Counter-discourse to utopia manifests in the same space as the original utopia and gives rise to questions that threaten the stability of the ideal. Questions challenge belief, and therefore the discourse of the ideal must neutralise those who question and challenge it. This process of neutralisation requires that more definitions be constructed within utopian discourse - definitions that allow the subjects of the discourse to objectify the questioner. However, as these new definitions arise, they create yet more counter-definitions, thereby increasing the fragmentation of the aforementioned space. A subject of any "dominant" discourse, removed from that discourse, is exposed to the questions inherent in counter-discourse. In such circumstances, the definitions of the questioner - the "other" - that have previously enabled the subject to disregard the questioner's existence and/or point of view are no longer reinforced, and the subject begins to question those definitions. Once this questioning process starts, the utopia of the subject is re-defined as dystopia, for the questioning highlights the (often violent) methods of exclusion needed to maintain that utopia. Foucault's theory of heterotopia, used as the basis for the analysis of the three texts in question, suggests a space in which several conflicting and contradictory discourses which seemingly bear no relation to each other are found grouped together. Whereas utopia sustains myth in discourse, running with the grain of language, heterotopias run against the grain, undermining the order that we create through language, because they destroy the syntax that holds words and things together. The narrators in the three texts dealt with are all subjects of dominant discourses sustained by exclusive definitions and informed by ideals that require this exclusion in order to exist. Displaced into spaces that subvert the definitions within their discourses, the narrators experience a sense of "madness", resulting from the disintegration of their perception of "order". However, through embracing and perpetuating that which challenged their established sense of identity, the narrators can regain their sense of agency, and so their narratives become vehicles for the reconstitution of the subject-status of the narrators, as well as a means of perpetuating the counter-discourse. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Utopias spikkel die landskap van menseheugenis as plekke in "lank lank gelede" of "eendag", in "n land baie ver van hier", en is dus altyd verwyderd van die huidige, óf in ruimte, óf in tyd. In ons strewe na die ideale, skep ons definisies van die wêreld wat in voeling is met hierdie idealistiese plekke en bestaanswyses. Sulke definisies sypel deur die diskoers, of taal, waarmee ons ons omgewing beskryf. Die ideale wat dan in die diskoers omvat word, word onderhou deur die uitsluiting van enige definisie wat teenstrydig is met dié in die idealistiese diskoers. Die volgehoue bestaan van utopie berus daarop dat die subjekte van daardie utopie voortdurend glo in die ideale voorgehou in en onderhou deur die diskoers, en dus nie die diskoers se konstruksie bevraagteken nie. Die manifestering van teen-diskoers in dieselfde ruimte as die utopie, gee aanleiding tot vrae wat die bestaan van die ideaal bedreig omdat geloof in die ideaal noodsaaklik is vir die ideaal se voortbestaan. Aangesien bevraagtekening dikwels geloof uitdaag en ontwrig, lei dit daartoe dat die diskoers wat die ideaal onderhou, diegene wat dit bevraagteken, neutraliseer. Hierdie neutraliseringsproses behels die vorming van nog definisies binne die diskoers wat die vraagsteller objektiveer. Die vorming van nuwe definisies loop op sy beurt uit op die vorming van teen-definisies wat bloot verdere verbrokkeling van die voorgenoemde ruimte veroorsaak. "n Subjek van die "dominante" diskoers van die utopie wat hom- /haarself buite die spergebiede van sy/haar diskoers bevind, word blootgestel aan vrae wat in teen-diskoers omvat word. In sulke omstandighede is die subjek verwyder van die versterking van daardie definisies wat die vraagsteller - die "ander" - se opinies of bestaan as nietig voorgestel het, en die subjek mag dan hierdie definisies bevraagteken. Sodra hierdie proses begin, vind "n herdefinisie van ruimte plaas, en utopie word distopie soos die vrae (soms geweldadige) uitsluitingsmetodes wat die onderhoud van die ideaal behels, aan die lig bring en, in sommige gevalle, aan die kaak stel. Hierdie tesis gebruik Foucault se teorie van "heterotopia" om die drie tekste te analiseer. Dié teorie veronderstel "n ruimte waarin die oorvleueling van verskeie teenstrydighede (diskoerse) plaasvind. Waar utopie die bestaan van fabels en diskoerse akkommodeer, ondermyn heterotopia die orde wat ons deur taal en definisie skep omdat dit die sintaks vernietig wat woorde aan konsepte koppel. Die drie vertellers is elkeen "n subjek van "n "dominante diskoers" wat onderhou word deur uitsluitende definisies in "n utopia waar die voortgesette bestaan van die ideale wat in die diskoers omvat word op eksklusiwiteit staatmaak. Omdat die vertellers verplaas is na ruimtes wat hulle eksklusiewe definisies omverwerp, vind hulle dat hulle aan "n soort waansin grens wat veroorsaak is deur die verbrokkeling van hul sin van "orde". Deur die teen-diskoers in hul stories in te bou as verteltaal, of te implementeer as die meganisme van oordrag, kan die vertellers hul "selfsin" herwin. Deur vertelling hervestig die vertellers dus hul status as subjek, en verseker hulle hul plek in die opkomende diskoers deur middel van hulle voortsetting daarvan.

O presente trabalho pretende dissertar sobre a temática da escrita da história em geral e, em particular, sobre a maneira como um texto de história organiza, na unidade de uma narrativa, a pluralidade de uma experiência de tempo. Para tanto, a ênfase é colocada sobre a tarefa de conceituação na historiografia, especialmente na utilização do conceito de experiência histórica como articulador do tempo da ação humana e como organizador da narrativa historiográfica. Um diálogo é estabelecido entre os trabalhos de Paul Ricoeur, e sua compreensão poética da narrativa historiográfica, e de Reinhardt Koselleck, com sua concepção plural de tempo histórico. Analisam-se duas obras em particular, A formação da classe operária inglesa, de Edward Palmer Thompson, e História da sexualidade II: o uso dos prazeres, de Michel Foucault, nas quais o conceito em questão e utilizado. Além disso, esta dissertação procura delimitar precisamente um possível campo de atuação para a teoria da história, como uma análise tomando o texto como paradigma e a hermenêutica do discurso como modelo analítico. / The present work aims to discuss the general theme of the writing of history, and, in particular, the way an historical text organizes, in the unit of a narrative, the plurality of a temporal experience. For so, the emphasis is put on the task of conceptualization on historiography, especially on the utilization of the concept of historical experience as a temporal articulator of the human action, and as an organizer of the historiographical narrative. A dialogue is established between Paul Ricoeur, and his poetical comprehension of the historiographical narrative, and Reinhardt Koselleck, with his plural conception of historical time. Two works are analysed: The making of the English working class, by E. P. Thompson, and The history of sexuality II: the usage of pleasures, by Michel Foucault. Besides, this dissertation aspires to delimit precisely a possible theory of history, taking the text as a paradigm of analysis, and the hermeneutics of discourse as an analytical model.

A análise comparativa entre o romance de Franz Kafka, O processo, e o filme homônimo de Orson Welles pretende compreender de que maneira a obra cinematográfica transcria o universo kafkiano, levando à tela cinematográfica o tempo, o espaço e o protagonista, a partir do hipotexto literário. As estratégias narrativas empregadas na produção da película problematizam a posição do narrador, onisciente no romance, mas que, no filme, salvo as evidentes diferenças narratológicas inerentes aos códigos, é produzido através de um “jogo de vozes”, partindo da parábola “Diante da Lei”, utilizada no incipit fílmico. O tempo e o espaço são configurados mantendo os traços “expressionistas” de Kafka, produzindo zonas de indeterminação temporais e topológicas que corroboram a inação do protagonista. O conceito de “estado de exceção”, esboçado por Giorgio Agamben, permite pensar que a origem do processo movido contra Josef K., de desconhecidas motivações, reside num poder de domínio e controle que antecede a própria lei. A aproximação do protagonista de Kafka e de Welles à figura do homo sacer é possível tanto pelo estatuto da ação que ele exerce em função da necessidade de defesa (o que caracteriza a sua inação, uma vez que não há “progressão”, a despeito das suas tentativas de produzir uma primeira petição de defesa), quanto das “deformidades” que o caracterizam, incorporando-o ao bando das personagens “monstruosamente” híbridas de Kafka. Porém, a “deformidade” que marca K. e o exclui da comunidade regida pelo ordenamento legal não está aparente, mas age biologicamente, estabelecendo um secreto mecanismo de controle cujo poder de decisão age sobre a orgânica morte, a extirpação de uma vida simplesmente “matável e insacrificável”. / The comparative analysis between the novel of Franz Kafka, The Trial, and the homonym movie of Orson Welles intends to understand how the cinematographic workmanship used to transcribe the kafkian universe, taking to the cinematographic screen the time, the space and the protagonist from literary hipotext. The narrative strategies used in the production of the film problematize the position of the narrator, omniscient in the romance, but that, in the film (except for the evident narratological differences inherent to the codes), it is produced through a “game of voices”, coming from the parabola “Before the Law”, used in the filmic incipit. The time and the space are configured keeping “the expressionists” traces of Kafka, producing secular and topological zones of indetermination that corroborate the inaction of the protagonist. The concept of “exception state”, sketched for Giorgio Agamben, allows us to think that the origin of the process moved against Josef K, of unknown motivations, inhabits in a power of domain and control that precedes the proper law. The approach of the protagonist of Kafka and Welles to the figure of homo sacer is possible as much for the statute of the action that it exerts in function of the defense necessity (which characterizes its inaction, a time that does not have “progression”, in the spite of its attempts to produce a first petition of defense), how much of the “deformities” that characterize it, incorporating it to the flock of the “monstrously” hybrid personages “of Kafka. However, the “deformity” that marks K. and excludes it from the community conducted for the legal order is not apparent, but it acts biologically, establishing a private mechanism of control which power of decision falls again on the organic death, the extirpation of a simply “killable and unsacrifiable” life.