The paper´s objective is to analyze economic relations between Czechoslovakia and Great Britain in 1960´s. The basic thesis of the paper is the assumption that mutual relations were growing during 1960´s. Next assumption of the paper is that evolution of the mutual foreign trade was unique in comparison with the foreign trade with other countries, and that the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the army of the Warsaw Treaty in August 1968 resulted in decline of mutual economic relations. The analysis is based on the survey of the sources from 1960´s, especially from the archive of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. On the basics of the paper´s objectives, the conclusion is that mutual economic relations and foreign trade were growing during 1960´s. However, this improvement was typical for the aggregate czechoslovak foreign trade, therefore the first part of the assumption wasn´t confirmed, as well as the next part about the decline of mutual relations and trade after the occupation.

The diploma thesis deals with the depiction of the media and journalism in Czech prose of the 1960s. From the point of view of the entire period of the communist regime's rule in Czechoslovakia, the 1960s are a time of easing political and social conditions, which was also reflected in the literature. The aim of this work is to show the image of the media and journalism in Czech prose in the period in the broader genesis of the portrayal of the media in Czech literature and also with regard to the historical social and cultural context of the 1960s. Moreover, the thesis illustrates through content and text analysis, how individual works of literature describes the medial landscape and the way media officers and their functions are portrayed. Furthermore, the thesis examines the perception of journalists by a society living under the communist regime and how the journalists perceived themselves.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser comment la littérature et le cinéma ont représenté la ville de Milan au cours de la décennie 1955-1965, qui précède et suit de peu ce que la grande majorité des historiens appelle maintenant « le miracle économique » des années 1958-1963. Avec cette étude, nous avons essayé de retracer le portrait réel et imaginaire d’une ville qui, au moment du « miracle économique », semble connaître et contenir toutes les dynamiques de changement, qu’à une plus grande échelle connaît le pays tout entier. Pour ce faire, nous avons adopté une démarche interdisciplinaire qui nous a conduit à étudier les formes réelles de la ville à travers des ouvrages d’histoire, d’architecture, d’urbanisme et de sociologie pour ensuite les confronter avec leurs représentations imaginaires dans la littérature et le cinéma. Ce choix était dicté par la conviction que la complexité de la ville, en tant qu’objet d’étude, intègre divers niveaux de structuration : physique, économique, social mais également temporel et imaginaire. Cette thèse est composée de cinq parties qui vont de l’analyse de la forme urbanistique de la ville à l’examen de sa composition sociale. Au terme de notre travail nous pouvons ainsi dégager trois « images », en apparence contradictoires, qui semblent définir la ville lombarde : « la ville dynamique », « la ville du capital » et « la ville cristallisée ». Ces trois images s’expriment au travers d’une grande variété de modalités de représentation, de styles et de tons, qui semblent former une vaste mosaïque d’expressions artistiques reflétant la complexité, les relations, les contrastes et les conflits qui caractérisent la ville de Milan au moment du « miracle économique ». / The aim of this dissertation is to analyse how literature and cinema have represented the city of Milan during the decade 1955-1965, which slightly precedes and follows what the majority of historians now call the “economic miracle” (1958-1963). This research attempts to retrace the real and the imaginary portrait of a city, whose experience and dynamics at the time of the “economic miracle”, appeared as a representative sample of Italy as a whole. This topic has been considered from an interdisciplinary perspective through works of history, architecture, urbanism and sociology, focusing first on the real forms of the city. These forms are then subsequently confronted with their imaginary representations through literature and cinema. This choice was dictated by the conviction that the complexity of the city, as an object of study, integrates various levels of structuration: physical, economic, social, but also temporal and imaginary. This dissertation is composed of five parts beginning with the analysis of the urban form of the city and ending with the examination of its social composition. After this investigation, three distinct, yet seemingly contradictory, images appear, which could define the Lombard city as “the dynamic city”, “the city of the capital” and “the crystalized city”. These three contradictory images are expressed through a large variety of modes of representation, styles and tones, which form a broad mosaic of artistic expressions reflecting the complexity, relations, contrasts and conflicts that characterize the city of Milan at the time of the “economic miracle”.

Este estudo busca examinar o teatro de Chico Buarque enquanto dramaturgia, tratar de sua concretização em espetáculo, expor a recepção crítica de cada texto e das montagens mais significativas, relacionar o conjunto da obra ao contexto histórico dos anos de 1968 a 1978 no Brasil. Acompanhando a trajetória do teatro de Chico Buarque, este trabalho traça um painel das difíceis relações entre os artistas, protagonistas de uma atividade que requer a liberdade como princípio e fim, e os homens da última ditadura militar da história brasileira, impositores da censura e praticantes da repressão oficial ou à margem da lei. A presente dissertação compõe-se por uma introdução ao tema, cinco ensaios relativos a cada uma das obras dramatúrgicas do autor e algumas considerações finais. / This study intends to examine the theater by Chico Buarque as playwriting, broach its realization as dramatic spectacle, expose the critic’s judgements on the author’s texts and their most important putting on a show, relate his plays with the historical context of the 1968 to 1978 decade in Brazil. Observing the trajectory of the theater by Chico Buarque, this work delineates a panel of the conflitive relationships between the artists − who are engaged in an activity that requires liberty as principle and purpose − and the men committed to inflict censure and execute the official or lawless repression during the last military dictatorship in Brazil. This dissertation is composed by an introduction to the theme, five essays concerning to each dramatic work by the author and some final considerations.

O presente estudo pretende analisar de que forma o filme Batismo de Sangue (2006), do cineasta Helvécio Ratton, contribui para retomar e ampliar a memória sobre a oposição à ditadura militar desempenhada pelos frades dominicanos do convento de Perdizes, em São Paulo, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Nosso objetivo é explicar qual o papel dos chamados frades pregadores naquele período e como eles se envolveram com o líder comunista Carlos Marighella (1911-1969), criador da Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN). Antes de proceder à análise do filme e discutir as condições em que foi produzido, dedicaremos alguns capítulos à descrição da história da Ordem dos Dominicanos, do embate entre as alas conservadora e progressista da Igreja Católica brasileira ao longo do século XX e à biografia de Carlos Marighella. A análise do filme Batismo de Sangue é o assunto da segunda parte deste estudo. / This work aims to examine how the Brazilian film Batismo de Sangue (2006), directed by Helvécio Ratton, contributes to resume and to expand the memory of the opposition to military dictatorship exercised by the Dominican Friars of the Perdizes Monastery, in Sao Paulo (Brazil) in the 60\'s and in the 70\'s. For that, the goal is to explain the role of the so-called friars preachers during this period, showing how they got involved with the Communist leader Carlos Marighella (1911-1969), founder of the Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN). Before proceeding with the movie analysis and discussing the conditions under which it was produced, some chapters will be devoted to describing the history of the Order of Dominicans as well as the clash between the conservative and the progressive wings of the Brazilian Catholic Church during the twentieth century. There will also be the biography of Carlos Marighella. The analysis of the film Batismo de Sangue is the subject of the second part of this study.

O presente estudo pretende analisar de que forma o filme Batismo de Sangue (2006), do cineasta Helvécio Ratton, contribui para retomar e ampliar a memória sobre a oposição à ditadura militar desempenhada pelos frades dominicanos do convento de Perdizes, em São Paulo, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Nosso objetivo é explicar qual o papel dos chamados frades pregadores naquele período e como eles se envolveram com o líder comunista Carlos Marighella (1911-1969), criador da Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN). Antes de proceder à análise do filme e discutir as condições em que foi produzido, dedicaremos alguns capítulos à descrição da história da Ordem dos Dominicanos, do embate entre as alas conservadora e progressista da Igreja Católica brasileira ao longo do século XX e à biografia de Carlos Marighella. A análise do filme Batismo de Sangue é o assunto da segunda parte deste estudo. / This work aims to examine how the Brazilian film Batismo de Sangue (2006), directed by Helvécio Ratton, contributes to resume and to expand the memory of the opposition to military dictatorship exercised by the Dominican Friars of the Perdizes Monastery, in Sao Paulo (Brazil) in the 60\'s and in the 70\'s. For that, the goal is to explain the role of the so-called friars preachers during this period, showing how they got involved with the Communist leader Carlos Marighella (1911-1969), founder of the Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN). Before proceeding with the movie analysis and discussing the conditions under which it was produced, some chapters will be devoted to describing the history of the Order of Dominicans as well as the clash between the conservative and the progressive wings of the Brazilian Catholic Church during the twentieth century. There will also be the biography of Carlos Marighella. The analysis of the film Batismo de Sangue is the subject of the second part of this study.

Partant de la difficulté qu’il y a à définir le « cinéma politique », ce travail se propose dans un premier temps de synthétiser, d’organiser et d’actualiser les savoirs disponibles sur le sujet. L’objectif est d’esquisser un panorama, non des films eux-mêmes, mais des discours théoriques qui accompagnent leur développement et fixent leurs objectifs. Ces discours peuvent être rassemblés en trois grands modes de lecture, en fonction de la définition qu’ils donnent de la politique et de la manière dont ils la rendent disponible pour les films. La deuxième partie procède à partir d’une hypothèse inverse : certes, on peut identifier des formes d’engagement dans les arts, mais on peut également constater que la politique est traversée par des logiques esthétiques, au sens de ce qui a trait à la perception et à la sensation (fictions, procédés de mise en scène, modes de distribution de l’espace et du temps). Or, si l’expérience esthétique est une modalité de l’expérience politique, cela signifie que les œuvres d’art peuvent avoir un rôle à jouer dans la manière dont une société se donne à voir, à éprouver, se transforme. À partir de là, il reste à imaginer les conséquences de cette hypothèse dans le champ de la théorie du cinéma, l’enjeu étant de parvenir à formuler un quatrième mode de lecture des films : la lecture esthétique. Les onze thèses qui composent la troisième partie s’efforcent d’en dessiner les contours, sur le plan à la fois théorique et méthodologique. Enfin, des analyses de films des années 1960 (une période qui passe souvent pour « moins politique » que la suivante) viennent mettre en pratique la lecture esthétique, explorer ses possibilités, éprouver ses limites. Chaque analyse se présente comme le contrechamp d’une thèse, de manière à illustrer la complémentarité des discours et des images. L’ambition de ce travail est donc de proposer une nouvelle analytique du cinéma politique, mais aussi de montrer ce que les films sont susceptibles d’ajouter aux problèmes politiques dont ils héritent. / Noticing how difficult it is to understand the notion of “political cinema”, I intend to summarize, arrange and update the knowledge on this subject. Part I presents an overview of theoretical discourses that try to define the purpose of political films. These theories can be gathered into three major reading frameworks, depending on the definition of politics they rely on and the way they extend it to include filmic phenomena. Part II reverses the perspective: it certainly is possible to identify several forms of commitment in the movies, but one can also notice that politics itself is woven from aesthetic logics, i.e. issues of perception and sensation (fictions, staging, directing, partitions of space and time). Yet if aesthetic experience is involved in political experience, it means that works of art can play a crucial part in the way a given society takes its definite shape, produces determined feelings, evolves. This hypothesis prepares the ground for a fourth reading framework that I present as a legitimate candidate to fulfill the task of understanding political cinema: the aesthetic reading. Part III consists of eleven theses that try to outline it, from both a theoretical and a methodological point of view. Finally, I put the aesthetic reading into practice by providing analyses of films from the 1960’s, a time often seen as “poorly committed”. The intention is to investigate the relevance of the aesthetic reading and its limits. Since politics is about discourses and images complementing one another, the whole part adopts an alternate structure, each analysis immediately following and expanding on a thesis. This study thus aims at renewing the methods and purposes of political film analysis, but also intends to understand what a film can do to the political problems it inherits.

The dissertation deals with the Municipal Theatre of Göteborg with special reference to the period between 1967 and 1971, during which the group theatre developed and paved the way for a repertoire of social criticism. The theatre debate is viewed against the background of the socio-economic, ideo­logical, and cultural development of the 1960,s. After describing conditions at the Municipal Theatre of Göteborg under Mats Johansson's management from 1962 onwards, the study concentrates on analysing three group theatre plays produced by Lennart Hjulström: Flotten (spring 1967) by Kent Andersson, Hemmet (autumn 1967) by Kent Andersson and Bengt Bratt, and Sandlådan (autumn 1968) by Kent Andersson. The first play thematizes the ideological confusion of the middle-aged generation, the second the disappointment of the aged at the betrayal of socialist ideals, and the third the manipulative repression of children's education. A series of stagings with strong elements of social criticism caused a long and intense debate in the summer of 1969 about both the repertoire and the internal conditions of the Municipal Theatre. In spring, 1971, Kent Andersson and Bengt Bratt wrote Tillståndet (an ambiguous title meaning both 'condition' and 'permission'), by which the authors intended to ex­pose the repressive tolerance of bourgeois society. This play functions as an evaluation of both the group theatre period and the situation of the theatre as a whole, and it is therefore analysed in a metaperspective. It also functions as a summary of the criticism of the Swedish welfare state. / digitalisering@umu

Petra Bolková will be examining in her thesis the evolution of photography used on book covers in the 1960s; the period marked with certain political and cultural liberation. This study will attempt describing systematically in what ways certain artists and writers collaborated and what the difficulties of these collaborations were. It will also be examined how the author of a book and the artist delegated to design the book cover; the initial advertisement for a book, were influencing each other. What is more, the extent to which the graphic art reflects the content of the written word will be studied. Book covers became a covert space for experimenting with or even establishing new trends in the 1960s. Books covers became a new, independent fine art discipline which, essentially, was censored or criticized only occasionally. The goal of this thesis will also be gradually finding the numerous common grounds between photography, book typography and the final design, as photography and photomontage were used on book covers more frequently then classic original illustrations. Last but not least, this thesis will be looking at what emphasis was put on the visual side and how it was conditioned culturally or politically ect.