A manga (Mangifera indica L.) é cultivada em áreas tropicais e subtropicais, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. Os maiores produtores são a Índia, China, México, Indonésia, Tailândia, Paquistão e Brasil, mas, por ser uma fruta altamente perecível, suas exportações têm sido limitadas. Durante o amadurecimento, as frutas adquirem características que as tornam adequadas para o consumo como conseqüência de alterações metabólicas dependentes, em larga medida, da expressão de genes específicos. Uma vez que as proteínas são os elementos efetores da expressão gênica, a análise de proteomas pode auxiliar na identificação de pontos de controle do metabolismo determinantes para a qualidade desses alimentos. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho é identificar spots de proteínas diferentemente abundantes durante o amadurecimento a partir dos mapas 2D-DIGE das polpas de mangas (Mangifera indica L.) da cultivar Keitt nos estádios pré-climatérico e climatérico. Após extração das proteínas e separação por 2D-DIGE, as imagens dos géis obtidas foram analizadas com o software PDQuest, utilizando o teste T de Student para a análise estatística. Dentre os spots protéicos bem resolvidos e considerados na análise, os 47 que apresentaram-se diferentemente abundantes entre os estádios estudados foram removidos dos géis, suas proteínas digeridas e, enfim, sequenciadas por espectrometria de massas. Foram obtidas as identidades prováveis de 58 proteínas diferentes a partir da comparação das sequencias obtidas com banco de dados NCBI2010, utilizando o software Mascot. / Mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas, mainly in developing countries. India, China, Mexico, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan and Brazil are the major producers, but its trade has been limited due the highly perishable nature of the fruit. During ripening, the fruits acquire characteristics that make them appropriate for consumption as a consequence of metabolic changes dependent on the expression of specific genes. As proteins are the effector elements of gene expression, proteome analysis can help the identification of metabolism keypoints that could influence the fruit quality. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the protein maps of mango pulp (Mangifera indica L. cv. Keitt) in pre-climacteric and climacteric stages, in order to identify protein spots that differ in abundance in these two stages. After protein extraction and separation by 2D-DIGE technique, the gel images obtained were analyzed with PDQuest software, using the Student´s T-test for statistical analysis. We obtained 47 spots differently abundant between the stages studied, that were excised from the gels and its proteins digested with trypsin and sequenced by mass spectrometry. We obtained the identities of 58 distinct proteins from the search of the peptide sequences against NCBI2010 database using the software Mascot.

The production of large area, high quality two-dimensional (2D) materials using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) has been an important and difficult topic in contemporary materials science research, after the discovery of the diverse and extraordinary properties exhibited by these materials. This thesis mainly focuses on the CVD synthesis of two 2D materials; bilayer graphene and monolayer tungsten disulphide (WS2). Various factors influencing the growth of each material were studied in order to understand how they affect the quality, uniformity, and size of the 2D films produced. Following this, these materials were combined to fabricate 2D vertical heterostructures, which were then spectroscopically examined and characterised. By conducting ambient pressure CVD growth with a flat support, it was found that high uniform bilayer graphene could be grown on the centimetre scale. The flat support provides for the consistent delivery of precursor to the copper catalyst for graphene growth. These results provide important insights not only into the upscaling of CVD methods for growing large area, high quality graphene and but also in how to transfer the product onto flexible substrates for potential applications as a transparent conducting electrode. Monolayer WS2 is of interest for use in optoelectronic devices due to its direct bandgap and high photoluminescence (PL) intensity. This thesis shows how the controlled addition of hydrogen into the CVD growth of WS2 can lead to separately distributed domains or centimetre scale continuous monolayer films at ambient pressure without the need for seed molecules, specially prepared substrates or low pressure vacuum systems. This CVD reaction is simple and efficient, ideal for mass-production of large area monolayer WS2. Subsequent studies showed that hexagonal domains of monolayer WS2 can have discrete segmentation in their PL emission intensity, forming symmetric patterns with alternating bright and dark regions. Analysis of the PL spectra shows differences in the exciton to trion ratio, indicating variations in the exciton recombination dynamics. These results provide important insights into the spatially varying properties of these CVD-grown TMDs materials, which may be important for their effective implementation in fast photo sensors and optical switches. Finally, by introducing a novel non-aqueous transfer method, it was possible to create vertical stacks of mixed 2D layers containing a strained monolayer of WS2, boron nitride, and graphene. Stronger interactions between WS2 on graphene was found when swapping water for IPA, likely resulting from reduced contamination between the layers associated with aqueous impurities. This transfer method is suitable for layer by layer control of 2D material vertical stacks and is shown to be possible for all CVD grown samples, a result which opens up pathways for the rapid large scale fabrication of vertical heterostructure systems with large area coverage and controllable thickness on the atomic level.

O aumento na utilização do sistema de gotejamento em grandes culturas como a cana-de-açúcar, visa minimizar perdas hídricas durante o processo de irrigação, principalmente em períodos de escassez hídrica ocorrida no país. Para atingir tal propósito, o dimensionamento correto desse sistema de irrigação é de fundamental importância, viabilizando o manejo adequado e uso de práticas para aplicação de fertilizantes (solutos), via água de irrigação (fertirrigação). Nesse sentido, são necessárias informações um pouco mais precisas sobre a dinâmica da água e dos solutos no solo, os quais estão relacionados com a distribuição desta solução em torno do emissor (gotejador). Assim sendo, o principal objetivo dessa pesquisa consistiu em avaliar o desempenho do modelo HYDRUS-2D nas simulações numéricas da formação do volume de solo molhado sob irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial, em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento da cultura de cana-de-açúcar (perfilhamento, crescimento dos colmos e maturação), buscando-se comparar os resultados obtidos pelas simulações do modelo com aqueles obtidos em condições experimentais. Para tal, foram coletados dados de umidade volumétrica do solo e das concentrações de potássio no solo, pela Técnica da Reflectometria no Tempo (TDR), tornando possível a obtenção de dados em tempo real da distribuição da solução, como também, auxiliar na avaliação e performance do modelo matemático HYDRUS-2D. Assim sendo, a referida pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: Etapa 1) Coleta de dados das propriedades físico-hídricas do solo e da distribuição da água e do potássio mediante um arranjo experimental, distribuído em dois tratamentos, inteiramente casualizados, sendo três repetições e seis parcelas, dispostos da seguinte maneira, Tratamento 1 (T1): sem cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e com emissor de vazão de 4,0 L h-1, Tratamento 2 (T2): com cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, com emissor de vazão 4,0 L h-1 e na Etapa 2) Foi realizada a simulação numérica da distribuição da solução (água e potássio), pelo modelo HYDRUS-2D nos respectivos estágios de desenvolvimento do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar (citados anteriormente). O desempenho do modelo foi avaliado com base nos seguintes parâmetros estatísticos: Raiz do Erro Quadrático Médio (RMSE) e Erro Absoluto Médio (MAE). A partir dos resultados obtidos nos parâmetros estatísticos, os dados estimados pelo modelo HYDRUS-2D obtiveram uma boa concordância em relação aos dados observados do conteúdo de água e da concentração de potássio presente no perfil de solo. Diante disso, pôde-se concluir que o modelo HYDRUS-2D forneceu uma caracterização aceitável do volume de solo molhado nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar e também sem a presença da cultura. / Drip irrigation systems are increasingly being used for such major crops as sugarcane to minimize water losses during irrigation. Saving water is becoming more and more important also in Brazil because of increasing water scarcity in the country. Proper design of a drip irrigation system is fundamental to implementation of optimal water and nutrient management practices, including possible application of fertilizers with the irrigation water (fertigation). This in turn requires reliable information about expected water and solute distributions in the soil profile around the emitters (drippers) during and after irrigation The main objective of this research was to use the HYDRUS-2D software package to estimate wetted soil volumes around the drippers during subsurface drip irrigation at different stages of sugarcane development (tillering, stalk growth, maturation), and to compare numerical results with experimental data. Field data collected for this purpose included soil moisture and potassium concentration distributions using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Results made it possible to follow evolving solute concentration distributions around the drippers in real time, and to evaluate the performance of HYDRUS-2D. The research was divided into two steps: Step 1 involved collection of physical and hydraulic data of the soil, as well as of water and potassium distributions by means of a completely randomized experimental arrangement using two treatments, each with three replicates. Treatments 1 and 2 were for the scenarios without and with sugarcane cultivation, with both treatments having a flow emitter rate of 4.0 L h-1. Step 2 involved HYDRUS-2D simulations of the moisture and potassium concentration distributions around the drippers at different stages of sugarcane development. Model performance was evaluated using the following statistical parameters: Mean Squared Error Root (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). From the results obtained in the statistical parameters, HYDRUS-2D predictions obtained a good agreement with the observed data of water content and the potassium concentration in the soil profile. Therefore, it was concluded that HYDRUS-2D model provided an acceptable characterization of the wetted volume at different stages of development of sugarcane and also without the presence of culture.

<p>The city of Kalmar has a desire that their 3D maps of the city should come to a greater use and get residents more involved in Kalmar city. The purpose of this report is to show one way to work with these 3D maps when it comes to presenting information about Kalmar for its residents and tourists in a specific area.  The report also includes information about advantages and disadvantages with the use of 2D and 3D maps in different environments. Various reports and other sources indicate an interest in 3D and a use for this, but even that 2D is still seen as a natural way to read a map. By collecting information from relevant literature, interviews and user testing, the group has obtained sufficient background information to present the results of a web site, where the visitor can navigate in both 2D and 3D in a specific area of Kalmar. User tests and surveys have been conducted in two rounds and the web site has been revised after their results.</p> / <p>Kalmar kommun har en önskan om att deras 3D-kartor över staden skall komma till en utökad användning och att få kommuninvånarna mer engagerade i Kalmar kommun. Syftet med denna rapport är att visa hur man på ett sätt kan arbeta med dessa 3D-kartor när det kommer till att presentera information om Kalmar kommun för dess invånare och turister i ett specifikt område. I rapporten tas även fördelar och nackdelar upp med att använda sig av 2D- respektive 3D-kartor i olika miljöer. Olika rapporter och andra källor visar på ett intresse för 3D och ett användningsområde för detta, men även att 2D fortfarande ses som ett naturligt sätt att läsa en karta. Genom att samla in information både från relevant litteratur, intervjuer samt användartester har gruppen fått tillräcklig bakgrundinformation för att presentera resultatet med en webbplats, där besökaren kan navigera både i 2D och 3D i ett specifikt område i Kalmar. Användartester och enkäter har utförts i två omgångar på webbplatsen och har omarbetats efter det som framgick där.</p>

The quest for obtaining higher Tc superconductivity led to the discovery of cuprates about 20 years ago. Since then, they continue to puzzle the scientific community with their bizarre properties like non-BCS superconductivity, pseudo gap, Fermi arcs, linear T resistivity etc. Since these materials show unusually high Tc, a novel mechanism is at play and strong correlations are believed to play an important role. The theme of this thesis work is to study physics of such strongly correlated systems in two dimensions at T = 0 along with development of new theoretical tools necessary for the study. The focus of the thesis is on the ground state studies of strongly correlated models like t-J and Hubbard models using variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and renormalized mean field theory (RMFT). The general method is to propose a variational wave function, motivated by the physics ideas, to be a candidate ground state of the system. Methods to efficiently evaluate the ground state energy and minimizing it with respect to the variational parameters are developed in this work. Antiferromagnetism-superconductivity competition and electron-hole asymmetry in the extended t-J model is investigated. The main result of this work is that increasing the magnitude of the next neighbor hopping (t') on hole doped side strengthen superconductivity while it stabilizes antiferromagnetism on the electron doped side. It is also shown that it is possible to characterize the T = 0 phase diagram with just one parameter called as Fermi Surface Convexity Parameter (FSCP). Next, the possibility of phase separation in the t-J model on a square lattice is investigated using local RMFT technique. It is found that for certain doping, the system phase separates into regions with antiferromagnetic and superconducting orders. Next, the role played by crystalline anisotropy of orthorhombic YBCO cuprates on their properties is examined using anisotropic tx-ty-J model and this ground state study suggests that the anisotropies seen in their properties are plausible solely due to the crystalline anisotropy. A new general method to study strongly correlated systems with singlet ground states is developed and tested in this thesis work. The last part of the thesis explores the possibility of high Tc superconductivity in graphene which is a intermediate coupling resonating valence bond (RVB) system. It is found that undoped graphene is not a superconductor, consistent with the experiments. On doping, the ground state of graphene is found to be a superconductor with “d+id” symmetry whose strength shows a dome as a function of doping which is reminiscent of RVB physics.

This thesis focuses on the definition of a task for the determination, tracking and execution of a grasp on an unknown object. In particular, it is considered the case in which the object is ideally planar and the grasp has to be executed with a two-fingered, parallel-jaw gripper using vision as the source of sensor data. For the specification of this task, an architecture is defined that is based on three basic components -virtual sensors, filters, and actuators-, which can be connected to define a control loop. Each step in this task is analyzed separately, considering several options in some cases.Some of the main contributions of this thesis include: (1) the use of a modular approach to the specification of a control task that provides a basic framework for supporting the concept of behavior; (2) the analysis of several strategies for obtaining a compact representation of the contour of an object; (3) the development of a method for the evaluation and search of a grasp on a planar object for a two-fingered gripper; (4) the specification of different representations of a grasp and the analysis of their use for tracking the grasp between different views of an object; (5) the specification of algorithms for the tracking of a grasp along the views of an object obtained from a sequence of single images and a sequence of stereo images; (6) the definition of parametrized models of the target position of the grasp points and of the feasibility of this target grasp, and of an off-line procedure for the computation of some of the reference values required by this model; and (7) the definition and analysis of a visual servoing control scheme to guide the gripper of a robot arm towards an unknown object using the grasp points computed for that object as control features.

Computation of the position and orientation of an object with respect to a camera from its images is called pose estimation problem. Pose estimation is one of the major problems in computer vision, robotics and photogrammetry. Object tracking, object recognition, self-localization of robots are typical examples for the use of pose estimation. Determining the pose of an object from its projections requires 3D model of an object in its own reference system, the camera parameters and 2D image of the object. Most of the pose estimation algorithms require the correspondences between the 3D model points of the object and 2D image points. In this study, four well-known pose estimation algorithms requiring the 2D-3D correspondences to be known a priori / namely, Orthogonal Iterations, POSIT, DLT and Efficient PnP are compared. Moreover, two other well-known algorithms that solve the correspondence and pose problems simultaneously / Soft POSIT and Blind- PnP are also compared in the scope of this thesis study. In the first step of the simulations, synthetic data is formed using a realistic motion scenario and the algorithms are compared using this data. In the next step, real images captured by a calibrated camera for an object with known 3D model are exploited. The simulation results indicate that POSIT algorithm performs the best among the algorithms requiring point correspondences. Another result obtained from the experiments is that Soft-POSIT algorithm can be considered to perform better than Blind-PnP algorithm.

Being able to take a decision on an area you've never seen is a difficult task. It is also complicated to introduce an environment in the best way to benefit its purpose. This study focuses on the differences people notice between 2D and 3D models. To make it more concrete, the study has been linked to a case study called Hälsans väg 255. There is a bicycle path that is planned between Uppsala and Knivsta in the coming years. The study is divided into three parts. Interviews, modeling and surveys. With interviewees that is familiar and well informed, a good idea of the area has been created and understanding of what is seen as important in different perspectives. Then there are two models with four focus areas created in the computer program ArcGIS. A 2D model with classic overview perspective and a 3D model made like a video where you fly around the area by air. All data are collected from the ”Lantmäteriet” and the same data files, colors, elevation data and areas of interest have been used in the two models. The models must provide an as true image of the area as possible with as simple appearance possible. A person without knowledge of the area should be able form an opinion about the environment and describe their feelings and impressions. Subsequently, a questionnaire was designed where two random groups were actively doing the survey without knowing its aim or objective, this to get as objective answers as possible. By analyzing data from the survey respondents using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) a significant results demonstrated that there is a difference in understanding between the models when it comes to understanding environmental attributes in the models. A majority of the survey respondents preferred 2D before they had seen any model. They also had high demands of detail on the models and were asking a lot of further questions when the questionnaire were finished. This says nothing about the models' comparison but it is a clear sign that the modern society is accustomed to incredible amount of detail in today's maps. A result of the survey responses, that were distributed normally, was that it did not differ much between the perceptions of 2D in contrast to 3D. However, the lack of difference is a result in itself. The only significant difference between 2D and 3D was showed with the question of what attribute that was most difficult to understand. The biggest difference of understanding was regarding the attribute “distance” which previous research also has shown. In comparison with previous research our result did not show a stronger understanding of height with the 2D-model than with the 3D-model. These results implicates how important it is to be aware of the strength and disadvantages of 2D-models and 3D-models to choose the right media for the purpose of the model. / Att kunna ta ett beslut om ett område man aldrig har sett är en svår uppgift. Det är även komplicerat att presentera en miljö på bästa sätt för att gynna sitt syfte. Denna studie fokuserar på vad människor upplever för skillnader mellan 2D- och 3D-modeller och om informationen i modellerna förmedlas på olika sätt. För att göra det mer konkret har studien kopplats till en fallstudie som benämns som Hälsans väg 255. Det är ett cykelvägsprojekt mellan Uppsala och Knivsta som eventuellt kommer att genomföras kommande år. Denna studie är uppdelad i tre delar; Intervjuer, modellskapande och enkäter. Genom intervjuer med aktörer kopplade till projektet har en uppfattning om området skapats och förståelse för vad som ses som viktigt i olika perspektiv. Därefter har två modeller med fyra fokusområden skapats i datorprogrammet ArcGis. En 2D-modell med klassisk överblick ovanifrån och en 3D-modell gjord som en video där man tar sig runt i området via en flygtur. All data är hämtad från Lantmäteriet och samma källfiler, färger, höjddata och fokusområden har använts i de två modellerna. Modellerna ska förmedla en så korrekt bild av området som möjligt med ett enkelt utseende. En person utan kännedom om området ska kunna skapa sig en uppfattning om miljön och kunna beskriva sina känslor och intryck därefter. I enlighet med detta har en enkät utformats där två slumpartade grupper aktivt har fått göra enkäten, utan att veta dess syfte eller mål. Genom att analysera data från enkätrespondenterna via SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) har signifikanta resultat visat att det finns en skillnad i förståelse mellan modellerna när det kommer till vilka attribut som är svårast att förstå i respektive modell. Majoriteten av respondenterna föredrog 2D innan de sett någon modell. Generellt kommenterade de som såg 2D modellen mer på detaljnivå. Det tyder på att förväntningarna av detaljrikedom är hög.. Det säger ingenting om modellernas jämförelse men det är ett tydligt tecken på att vi är vana vid otroligt mycket detaljer i dagens kartor. Som resultat av enkäten visade det sig att uppfattningen av miljön inte skilde sig mellan de som sett miljön i 2D respektive 3D. Dock är avsaknaden av skillnad ett resultat i sig. Den enda signifikanta skillnaden i svarsfördelning mellan testgrupperna gällde vilka attribut som var svårast att förstå. Attributet ”Avstånd” var enskilt den parameter som skilde sig mest i förståelse och uppfattades bättre i 2D-modellen. I jämförelse med tidigare forskning visade inte 2D-modellen en starkare förståelse för höjd utan detta attribut var ungefär lika svårt att uppfatta oberoende av dimensionstyp. Dessa resultat tyder på att det är viktigt att vara medveten om en modells syfte för att kunna välja rätt medieformat.

The development of a site-specific seismic hazard curve for a soil site requires the incorporation of site effects into the hazard calculation through the use of a site-specific amplification function. This study investigates the effect on the resulting soil hazard curves of different approaches to compute the site-specific amplification function. Amplification functions and their standard deviations can be developed using equivalent linear site response analyses. This study investigates the amplification function predictions of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) site response analyses. For 1D analysis, one set of analyses are performed using time series (TS) input motions while a second set is performed using random vibration theory (RVT). One-dimensional site response analyses are performed for a shallow and a deep soil site and the results are compared for seismic hazard predictions. The influence of spatial variability introduced through randomization of site shear wave velocity (V[subscript S]) is also investigated. Shear wave velocity profile randomization does not significantly change the predicted amplification functions, except for the RVT analysis near the site period. At these periods, (V[subscript S]) randomization reduces the amplification function predicted by RVT making it more similar to the TS analysis prediction. The surface hazard at a site is dependent on the median amplification factor and its associated standard deviation. Spatial variability and uncertainties in soil properties across a site are often taken into account by modeling multiple 1D profiles in 1D site response analyses. However, this approach assumes that analyzing multiple 1D profiles captures accurately the effects of the true multi-dimensional spatial variability of the soil properties. This study investigates the results of two-dimensional (2D) site response analyses that incorporate spatial variability in the (V[subscript S]) profile through Monte Carlo simulation. Two-dimensional site response analyses are performed for 2D random fields generated with various statistical parameters (i.e. vertical and horizontal correlation distances) to investigate the effect of different levels of spatial variability on surface response across a region of interest (ROI). Two-dimensional site response analyses are performed for a shallow site. Results indicate that horizontal correlation distance has more influence on the analyses results than the vertical correlation distance. As the horizontal correlation distance increases, the median surface response spectrum across the ROI decreases. This reduction in median surface response is more pronounced around the site period. The influence of the vertical correlation distance is more pronounced when the horizontal correlation distance is large. As the vertical correlation distance increases, the median surface response spectrum across the ROI increases, which is more pronounced around the period of the motion. The predictions of 1D and 2D site response analyses modeling the (V[subscript S]) variability are compared. 1D analyses are performed on separately generated 1D (V[subscript S]) profiles (infinite horizontal correlation) and on the (V[subscript S]) profiles across the ROI of each 2D (V[subscript S]) field realization generated for 2D analysis (finite horizontal correlation). The results indicate that both sets of 1D analyses predict lower median response than 2D analyses. The 1D analyses with finite horizontal correlation display comparable levels of variability in the site response, however 1D analyses with infinite horizontal correlation display higher variability. / text

Šio darbo tikslas yra suprojektuoti ir realizuoti vizualizacijos sistemą, naudojančią trimačius elementus ir atlikti tyrimą, ar tokia vizualizacijos sistemos koncepcija padeda spręsti tam tikras operatorių problemas. Darbo metu siekiama išsiaiškinti, ar trimačiai elementai gali būti naudingesni nei dvimačiai jų analogai. Vizualizacijos sistemai realizuoti panaudotas Microsoft DirectX trimatės grafikos kūrimo priemonių rinkinys. Sukurtas realiai veikiančios dvimatės vizualizacijos sistemos trimatis analogas, apimantis tam tikrą realios sistemos dalį. Atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – išsiaiškinti, ar sukurta sistema turi pranašumą prieš savo pirmtką identifikuojant ir lokalizuojant sistemoje įvykusiems įvykiams. / The goal of this work is to develop vizualization system which uses 3D elements. Also to perform research with goal to analyze if such visualization system helps to solve particular problems for operators. During this work will be trying to answer the question if 3D elements can be more helpful than 2D elements. Microsoft DirectX SDK is used to create visualization system. Only a specific part of running 2D visualization system is created. Research is performed to identify if created system can be more helpful in identifying and localizing system events.