Thesis (D. Th.)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The difficulties attending the reading 2 Cor 10-13 are widely recognized. This dissertation aims to interpret the text by means of socio-rhetorical analysis and to investigate what its real purpose is. Our hypothesis is that this Pauline discourse aims at the Corinthians’ edification by defending his apostolic lifestyle and so giving them a good example of imitatio Christi, imitatio Pauli (Chapter 1). Chapter 2 surveys the recent studies of 2 Cor 10-13 from various approaches, viz. literary historical approach, historical approach, rhetorical approach, and ethical and social-scientific approach. Because of the limited results of each approach used alone, we need a multidimensional and multi-disciplinary method is required. Chapter 3 reconfigures the sociorhetorical approach developed by Robbins into a fourfold dimensional analysis for a more adequate reading of 2 Cor 10-13: a rhetorical analysis; an analysis of intertexture and rhetorolect; an analysis of social, cultural and ideological texture; and an analysis of sacred texture. Chapter 4 analyzes the rhetoric of 2 Cor 10-13. The four realities of the rhetorical situation are the invasion of the outsiders against Paul, the discontent of the insiders with Paul, the conflict concerning Paul’s support, and the plan of Paul’s upcoming visit. The rhetorical arrangement, as a deliberative argumentation but including judicial and epideictic elements, is summarized as follows: exordium and propositio (10:1-11); narratio (10:12-18); argumentatio (11:1-13:4); peroratio (13:5-10). The argumentatio marshals four arguments: what is the true character of the intruders? (11:1-21a); what is the servant of Christ like? (11:21b-12:10); who is whose benefactor? (12:11-19); what sort of man do they expect with Paul’s upcoming visit? (12:20-13:4). Chapter 5 discusses the intertexture and rhetorolect of 2 Cor 10-13. The discourse is thickly intertextured providing the vivid picture and the persuasive rationale for his arguments, and is woven of various rhetorolects. The main rhetorolect is prophetic, which focuses on Paul whom God has chosen to take leadership in the production of righteousness. By blending this rhetorolect with priestly, our text manifests that Paul, in weakness and sufferings, according to God’s call, is following the example of Christ.Chapter 6 explores the social, cultural and ideological textures in 2 Cor 10-13. In social texture, the discourse has a vision of acquiring cognitive abilities for the aim of transforming people so they may build a Christian community in faith until God transforms all. In cultural texture, the discourse utilizes the conventions of dominant culture, but rejects its central values and creates an antithetical set of values based on the crucified Christ. In ideological texture, the discourse presents the social ethos that opposes the dominant social order: it represents rather the interests of the socially weak. The Pauline discourse, however, legitimises his position of primary authority over the Corinthian Christians. Chapter 7 investigates the sacred texture in 2 Cor 10-13. The discourse establishes a theology which is balanced by the crucified and resurrected Christ. Christ’s crucifixion and resurrection is recapitulated in Paul’s apostleship, discipleship and servant-ship in the form of imitatio Christi, and must be reproduced in the Corinthian church in the form of imitatio Pauli. In the final assessment, the main purpose of 2 Cor 10-13 is defined as the edification of the Corinthian church through defending Paul’s apostolic lifestyle, which is characterized by the imitatio Christi. Paul’s lifestyle is derived from Christ who was crucified and resurrected by the power of God, demonstrating God’s power manifested in human weakness. Now it is the Corinthians’ turn to demonstrate the divine power manifested in their imitatio Pauli. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat daar probleme is met die lees van 2 Kor. 10-13. Hierdie verhandeling probeer om deur middel van sosiaal-retoriese analise die teks te ontleed en die ware oogmerk daarvan te ondersoek. Die hipotese waarvan uitgegaan word, is dat die Pauliniese diskoers ingestel is op die geestelike opheffing van die Korintiërs deur sy verdediging van die apostoliese lewenstyl en deur vir hulle ’n goeie voorbeeld van imitatio Christi, imitatio Pauli te stel (Hoofstuk 1). Hoofstuk 2 bestudeer onlangse ondersoeke na 2 Kor. 10-13 vanuit verskillende benaderingshoeke, naamlik die literêrhistoriese benadering, die historiese benadering, die retoriese benadering, en etiese en sosiaalwetenskaplike benaderings. Die beperkte resultate wat die afsonderlike gebruik van elke benadering sou oplewer, vereis dat ’n multidimensionele en multidissiplinêre metode gebruik moet word. Hoofstuk 3 rekonfigureer die sosiaal-retoriese benadering wat deur Robbins ontwikkel is, tot ’n viervoudige dimensionele ontleding vir ’n vollediger lees van 2 Kor. 10-13: ’n retoriese analise; ’n analise van intertekstualiteit en reterolek; ’n analise van sosiale, kulturele en ideologiese intertekstualiteit; en ’n analise van gewyde tekstualiteit. Hoofstuk 4 ontleed die retoriek in 2 Kor. 10-13. Die vier realiteite van die retoriese situasie is die inval van die buitestanders teen Paulus, die ontevredenheid van lede van die binnekring jeens Paulus, die konflik met betrekking tot Paulus se ondersteuning, en die plan met betrekking tot Paulus se voorgenome besoek. Die retoriese skikking, as ’n beraadslagende betoog, maar met inbegrip van forensiese en epideiktiese elemente, word soos volg opgesom: exordium en propositio (10:1-11); narratio (10:12-18); argumentatio (11:1-13:4); peroratio (13:5-10). Die argumentatio behels leiding vir vier argumente: wat is die ware karakter van die indringers? (11:1-21a); waaraan ken ’n mens die dienaar van Christus uit? (11:21b-12:10; wie is wie se weldoener? (12:11-19); watter soort man verwag hulle met Paulus se voorgenome besoek? (12:20-13:4). Hoofstuk 5 bied ’n bespreking van die intertekstualiteit en reterolek van 2 Kor. 10-13. Die diskoers is ryklik voorsien van intertekste en verskaf so ’n duidelike prentjie en die grondrede vir sy argumente, wat uit verskeie reterolekte ineengeweef is. Die belangrikste reterolek isprofeties, en fokus op Paulus wat deur God uitgekies is om leierskap te aanvaar vir die voortbrenging van regverdigheid. Deur hierdie reterolek met die priesterlike te vermeng, gee ons teks blyke daarvan dat Paulus, in swakheid en lyding, volgens God se roeping, die voorbeeld van Christus volg. Hoofstuk 6 ondersoek die sosiale, kulturele en ideologiese tekstualiteit in 2 Kor. 10-13. In sosiale tekstualiteit het die diskoers ’n visie van die verkryging van die kognitiewe vermoëns wat nodig is vir die oogmerk van hervorming van mense sodat hulle ’n Christen-gemeenskap in die geloof kan bou totdat God almal nuut sal maak. In kulturele tekstualiteit gebruik die diskoers die konvensies van die dominante kultuur, maar verwerp die sentrale waardes daarvan en skep ’n stel antitetiese waardes gebaseer op die gekruisigde Christus. In ideologiese tekstualiteit bied die diskoers die sosiale ethos wat teen die dominante maatskaplike orde in verset is: dit verteenwoordig eerder die belange van dié wat maatskaplik swak is. Die Pauliniese diskoers legitimeer egter sy posisie as primêre gesag oor die Christene in Korinte. In hoofstuk 7 word die gewyde tekstualiteit van 2 Kor. 10-13 ondersoek. Die diskoers bring ’n teologie tot stand wat in ewewig is met die gekruisigde en opgestane Christus. Christus se kruisiging en opstanding word weergegee in Paulus se apostelskap, dissipelskap en dienaarskap in die vorm van imitatio Christi, en moet ook weergegee word in die kerk in Korinte in die vorm van imitatio Pauli. Ten slotte word die hoofdoel van 2 Kor 10-13 gedefinieer as die geestelike opheffing van die kerk in Korinte deur die verdediging van Paulus se apostoliese lewenstyl wat deur die imitatio Christi gekenmerk word. Paulus se lewenstyl is van Christus oorgeneem, wat gekruisig en weer opgewek is deur die krag van God, wat God se mag wat in menslike swakheid na vore kom, demonstreer. Nou is dit die Korintiërs se beurt om bewys te lewer van die goddelike krag deur hulle imitatio Pauli.

陳建樑. / 論文(哲學博士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部, 1996. / 參考文献 : leaves 423-494. / Chen Jianliang. / Chapter 【第一章】 --- 緒言 --- p.1 / 附表一： 「《左氏傳》前八公之年數及字數統計表」 --- p.7 / 附表二 ： 「《左氏傳》後四公之年數及字數統計表」 --- p.8 / 附表三: 「《左氏傳》前八公及後四公公數年數及字數 比重表」 --- p.9 / 附表四： 「鄭玄著述先後表」 --- p.15 / Chapter 【第二章】 --- 綜論 / Chapter 〔第一節〕 --- 緣起 --- p.28 / Chapter 〔第二節〕 --- 「鄭服一家」之說 --- p.31 / Chapter 〔第三節〕 --- 「鄭服有別」之說 --- p.43 / Chapter 〔第四節〕 --- 鄭玄《左氏注》之成書問題 --- p.47 / Chapter 〔第五節〕 --- 張舜徽說之商榷 --- p.61 / Chapter 〔第六節〕 --- 鄭玄《左氏注》與前說《左氏》義 之關係問題 --- p.63 / Chapter 【第三章】 --- 上篇：《左傳》鄭服說比義表 / Chapter 〔第一節〕 --- 同義表 --- p.87 / Chapter 〔第二節〕 --- 異義表 --- p.107 / Chapter 〔第三節〕 --- 別義表 --- p.135 / Chapter 〔第四節〕 --- 三表簡析 --- p.137 / Chapter 【第四章】 --- 下篇：〈左傳〉鄭服說比義類例攷釋 / Chapter 〔第一節〕 --- 字詁同義例 --- p.140 / Chapter 〔第二節〕 --- 取義近同例 --- p.153 / Chapter 〔第三節〕 --- 闡《詩》同義例 --- p.164 / Chapter 〔第四節〕 --- 陰陽五行系統同說例 --- p.175 / Chapter 〔第五節〕 --- 禮制異說例 --- p.221 / Chapter 〔第六節〕 --- 「家法」互異例 --- p.265 / 附表一 ：「鄭服用冰時令對照表」 --- p.292 / 附表二 ：「鄭服用冰遣詞對照表」 --- p.293 / Chapter 〔第七節〕 --- 分野系統異說例 --- p.306 / 附表：「漢世吳越分野說表」 --- p.351 / 附圖一：「十二次十二辰二十八宿相配圖」 --- p.352 / 附圖二： 「五宮二十八宿十二次方位配合圖」 --- p.352 / 說明 --- p.353 / Chapter 〔第八節〕 --- 義同字異例一 --- p.356 / 義同字異例二 --- p.369 / Chapter 〔第九節〕 --- 闡釋重點互異例一 --- p.391 / 闡釋重點互異例二 --- p.400 / Chapter 【第五章】 --- 結論 / Chapter 〔第一節〕 --- 學術界硏治本題之缺失與不足 --- p.410 / Chapter 〔第二節〕 --- 本文之學術取向與作意 --- p.414 / Chapter 〔第三節〕 --- 「類例攷釋」硏究成果 --- p.417 / Chapter 〔第四節〕 --- 本題與學術史之關係簡論 --- p.420 / 引用及參攷書籍目錄舉要 --- p.423 / 引用及參攷論文目錄舉要 --- p.468

The motif of hastening the Lord's coming: 2 Peter 3:1-13 and its alleged parallels and background is a study of an aspect of 2 Peter's message and the problems related to that aspect. The study consists of seven chapters. Chapter one is an orientative survey of 2 Peter research defining and describing the nature and scope of the problems which are investigated in later chapters, as well as indicating the importance of the study and its general outline. In chapter two, broad hermeneutical issues which influence the investigation in chapters three, four, five and six are highlighted. Chapter three investigates the use and meanings of a1fe 6 6 <.t> derivatives in the New Testament and finds out that apart from 2 Peter, those concerned are generally not explicitly used in association with Christ's Parousia. In chapter four, relevant sections of 2 Peter are exegeted to determine this motifs role and meaning within the message of 2 Peter. Chapter four's investigation finds out that this salient motif in 2 Peter emphasises the Christian community's role of being God's important partner in the achievement of the eschatological promises associated with Christ's Parousia. Chapter five then studies alleged parallels of this motif in the New Testament outside of 2 Peter and finds out that the ideas, which 2 Peter expressed through this motif are echoed within most of the passages. In chapter six the religious background of 2 Peter is investigated and it is discovered that ideas expressed through this motif in 2 Peter appear to be generally in discontinuity with those contained in the investigated backgrounds. The final chapter highlights the contemporary relevance of the study with reference to (i) New Testament study in general, (ii) 2 Peter research in particular; and (iii) the calling and responsibilities of the church in the context of today's problems. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Th. (New Testament)

While much of Nāgārjuna’s writings are aimed at deconstructing fixed views and views that hold to some form of substantialist thought (where certain qualities are held to be inherent in phenomena), he does not make many assertive propositions regarding his philosophical position. He focuses most of his writing to applying the prasaṅga method of argumentation to prove the importance of recognizing that all phenomena are śūnya by deconstructing views of phenomena based on substance. Nāgārjuna does, however, assert that all phenomena are empty and that phenomena are meaningful because śūnyatā makes logical sense.1 Based on his deconstruction of prevailing views of substance, he maintains that holding to any view of substance is absurd, that phenomena can only make sense if viewed from the standpoint of śūnyatā. This thesis grapples with the problem that Nāgārjuna does not provide adequate supporting arguments to prove that phenomena are meaningful due to their śūnyatā. It is clear that if saṃvṛti is indiscernible due to its emptiness, saṃvṛtisatya cannot be corroborated on its own terms due to its insubstantiality. But how does viewing phenomena as empty make them meaningful? Scholars who base their understanding of how meaning is established in Nāgārjuna’s thought based on Candrakīrti’s interpretation of his twotruths formulation, which grants both paramārtha and saṃvṛti truths their distinctive truth-values, tend to prove the distinctive truth of saṃvṛti in terms of its linguisticallybased, conventional status.2 I am critical of this approach and argue, instead, that an explanation of how phenomena are meaningful due to their emptiness is found in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra’s (PPM)’s use of metaphoricity. Rather than seeing the two truths as distinctive, I argue that saṃvṛtisatya and paramārthasatya both make sense based on their metaphorical relationship in that they are both śūnyatā and that phenomena point to, or are metaphors for, the all-inclusive śūnyatā of reality akin to understanding of ākāśa in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras which although experienced cannot be cognitively grasped. / Religious Studies & Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

No description available.

No description available.

Arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrates by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks. The replication of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) (Togaviridae; Alphavirus) in vertebrate cells is well established and triggers cell death. SFV infection of Aedes albopictus mosquito cells was characterised. Virus growth curves were compared in three cell lines. Infection of U4.4 cells was persistent and did not affect growth of the culture. In contrast, infection of C6/36 and C7-10 cells resulted in a static culture with no cell division and no cell death. The response of U4.4 cells was characterised in greater detail using viruses containing fluorescent or luciferase markers within the replicase or structural open reading frame of the virus genome. Activation of the STAT/IMD pathway prior to SFV infection significantly reduced virus driven luciferase expression and virus production. Activation of the Toll pathway prior to SFV infection had no effect. However, activation of Toll in addition to STAT/IMD had a cumulative effect on luciferase expression and virus production. viRNAs were characterised by Illumina Solexa sequencing. Two percent of the small RNA species found in virus infected cells were derived from virus RNA. These were predominantly 21 nt long and mapped along the entire SFV genome and genome complementary RNAs. Generation of these viRNAs was not random. Some areas produced high frequencies and others no or very few; hot and cold spots respectively. There were no correlations between viRNA frequency and base pairing or secondary structures predictions. Cold spot-derived viRNAs were more effective than hot-spot viRNAs in inhibiting virus replication. Similar results were observed in Aedes aegypti-derived cells. Attempts were made to investigate the source of these viRNAs using a virus containing an IRES element which had been reported to prevent virus replication in insect cells but which did not efficiently do so in this study. A virus containing the RNAi inhibitor p19 was characterised and shown to increase virus production. Techniques for infecting mosquitoes via a blood meal feed were established. No infection was observed with virus replicon particles carrying a fluorescent marker gene. Infection was established using virus containing p19.

No description available.

During the period of occupation of Norway between the years 1940-1945 the National Lutheran Church took the responsibility of supporting the Norweigans in their ideological battle against the Nazis. This was a period named Holdningskampen in Norwegian history. One person to remember was Eivind Berggrav, bishop in Oslo diocese. He was the one responsible for the theological document of importance Kirkens Grunn that became important as a document against the Nazis and the small percentage of Christians that related to the naziinspired-church. Berggrav was also one of the founders of Den Midlertidlige Kirkeledelsen, the organisation responsible for the non-nazified churches. During Easter 1942 there was a division between the national church department and the churches. The outcome was that almost all priests left their offices because they did not want to be part of a Nazi-friendly system. The German-inspired government did their best to keep the churches going with the help of new politically correct priests and bishops. However, people did not accept them and they mostly had to talk for empty rows. The attention was instead given to the priests who marked their standpoint against the Nazis and for the freedom of the people and their country. They became the good examples that helped many Norwegians to keep their courage during a period of tribulation in the history of the country. The purpose is to analyze how and why the support became so important. By using letters from the bishop’s office in Tromsö, literature written about these subjects and local sources I will try to answer the following questions: What difference made the Church for Holdningskampen and the following years and what response did the people give to this standpoint? In what way did the Church support cooperation? How was this perceived by people in general? How did the Church support those who did not sympathize with the party Nasjonal Samling and the occupying power? What became the response from the people and the authorities? The importance of the local priests cannot be underestimated. Their resistance against the Nazis had an important role in the local community during a period of great turmoil and uncertainty in Norway. While their government and King had escaped to London, the Norwegian Church remained in the country. The Nazi-inspired church tried to get the people’s attention but very few listened. Because of the many undeviating priests and church leaders all over the country the locals remained hopeful and resistant, in spite of the Nazi-government’s threats. The interaction between the locals and the church gave them courage. Together they were made strong.

An aerosol module is developed and coupled to a regional climate model to investigate the direct and indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosols (sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols) on climate with a focus on precipitation over East Asia. This fully coupled regional climate-chemistry-aerosol model is capable of understanding the interactions between the aerosol perturbation and climate change. The simulated aerosol spatial and seasonal distributions are generally consistent with the observations. The magnitude of the simulated total aerosol concentration and optical depth is about 2/3 of the observed value, suggesting the estimated climatic effects in this work are reasonable and conservative. With the implementation of various aerosol effect, i.e., direct, semi-direct, 1st and 2nd indirect effect, the aerosols?impacts on climate are assessed over the region. The direct, semi-direct and 1st indirect effects generate a negative surface solar forcing, leading to a surface cooling, and the semi-direct effect also heats the atmosphere by BC absorption. This, in turn, increases the atmospheric stability and tends to inhibit the precipitation. The precipitation reduction is largest in the fall and winter, up to -10% with the inclusion of both direct and 1st indirect effects. The 2nd indirect effect using BH94 scheme produces a comparable magnitude in long-wave heating as the solar cooling, leading to the nighttime temperature warming of 0.5K, and a reduction in the diurnal temperature range. The precipitation reduction from the 2nd indirect effect strongly depends on the auto-conversion scheme, with about -30% in the fall and winter, and -15% in the spring and summer using BH94 scheme, while less than -5% using TC80 scheme. By allowing the feedbacks between aerosols and climate, the coupled model generally decreases the discrepancies between the model-simulated and observed precipitation and aerosols over the region. The EOF analysis of the climatological precipitation from last century over East Asia shows a decreasing mode in the EOF leading modes in the fall and winter, and is generally geographically consistent with the distribution of the model simulated precipitation reduction from anthropogenic aerosols.