This thesis examines the dispute between the Crown and private proprietors over the ownership of the Scottish kelp shores and the Scottish foreshore generally, between the mid 19^th century and the mid 20^th century and, in particular, the work and membership of the Association of Seaboard Proprietors of Scotland and the contribution of the 9^th Duke of Argyll.  The thesis also examines the actions and motivations of proprietors of Highland estates, and their relationship and influence with the Crown and Government departments, in defending their sacred right of property, first in the context of early 19^th century threats to the kelp industry are second in the context of later challenges - from the Crown over the ownership of the foreshore, and on behalf of the crofters over the rights to seaware. The existence and facts of the foreshore dispute have not had any attention in the historiography of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and only the briefest of mentions in the legal historiography.  The examination of the foreshore dispute in this thesis casts new light on the Scottish kelp industry.  The received wisdom as to the economic benefits of the kelp industry appears to be that the benefits accrued to the proprietors through an unchallenged exclusive ownership by the proprietors of the seaware and the foreshore on which the seaware was found.  This thesis suggests we should not accept this received wisdom without, at the very least, acknowledging that for over 100 years the whole question as to ownership was very much a disputed one between the Crown and the private proprietors.  This thesis also draws attention to the previously unacknowledged part which crofters and cottars played in the final determination of ownership of the foreshore through their gathering of seaware for kelp and manure.

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No description available.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la prévention du terrorisme au prisme de la loi n° 2006-64 du 23 janvier 2006 relative àla lutte contre le terrorisme et portant dispositions diverses relatives à la sécurité et aux contrôles frontaliers.Cette loi est une loi d’un genre nouveau, annonçant à elle seule les évolutions à venir en matière depolitiquessécuritaires. Un bouleversement paradigmatique s’est opéré. D'une approche judiciaire où le terrorismeétaitconsidéré comme un phénomène d'exception, cette loifait place à une approche administrative et policièreannihilant en bien des points- notamment juridiques- les frontières classiquement établies entre luttecontre leterrorisme et préservation traditionnelle de l’ordre public. En outre, et bien qu’elles prennent argument duterrorisme, ces prescriptions législatives se situent dans un contexte singulier. Elles font suite à unflorilège detextes à dimension sécuritaire qui depuis une dizaine d’années n’ont de cesse de renforcer les moyensdesurveillance policière et d’accentuer l’idée d’uneinsécurité toujours plus grande que seul un Etat fort et libéré decertaines contraintes, notamment celles liées au développement de la technologisation de l’activité policière,pourrait endiguer. En effet, depuis quelques années, toute la puissance technificatrice de l’Etat est mise au profitd’une stratégie consciencieusement élaborée de prévention situationnelle et de proactivité policière,notammentafin de lutter contre le terrorisme et son inévitable « worts case scenario ». Notre partie préliminaire est ainsiconsacrée à l’étude du terrorisme, des diverses expériences menées par les pouvoirs publics français pour s’enprémunir et à l’étude des fondements sociopolitiques ayant aboutis à leur réactualisation et à leur amplification.Notre première partie présente une étude des dispositifs techniques mis en œuvre par la loi n°2006-64du 23janvier 2006. Notre seconde partie propose une analyse du caractère globalisant des dispositifs adoptés, ainsiqu’une réflexion sur le pouvoir structurant de lanorme antiterroriste. / This thesis focuses on the prevention of terrorism through the prism of the law n ° 2006-64 of 23 January 2006 on the fight against terrorism and containing various provisions relating to security and border controls.

En la actualidad los Estados presentan un elevado número de relaciones entre ellos, de las cuáles un alto porcentaje se regula en tratados internacionales. De esa cuenta, se estimó interesante estudiar la forma como se compatibiliza lo regulado en tales disposiciones internacionales con el derecho interno de cada uno de los Estados signatarios, por lo que surgió la inquietud de analizar el régimen constitucional establecido para los tratados internacionales, tema que al ser delimitado se circunscribió a la región centroamericana -conformada por los Estados que formaron parte de la Federación Centroamericana-, a la que pertenece la autora de la investigación. Para el desarrollo del trabajo se trazaron como preguntas de investigación ¿qué régimen se prevé en la Constitución de cada Estado centroamericano para regular lo referente a los tratados internacionales?, así como, establecer ¿cuáles son las normas de la Constitución de cada Estado centroamericano que regulan lo referente a los tratados internacionales? y ¿cuál ha sido el aporte de la jurisprudencia constitucional para determinar el régimen de los tratados internacionales en el área centroamericana?. A efecto de responder las preguntas trazadas se dividió el trabajo en tres capítulos, de los cuales el primero de ellos abarca las cuestiones doctrinarias y de derecho comparado frente al área Centroamericana con relación a la armonización del derecho interno e internacional. El segundo y tercer capítulo presentan el punto central de la investigación, desarrollándose en el segundo lo referente a Guatemala, y el análisis de cómo se recibe el derecho internacional derivado de tratados en el ámbito interno, según la regulación establecida en la Constitución, su estudio según autores que han expuesto con relación al tema y análisis de jurisprudencia con relación a esos casos. El último capítulo expone el caso de El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua y Costa Rica, siguiendo la misma modalidad del estudio de la normativa constitucional y legal, autores que relacionan la temática de cada Estado y su jurisprudencia. En forma seguida se estudian avances de Unión Centroamericana, mencionándose los dos tribunales que ejercen jurisdicción en el área, siendo éstos la Corte Centroamericana de Justicia y la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Debido a que esta última Corte ejercer jurisdicción dentro de los Estados objeto de estudio, se analiza también jurisprudencia relacionada con la relación derecho interno e internacional, con lo que se finaliza la investigación. / At present foreign relations between States is at an elevated level, many of which are regulated in international treaties. This presented an interesting opportunity to study the compatibility between what is regulated in these treaties and that which is regulated internally by each member State, provoking a particular interest in analyzing the established constitutional regimen pertaining to said international instruments. This subject matter, when constrained to a particular area, was restricted to Central America -made up of States that are part of the Central American Federation-, an area where the author of the investigation originates from and resides. Essential questions guiding the investigation were: What regimen does the Constitution of each Central American State adopt to regulate international treaties? As well as: What are the Constitutional statutes of each Central American State relative to international treaties? And: What has been the contribution of Constitutional jurisprudence in determining the regimen regarding international treaties in the Central American region? In order to answer these questions the thesis was divided into three chapters, of which the first discusses the doctrinarian and comparative law aspects in terms of the Central American region with relation to the harmonization of internal and international regulations. The second and third chapters present the central point of the investigation. The former centers on Guatemala and analyzes how international law derived from treaties is received according to the Constitution, as well as studies by various authors who have written on the matter, including an analysis of jurisprudence pertaining to these cases. The final chapter follows the same dynamic as the previous one but with El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. It continues with a study of advances in the Central American Union, focusing on the two tribunals with jurisdiction in that area: The Central American Court of Justice and The Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Due to the fact that the latter holds jurisdiction within the State being judged, jurisprudence related to internal and international law is also analyzed, which concludes the investigation.

El trabajo realizado pretende profundizar en la configuración jurídica de la exención tributaria en el ámbito de los impuestos locales. Para ello se estructura en dos grandes partes, diferentes pero íntimamente relacionadas.En la primera, se analiza la figura con carácter general, tanto en lo que respecta a su régimen jurídico-material como jurídico-formal, destacando aquellas cuestiones que más incidencia tienen en el ámbito tributario local. En la segunda parte, se estudian los diferentes supuestos de exención establecidos en los impuestos locales (IBI, IAE, IVTM, ICIO e IIVTNU), profundizando en la delimitación del contenido de los numerosos conceptos que las normas reguladoras de los beneficios fiscales utilizan para configurar los supuestos de hecho establecidos, dotándolos de un contenido normativo que no siempre se presenta como suficientemente acabado por parte de la doctrina y que la jurisprudencia, más preocupada por el caso concreto, normalmente no se detiene a establecer.Todo ello, vinculando en la mayor medida posible el análisis efectuado en la parte general con el régimen de beneficios fiscales previsto normativamente para los distintos impuestos locales, calibrando así la efectiva sintonía existente entre parte general y parte especial, y estudiando el tratamiento que en el Derecho Comparado se hace de los beneficios fiscales en los impuestos de ámbito infraestatal

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This thesis explores the use of equity and its principles in the field of public law. It asks whether the relationship between local authorities and their service users can properly be understood as being a fiduciary relationship. In considering this question the thesis examines the extent to which the relationship is analogous to trusteeship or whether it is some other sui generis category. This requires exploration of core elements of trust and loyalty and analysis, within a local government context of the debate as to whether fiduciary duties are confined to having a proscriptive role or whether, as some advocate they have a wider prescriptive function. The relationship between local authorities and their service users is not considered to be a fiduciary relationship within the traditional class of relationships so classified. Notwithstanding, there are instances within that relationship where the characteristics resemble in part application of a sui generis label. For example, in the realm of local authorities and their interaction with the elderly, child care and youth counselling services it is possible to apply a quasi - trusteeship role. This categorisation cannot however be extended to the majority of interactions between local authorities and their service users which usually fall within a contract or tortious setting. The main reason in not being able to identify the relationship between local authorities and their service users as fully fiduciary is the inability to point to a central core of loyalty between the parties which is so necessary for a finding of the existence of a fiduciary relationship. The loyalty inhibitor is the polycentric essence of much of local authority decision making, which is made in a very diverse community group often with different complex needs and aspirations all clambering for attention. Further, as local authorities are public bodies they must accommodate the ‘public interest’ in any decision making process and outcome. These factors combine to make a very different decision making environment than the way fiduciary obligations can be exercised in private law and makes the hurdles higher for an exercise of translation to the public law sphere. The purpose of this analysis is to explore whether the roving commission of equity has any application to the public law field. Has equity died and shrivelled, or does equity still have the ability to flourish and accommodate new situations and changes in social morals and norms, ‘yet maintain its core values and norms, without which no society can survive, let alone flourish.’? Notwithstanding, these hurdles this author considers that equity still has a role to play in public law, none more so than in the day to day decision making of local authorities as well as in judicial review proceedings. Equity can bring a contextual approach so necessary when substantive review is applied. Equity has proved to be a robust flexible adaptable tool, even in a complex modern environment. For example, the remedies it has fashioned of injunctions, declaratory relief and freezing orders to mention a few , as well as aiding the common law in its application of trust principles to a deserted wife’s equity, where the title was in one party’s sole name. This author espouses a principle of stewardship which can be applied as an additional substantive review tool in the judicial tool box, along with Wednesbury and proportionality. Structuring substantive review is a major current debate in public law both judicially and academically: there is no valid reason why ethical principles such as stewardship-of person, place, property and purpose should not be a valid contributory player.

This thesis explains the constitutional foundations for the conflict of laws in Canada. It locates these constitutional foundations in the text of key constitutional documents and in the history and the traditions of the courts in Canada. It compares the features of the Canadian Constitution that provide the foundation for the conflict of laws with comparable features in the constitutions of other federal and regional systems, particularly of the Constitutions of the United States and of Australia. This comparison highlights the distinctive Canadian approach to judicial authority - one that is the product of an asymmetrical system of government in which the source of political authority is the Constitution Act and in which the source of judicial authority is the continuing local tradition of private law adjudication. The distinctive Canadian approach to judicial authority provides the foundation for federal arrangements that have obviated the need for explicit mechanisms for coordinating legal systems. It has fostered a distinctive view of court jurisdiction and of the means for determining both whether a particular court has jurisdiction to decide a matter and whether the court should exercise that jurisdiction. It has provided the foundation for a unified court system within the Canadian federation - one in which there is a strong commitment to the shared responsibility of Canadian courts to promote access to justice, to prevent forum shopping, and to resolve multiplicities of proceedings so as to secure the same respect for the administration of justice between jurisdictions as exists within jurisdictions. This approach to judicial authority has also encouraged Canadian courts to draw on their inherent jurisdiction to permit the vindication of the rights of members of the Canadian public through civil litigation, notwithstanding the lack of direct application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and in spite of the apparent jurisdictional impediments.

Values are operative in all of human rights law. That is an organizing principle of the entirety of this work. I have endevoured to remain true to a self-consciously value-orientated approach to elaborating a model against race discrimination in EU law, and 1 have made no attempt to disguise the substantive values which underpin it, or the commitment to protect fundamental human rights above market goals. While values are controversial, and while reasonable people will disagree on their application, it is submitted that attempting an articulation and exploration of those at work in antidiscrimination law is essential. Values are not, however, plucked from the abstract, and this is how context introduces itself, and remains central to this work. Context is viewed as determinative of values, and therefore of laws and their application. Chapter II offers a contextual definition of race and racism, looking to how a contextualised approach forces us to go beyond formalistic categorise and assumptions of objectivity in anti-discrimination law. The hope is that by freeing our legal conceptions of these categories, we may more fully appraise the extent of discrimination in context, and allow for more progressive strategies to combating it. Chapter III follows from the theoretic position established in Chapter II, looking to various aspects of the 'European context,' its history of immigration and the constitution of its diverse population. This chapter describes the political climate that prevails today and the rise of the extreme right in the past decade, as well as the social and economic consequences of racism in context. It examines also the emergence of 'Eurocentrism' as a new form of ethnocentrism specific to Europe, and partially reinforced by EU law. Chapter IV also relies on the contextual approach of Chapter 11 but applies it to a legal context. It examines the legal context of race discrimination in EU law, with special emphasis on the legal construction of race through the distinction between EU Nationals and Third Country Nationals. This discussion traces the roots of that foundational distinction to Member State laws and looks to the ways in which EU law has replicated and amplified it, and more importantly, to the ways in which it supports a racialised or even racist construct. The focus of this discussion is therefore de jure discrimination which effects race discrimination and how EU law participates in constructing racial Other. Chapter V concerns the corollary de facto discrimination affecting all minorities residing in the EU, but highlights this discrimination as the 'central case' because it afflicts minority EU citizens in the exercise of their EU law rights: in this way it is about insiders who are treated as Other. This chapter examines discriminatory contexts as they are reinforced by aspects of EU law, and as they generate an EU obligation to act from within EU law itself. Chapter VI is a theoretic excursus, which considers the multitude of choices which the anti-discrimination law may embody, dividing these into two basic poles: the liberal perspective and the alternative perspective. A number of central substantive tenets of anti-discrimination law are analysed from the perspective of these two poles. The second part of the chapter applies this theoretic modality to EU law, again considering substantive tenets in EU law in the light of the two poles of anti-discrimination law, with special emphasis on Article 13 and the new Race Directive. A final part of this chapter considers form and the adequacy of the current EU law anti-discrimination model in the light of other existing models. Chapter VII builds on Chapter VI but looks 'behind' the poles that present themselves in EU law, to the normative justifications and aims of anti-discrimination laws. Once again, this issue presents a multitude of choices. This chapter focuses on one such choice involving two distinct orientations in EU law: the Single Market and fundamental human rights. These are considered in tum as justifications for action against race discrimination, and it is argued that a balance between them is needed in EU law. Beyond that mutually defining coexistence, it is also argued that where they are irreconcilable, the normative prioritisation should favour fundamental human rights. An overarching theme of this work is the acknowledgment of the centrality of context and the duality of anti-discrimination law in terms of theoretic models, substantive choices and normative justification and aims. Acknowledging these offers a stronger model for combating discrimination in novel and sui generis contexts, such as the legal context of the EU, allowing us transcend existing legal models in search of more effective synergies. EU law cannot combat race discrimination without acknowledging the sui generis nature of its social and legal contexts and the politics and norms at work at all its levels, or without recognising the specific challenges presented by an economic law burgeoning fundamental rights provisions, or by the sheer diversity of standards and traditions and legal rules that exist within its boundaries.