The aim of the two studies presented here was to evaluate the effects of cocaine and mefloquine (MFQ) on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Cocaine: In vivo, lower doses of intravenous cocaine (0.25-0.5 mg/kg), or methamphetamine (METH), enhanced VTA GABA neuron firing rate via D2/D5 receptor activation. Higher cocaine doses (1.0-2.0 mg/kg) inhibited their firing rate. Cocaine and lidocaine inhibited the firing rate and spike discharges induced by stimulation of the internal capsule (ICPSDs) at dose levels 0.25-2 mg/kg (IC50 1.2 mg/kg), but neither DA nor METH reduced ICPSDs. In VTA GABA neurons in vitro, cocaine reduced (IC50 13 µM) current-evoked spikes and sodium currents in a use-dependent manner. In VTA DA neurons, cocaine reduced IPSCs (IC50 13 µM), increased IPSC paired-pulse facilitation, and decreased sIPSC frequency, without affecting mIPSC frequency or amplitude. These findings suggest cocaine reduces activity-dependent GABA release on DA neurons in the VTA, and that cocaine's use-dependent blockade of VTA GABA neuron voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) may synergize with its DAT inhibiting properties to enhance mesolimbic DA transmission implicated in cocaine reinforcement. Mefloquine: Mefloquine (MFQ) is an anti-malarial agent, Connexin-36 (Cx36) gap junction blocker, 5-HT3 antagonist, and calcium ionophore. Mounting evidence of a Cx36-mediated VTA GABA neuron syncytium suggests MFQ-related dysphoria may attribute to its gap junction blocking effects on VTA synaptic homeostasis. We observed that MFQ (25 µM) increased DA neuron spontaneous IPSC frequency 6 fold, and mIPSC 3 fold. Carbenoxolone (CBX, 100 µM) only increased sIPSC frequency 2 fold, and did not affect DA mIPSC frequency. Ondansetron did not mimic MFQ. Additionally, MFQ did not affect VTA DA evoked IPSC paired pulse ratio (PPR). However, Mefloquine did induce a 3.5 fold increase in bath-applied GABA current. Remarkably, MFQ did not affect VTA GABA neuron inhibition. At VTA DA neuron excitatory synapses MFQ increased sEPSC frequency in-part due to an increase in the AMPA/NMDA ratio. These finding suggest MFQ alters VTA synapses differentially depending on neuron and synapse type, and that these alterations appear to involve MFQ's gap junction blocking and calcium ionophore actions.

La thèse vise essentiellement à démontrer la fonction de Jn 2,23-3,36 à l'égard de la christologie du quatrième évangile. Notre travail démontre en effet que cette péricope a pour but d'annoncer les deux schèmes fondamentaux de la christologie johannique et d'introduire la dimension sotériologique propre à chacun d'eux. Dans la section initiale de l'évangile (1,19-4,54), notre texte a pour fonction principale de communiquer le dépassement de la conception messianique traditionnelle. Pour l'auteur, il n'y a de foi adéquate que celle qui confesse Jésus comme Fils de l'homme (schème apocalyptique) et Fils-Envoyé de Dieu (schème juridique). Cette thématique est ensuite déployée à l'intérieur même de la péricope qui présente en deux volets strictement parallèles l'entretien avec Nicodème (2,23-3,21) et le second témoignage du Baptiste (3,22-36). Dans les deux volets, l'argumentation vise à convaincre l'interlocuteur (et le lecteur) de la nécessité de croire au Fils-Envoyé de Dieu pour être sauvé, cela en utilisant une procédure de validation qui repose sur la christologie du Fils de l'homme.

Bakgrund: Utöver hormonbaserade läkemedel har fysisk aktivitet visat effekt på klimakterierelaterade besvär men få studier har utförts om relationen mellan fysisk aktivitet, klimakteriebesvär och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet i en svensk population. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka klimakteriebesvär, hälsorelaterad livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå bland kvinnor i Sverige i klimakteriet samt att studera hur fysisk aktivitetsnivå relaterar till livskvalitet och klimakteriebesvär. Metod: Enkät med flervalsfrågor om klimakteriebesvär (Menopause Rating Scale), fysisk aktivitetsnivå (Socialstyrelsens screeningfrågor om fysisk aktivitet) och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet (RAND-36) skickades till två slutna Facebookgrupper för kvinnor i klimakteriet. Resultatsammanfattning: Enkätsvaren visade att kvinnorna (n=381) skattade sömn och fysisk/mental trötthet som de mest besvärande symtomen, var fysiskt aktiva i genomsnitt 315 minuter i veckan och hade lägst hälsorelaterad livskvalitet avseende energi/fatigue och högst hälsorelaterad livskvalitet avseende fysisk funktion. De som uppnådde rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet skattade både högre fysisk hälsa (p<0.001) och emotionell hälsa (p=0.004) jämfört med de som inte uppnådde rekommendationerna. Ett svagt men signifikant samband fanns mellan grad av klimakteriebesvär och totalt antal aktivitetsminuter (ρ=-0.156) respektive fysisk träning (ρ=-0.149). Konklusion: Resultaten tyder på en relation mellan tillräcklig fysisk aktivitet och högre hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, särskilt avseende dimensionerna fysisk och emotionell hälsa. Sambandet mellan klimakteriebesvär och fysisk aktivitet fanns men var svagt. Resultaten ger insikter i komplexa samband mellan klimakteriebesvär, fysisk aktivitet och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet men belyser betydelsen av fysisk aktivitet för denna grupp. / Background: Besides hormone-based treatments, physical activity has shown effectiveness in menopausal symptoms, but few studies have explored the relationship between physical activity, menopausal symptoms, and health related quality of life in a Swedish population. Objective: The objective was to examine menopausal symptoms, health related quality of life, and physical activity levels among menopausal women in Sweden, and to explore how physical activity levels correlates to health related quality of life, and menopausal symptoms. Method: A multiple-choice questionnaire about menopausal symptoms (Menopause Rating Scale), physical activity (Socialstyrelsens Screeningfrågor om Fysisk Aktivitet), and health related quality of life (RAND-36) was sent to two closed Facebook groups for menopausal women. Results: Survey responses from the women (n=381) reported sleep and physical/mental fatigue as the most severe symptoms. On average, they were physically active for 315 minutes per week and had the lowest heath related quality of life related to energy/fatigue and the highest heath related quality of life related to physical function. Those who met the recommendations for physical activity reported higher physical health (p<0.001) and emotional health (p=0.004) compared to those who did not meet the recommendations. A weak but significant relationship was found between the degree of menopausal symptoms and the total number of physical activity (ρ=-0.156) and physical exercise (ρ=-0.149). Conclusion: The results suggest a relationship between sufficient physical activity and higher health related quality of life, especially concerning the dimensions physical and emotional health. The association between menopausal symptoms and physical activity was present but weak. The findings provide insights into the complex relationships between menopausal symptoms, physical activity, and health related quality of life, highlighting the significance of physical activity for this group.

Metal additive manufacturing can be used for producing complex and functional components in the aerospace industry. This thesis deals with the process-structure-property relationships in selective laser melting of three aerospace alloys: Invar 36, stainless steel 316L, and Ti-6Al-4V. These alloys are weldable but hard to machine, which make them good candidates for the selective laser melting process. Invar 36 has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion because of its nickel concentration of 36% and stainless steel 316L contains 16-18% chromium that gives the alloy a corrosion resistance property. Ti-6Al-4V offers high strength-to-weight ratio, high biocompatibility, and outstanding corrosion resistance. Any changes in the chemical composition of these materials could affect their performance during application. In this thesis, a full factorial design of experiments is formulated to study a wide range of laser process parameters. The bulk density, tensile mechanical properties, fractography, microstructure, material composition, material phases, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic dipole moments, and residual stresses of the parts produced are experimentally investigated. An optimum process window has been suggested for each material based on experimental work. The thermal cycle, residual stresses, and part distortions are examined using a thermo-mechanical finite element model. The model predicts the residual stress and part distortion after build plate removal. The thesis introduces two laser energy densities for each material: brittle-ductile transition energy density, ET, and critical laser energy density, EC. Below the brittle-ductile transition energy density, the parts exhibited void formation, low density, and brittle fracture. Above the critical energy density, the parts showed vaporization of some alloying elements that have low boiling temperatures. Additionally, real-time measurements were taken using a pyrometer and a high-speed camera during the selective laser melting process. The trends found in the numerical results agree with those found experimentally. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Functional connectivity represents a powerful approach to describe the intrinsic activity of the brain. It reveals the organization and correlations among anatomically separated regions supporting similar cognitive and sensory processes. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), the recurrent spatial characteristics of these patterns have been extensively explored in the adult brain and their disruption has been found to be associated with psychiatric and developmental disorders. Unveiling the processes of emergence of resting state networks at a very early stage of life could shed light on the neuronal origins of these diseases. However, the study of the inception and development of functional connectivity in the newborn brain poses exceptional challenges, due to the complexity of dealing with non-compliant subjects. To this end, cortical activity at birth can be investigated using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) that represents a promising non-invasive neuroimaging method for developmental studies. In the present thesis, I applied fNIRS to assess functional connectivity in term neonates. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated to investigating the maturation of a specific resting state network, the Default Mode Network, within the first 48 hours of life. The study aimed to examine its emergence, for the first time, using optical imaging on newborns immediately after birth. While the majority of fMRI literature focused on large-scale spatial patterns, I took a different approach measuring an intrinsic and localized fingerprint feature of the network, consistently detected in adult subjects. In the second part of the dissertation, I aimed at improving the anatomical representation of brain connectivity, inferred only from signals collected at the scalp. Thus, I developed and validated a method for the reconstruction of spatially distributed functional signals on a dedicated template for term newborn subjects. The intent is to promote the shift from a sensor space description (one signal for each channel) to a source space representation in which the origin of the signal is reconstructed with better anatomical fidelity. The reliability of the reconstruction method was tested on synthetic and real data. In the former case, I simulated spatially correlated neural activity in the cortex, thus enabling assessment of the reconstructed images against a ground-truth map. Analyses of functional connectivity in both sensor and source space showed that the Default Mode Network is still immature at birth, with a lack of homotopic correlation in the lateral parietal cortices, and no evidence of anticorrelation with the Dorsal Attention Network, a well established feature in the adult brain. Overall the work presented in the thesis contributes to the understanding of functional connectivity in the infantâ€TMs brain and provides useful tools for source-based connectivity analysis and for probe design and optimization.

This thesis describes patients in acute postoperative pain as well as patients with acute cancer-related pain in palliative care, and their experiences and perceptions of pain management in relation to HRQOL and the multidimensionality of pain. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was chosen. Data were collected using interviews and questionnaires; APS, SF:36 and a new developed questionnaire PC-PPQ measuring care related to pain management in palliative care. For assessing pain VAS and Pain-o-Meter were used. The study group consisted of 100 patients on their second postoperative day, and of 75 patients with cancer-related pain from two palliative care teams. The result showed that at the time of the interview 29 of the patients with postoperative pain reported a pain > 3 on VAS and 79 reported VAS > 3 as worst pain past 24 hours. The higher the intensity of pain the less satisfied the postoperative patients were with the nurses´ way of treating their pain. Thirty-three patients stated that they had received information regarding the importance of pain relief. Patients with postoperative pain as well as patients with cancer-related pain had been prescribed analgesics mostly a combination of Paracetamol, NSAID and opioid. Of the 75 patients with cancer-related pain and in palliative care 22 patients reported pain >3 on POM-VAS and 47 patients reported >3 on POM-VAS as worst pain past 24 hours. Twenty-eight patients reported an average pain > 3 on POM-VAS past 24 hours. Twenty-four patients used the words troublesome or tiring when describing their affective pain. Sensory pain was described as prickling or sore by 15 patients. The patients perceived their pain as “aching all over” and expressed a wish for pain relief as well as a fear for increased pain. HRQOL especially physical functioning decreased for patients with average pain > 3. Being cared for by a nurseled or a physician-led palliative care team indicated no statistically significant differences for patients´ HRQOL or pain intensities. The patients had experienced a statistically significant better care after being referred to a palliative care team, despite that pain control had not been optimized. Patients expressed a need for communication, planning and trust in order to improve pain management. Continuity of care and the opportunity to talk increase the patients feeling of security, as well as improved their perceived pain control. Structured ongoing discussion concerning pain management from an early stage of the disease or already preoperatively can provide an important intervention to meet the results of this thesis. Pain assessment covering the multidimensionality of pain, and pain treatment plans including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment are further important interventions.

Las incapacidades permanentes (IP) son las consecuencias últimas que se derivan de los accidentes de trabajo (AT); constituyen por tanto un indicador para evaluar las condiciones de trabajo y seguridad. La necesidad de conocer y medir este problema social y humano poco estudiado, así como identificar y describir los AATT origen, constituyen una realidad social objeto de análisis sociológico. Objetivos: 1. Cuantificar el impacto de las IP por LAT, en la Región de Murcia y España y medir su evolución construyendo indicadores. 2. Identificar los “círculos de riesgo” de las variables de análisis de los AATT origen. 3. Describir las características sociodemográficas , elaborar perfiles de riesgo en función del sexo y grado de IP, ocupación, actividad y forma del AT. 4. Cuantificar el impacto humano y social mediante los indicadores: años potenciales vividos con discapacidad (APVD) y años potenciales de vida productiva perdidos (APVPP). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y longitudinal: 1ª parte: A partir de los datos estadísticos de pensiones de la Seguridad Social (SS), se cuantifican las personas afectadas y se mide su impacto y evolución mediante la elaboración de Índices de Incidencia por 100.000 afiliados en alta laboral y de Tasas de IP por 1.000 AATT con baja, durante el periodo 2000-2009 para la Región y España. Para elaborarlos, se ponen en relación estos AATT con las IIPP durante periodo 2002-2011. Esta diferencia de dos años se ha comprobado pertinente para estimar la relación entre ambos, dado el intervalo tiempo que transcurre entre tratamiento de la lesión y resolución de la IP. La 2ª parte del estudio se realiza sobre una muestra de 732 expedientes de IP resueltos por el INSS durante 2009-2011 y la posterior localización de los AATT origen en la base Delt@-Meyss para crear una nueva base (AT+IP) susceptible de explotación, mediante programa IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Se realiza el análisis de las variables de los AATT y las sociodemográficas de las víctimas según grado de IP, cumpliendo los objetivos propuestos. Objeto de estudio: personas trabajadoras en empresas de la Región de Murcia afectadas por una IP laboral en los grados de parcial, total, absoluta y gran invalidez. Bases poblacionales: afiliación a la SS con las contingencias profesionales cubiertas y AT base Delt@ Meyss-ISSL. Resultados: Indicadores: Índice de Incidencia promedio anual para el periodo 2000-2009 Región de Murcia: entre 48,3-52,6 (IC: 95%) personas han resultado con una IP grados total, absoluta, gran invalidez con pensión vitalicia; valores superiores al promedio nacional. Las secuelas permanentes no invalidantes e IP parcial han afectado entre 144-153,3 personas, indemnizadas en pago único. Evolución descendente de los índices en los dos ámbitos geográficos alcanzando valores aproximados en 2011. Perfiles de riesgo de IP: Hombre (86% muestra): joven y mediana edad, oficios de construcción, peón agrícola o industrial. Mujer (14%): mediana edad, peón agrícola, limpieza e industria alimentación. Modo de producirse la lesión ambos sexos: sobreesfuerzos físicos, aplastamientos resultados de caídas mismo nivel y en los hombres también de altura y atrapamientos. Impacto personal: Total de la muestra: 28.025,7 los APVD. El impacto social: 15.136,3 años de APVPP para IP con pensión vitalicia en el supuesto de que no vuelvan a trabajar, pero no por ello pierden la pensión. Conclusiones: las IP afectan mucho más a hombres por las ocupaciones de más riesgo. Se producen la concentran en “círculos de riesgo” según sexo y para todas las variables. La baja cualificación es un factor de riesgo para ambos sexos. Infravaloración de la gravedad de la lesión que no es indicativa de la situación final de la víctima. / Permanent disabilities (PD) are the latest consequences that arise from accidents at work (AW); they constitute an indicator to evaluate the working conditions and situations and safety. The need to meet and measure this social and human problem that was researched little, as well as identifying and describing the AWs origin, they constitute a social realistic object of sociological analysis. Objectives 1. Quantify the impact of the PD by AW, in the Region of Murcia and Spain and constructing indicators to measure its evolution. 2. Identify the variables from analysis of the AATT "circles of risk" origin. 3. Describe the socio-demographic characteristics, develop risk profiles based on sex and degree of PD, occupation, activity and form of the AT. 4. Quantify the human and social impact through indicators: potential years lived with disability (PYLD) and potential years of life lost production (PYLLP). Methodology: Descriptive study, quantitative and longitudinal: 1st part: From the statistics of Social Security (SS) pension, those affected are quantified and their impact and evolution is measured through the development of incidence rates per 100,000 members in high labor and IP for 1,000 tax administrations with low rates, during the period 2000-2009 for the Region and Spain. To prepare them, they are regarding these tax administrations with the IIPP during the period of 2002-2011. This difference in two years it has been proven to be relevant, given the interval time between the injury treatment and resolution of the PD. The 2nd part of the study is carried out on a sample of 732 records of PD resolved by the INSS during 2009-2011 and the posterior location of the AATT originating from the base Delt@-Meyss to create a new base (AW+PD) capable of exploitation, using the program IBM SPSS Statistics 21. The analysis of the variables is performed by AATT and the socio-demographics of victims according to degree of PD, fulfilling its objectives. Subject of study: working people in companies in the Region of Murcia affected by a work PD with degree of partial, total, absolute and severe disability. Population groups: membership at the SS with occupational risks covered and AWbase Delt@ Meyss-ISSL. Results: Indicators: Rating of Incident average, annual for the period 2000-2009 Region of Murcia: between 48.3-52.6 (CL: 95%) persons had a PD with degrees total, absolute, severe disability with life-long pension; values higher than the national average. The permanent non-disabling consequences and partial PD have effected between 144-153.3 persons, one-time payment compensation. Downwards trend of the incidents in the two geographic areas reaching approximate values in 2011. Risk profiles of PD: Man (86% pattern): Young and middle-aged, construction worker, farm worker or industrial worker. Woman (14%): middle-aged, farm worker, cleaning and food industry. Way the injury occurred both sexes: physical overstrain, crushing resulting from falls from same level or for the man also from height or entrapment. Personal impact: Total of pattern: 28,025.7 PYLD. Social impact: 15,136.3 years of PYLLP for PD con life-long pension in the event they do not return to work, but they do not lose their pension. Conclusion: The PD affects men more due to the higher risk work. They concentrate in “risk circles” according to sex and for all variables. Lower qualification is a risk factor for both sexes. Undervaluation of the degree of injury that does not indicate the final outcome of the victim.

Objetivo: Conocer las características de la población mayor comunitaria de 75 años y más de edad de la ciudad de Castellón y analizar la presencia de caídas y miedo a caer. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. La muestra total fue de 326 personas mayores de 75 años de edad, residentes en Castellón de La Plana. Se estudian todas las variables recogidas en las dimensiones del cuestionario. Como variables dependientes se tiene en cuenta la historia de caída en el último año y el miedo a caer. Entre las variables independientes encontramos los factores sociodemográficos, el equilibrio y la marcha, el estado de salud, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Para la recogida de información se han utilizado instrumentos de medida validados, incluidos en la encuesta FRALLE (fragilidad Lleida). Se procedió a un análisis descriptivo y analítico de las variables recogidas en la valoración. Resultados: Las características de la población mayor de Castellón son similares a las del entorno de la Unión Europea. Su prevalencia de caídas es del 26% y de miedo a caer del 46%. Relacionados con las caídas y al miedo a caer encontramos factores asociados como los sociodemográficos, del equilibrio y la marcha, estado de salud y calidad de vida. Así observamos un 70,5% de fragilidad en las personas que han caído el último año y un 77,8% de fragilidad en las personas con miedo a caer. Conclusiones: Las caídas, el miedo a caer y la fragilidad afectan a la salud y la calidad de vida de las personas mayores de Castellón. Por ello nos proponemos llevar a cabo intervenciones para mejorar esta dimensión de fragilidad. / Objective: To know the features of the elderly population aged 75 or older living in the community in the city of Castellón, and to analyze the falls and the fear of falling. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. The total sample consisted of 326 elderly people aged 75 or over, living in Castellón de la Plana. All variables included in the survey were studied. The record of falls during the last year and the fear of falling were dependent variables. Among the independent variables, there were sociodemographic factors, factors related to their balance and gait, health status, and quality of life. To collect the information, validated measurement tools were used, including the FRALLE survey (Fragility Lleida). Variables were analyzed from a descriptive and analytical standpoint. Results: The features of the elderly population in Castellón are similar to the ones shown in the European Union. The prevalence of falls is 26% and that of fear of falling is 46%. Related to those two features, there are other associated factors, such as sociodemographic, balance and gait, health status and quality of life. Thus, it has been observed 70.5% of fragility among elderly who have fallen in the last year and 77.8% of fragility among elderly who have fear of falling. Conclusions: Falls, fear of falling and fragility affect health status and quality of life among elderly people from Castellón. For this reason, certain interventions will be suggested to improve the fragility dimension.

OBJETIVOS GENERALES. Definir y explicar cómo la representación cinematográfica de los efectos de las drogas en el cine posmoderno ha dado lugar a un estilo fílmico que se fundamenta en la plasmación audiovisual de los estados alterados y que hemos denominado “celuloide alucinado”. METODOLOGÍA. Enfocaremos nuestro trabajo desde la perspectiva del análisis crítico más que desde un punto de vista historicista. Nuestra investigación se centra en el análisis fílmico de tres casos de estudio específicos que consideramos representativos del concepto de “celuloide alucinado”: El almuerzo desnudo (1991), de David Cronenberg; Miedo y asco en Las Vegas (1998), de Terry Gilliam; y A Scanner Darkly (Una mirada a la oscuridad) (2006), de Richard Linklater. Así, pondremos nuestra mirada en la concepción estética y estilística que se hace en ellos para transferir las visiones inducidas por drogas a los fotogramas que componen los textos fílmicos. No es el objetivo de este trabajo, por tanto, elaborar un listado universal que englobe todos los films sobre drogas, pues además de que otros autores ya han realizado esta minuciosa labor de documentación con excelentes resultados, es algo que escapa del ámbito de análisis teórico de nuestra investigación. Si bien el núcleo de nuestra teoría se basa en las conclusiones obtenidas del análisis fílmico de los tres casos de estudio, no podemos prescindir de una labor previa de contextualización. Por esto, durante la primera parte del trabajo realizaremos un recorrido breve histórico a través del cine sobre drogas para aposentar las bases que nos permitirán comprender mejor la evolución del contexto social, industrial y cultural que ha derivado en nuestra concepción definitiva del “celuloide alucinado”. Asimismo, incluiremos en el Marco Teórico un apartado en el que destacaremos el eclecticismo que define al cine posmoderno, donde la combinación de múltiples referentes se muestra como perfecto germen para experimentar con alteraciones audiovisuales. Igualmente, la imposición del individualismo extremo derivado de la concepción del capitalismo que rige la era posmoderna, cuyo talante subjetivo se amolda perfectamente a una exploración cinematográfica en la que se recoja la representación de los universos introspectivos derivados de los efectos de las drogas. Con el fin de adentrarnos en este aspecto, partiremos de la importancia que tiene el punto de vista subjetivo mediante el estudio del uso que se hace de la focalización intradiegética en las películas analizadas en este trabajo. Además, estudiaremos las novelas de partida y a sus autores, analizaremos los rasgos estilísticos más característicos en las filmografías de sus directores para señalar que la afinidad entre ellos, pese a sus más que notables diferencias, puede ser consecuencia de una concepción similar en la representación cinematográfica de los estados alterados por drogas. CONCLUSIONES. Podemos afirmar que el “celuloide alucinado” es un estilo en sí mismo pues los títulos estudiados comparten determinadas características entre sí Asimismo, si la posmodernidad se caracteriza por su oposición al racionalismo, su obsesivo culto hacia lo formal, y la carencia de compromiso social en beneficio de una marcada tendencia hacia el individualismo, y todos estos elementos aparecen en los casos de estudio que nos ocupan, podemos afirmar que el “celuloide alucinado” es un concepto eminentemente posmoderno. Dicho concepto hace referencia a la representación audiovisual de los efectos de las drogas en pantalla, por tanto, la importancia del punto de vista subjetivo y la focalización interna resultan claves para su desarrollo. El “celuloide alucinado” puede ser influenciado por el género del film en cuestión y por el estilo del autor, por lo que podemos decir que estamos ante un concepto mutable cuyos márgenes son difíciles de acotar. / GENERAL OBJECTIVE: To define and explain how the cinematographic representation of drug effects on postmodern cinema has led to a film style that is based on the audiovisual representation of altered states which has been called “hallucinated celluloid” METHODOLOGY: We focus our work on a critical analysis rather than on a historicist point of view. Our investigation is focused on a film analysis of the specific cases of study that we consider a representation of the “hallucinated celluloid” concept: Naked Lunch (1991) by David Croneneberg, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), by Terry Gillian and A Scanner Darkly (2006), by Richard Linklater. So, we take a look at the aesthetic and stylistic idea used on them to transfer the visions induced by drugs to the frames that form the screen texts. It is not under the scope of this thesis, thus, to elaborate a universal list that comprehends all films about drugs. Given? that others authors have already made a thorough documentation with excellent results, it is something that the theorical analysis of our investigation does not include. Although the core of our theory is based on conclusions obtained from the film analysis of the three cases, we cannot succeed without a previous contextualization. Thus, during the first part of the paper we make a short historic tour through the cinema on drugs to state the bases that will let us have a better understanding of the evolution of the social, industrial and cultural context from which our final conception of “hallucinated celluloid” derives. We will also include in the Theoretical Framework a section in which we highlight the eclecticism that defines the personality of the postmodern cinema, where the combination of multiple references are shown to be a perfect germ to experiment with audiovisual alterations. Besides, the imposition of an extreme individualism derived from the conception of the capitalism that rules the postmodern era, whose extreme individualism? perfectly fits to a cinematographic exploration in which the representation of the introspective universes derived from the drug effects. In order to go thoroughly this aspect, we will take as starting point the importance that the subjective point of view has through the study of the use made of the intradiegetic focus on the films in this paper. Moreover, we study the novels and their authors, we also analyze the more characteristic stylistic features in the filmography of their directors to show that the similarities among them, in spite of its obvious differences, can be a consequence of a similar conception in the film representation of the states altered by drugs. CONCLUSIONS. It can be stated that “hallucinated celluloid” is a style in itself, as the films of the study share certain features. Besides, if postmodernity is characterized by its opposition to rationalism, its obsessive cult to formality and the lack of social commitment in exchange of a noticeable trend towards individualism, and all these elements can be found in the studied cases, we can declare that “hallucinated celluloid” is an eminently postmodern concept. The concept of “hallucinated celluloid” makes reference to the audiovisual representation of drugs on the screen, so, the importance of the subjective point of view and the inner focus turn out to be a key to its development. “Hallucinated celluloid” can be influenced by the film type and the author's own style, so we can say that we face a mutable and unpredictable concept whose limits are difficult to establish.

人們對未來的預期會影響其經濟行為。但預期因素在以往的大多數理論中被忽略。自 七○年代後，這項重要的因素始漸引起學者們的注意。 由於預期值無法自觀察得知，要將預期因素引入理論模型，這項本質上的困難必須予 以克服。解決的辦法不外找尋一預期因素的代理變數。「適應性預期假說」是最早提 出而且被廣泛應用的辦法；最近「理論性預期假說」漸漸地被學者們所接受。本論文 將這二種假說放在貨幣需求函數里，以檢討其對人們貨幣需求行為的影響，並用台灣 在３６∼３８年惡性通貨膨脹期間的資料來做實證研究。 論文大綱如下: 第一章緒論 第二章通貨膨脹預期----理論上的討論 第三章模型之設定 第四章台灣經驗之實證 第五章結論