L’imagerie médicale joue un rôle de plus en plus important avec le développement de nombreuses techniques d’acquisition. Il faut principalement pouvoir restaurer (débruiter) les images et en faire une segmentation. Ainsi toute l’information qualitative et quantitative sera disponible pour affiner les diagnostics. Dans cette thèse nous proposons une contribution à cette analyse dans un contexte 3D. Nous étudions deux grands types de méthodes : les méthodes variationnelles et les méthodes par ondelettes. Nous commençons par présenter les modèles variationnels du second ordre, qui s’avèrent plus performants que la classique méthode du premier ordre de Rudin-Osher-Fatemi. Nous l’utilisons pour débruiter et segmenter après avoir donné un bref état de l’art des procédés d’acquisition des images en médecine. Nous introduisons ensuite la transformée en ondelettes et présentons des algorithmes basés sur cette méthode. Les résultats numériques montrent que ces méthodes sont performantes et compétitives. Le coeur de notre travail est de développer des rerésentations 3D qui sont bien adaptées à des données médicales complexes comme des images IRM sous échantillonnées, peu contrastées (cervelets de souris) ou des images IRM d’angiographie (cerveaux de souris). Chaque technique a ses avantages et ses inconvénients. Aussi nous proposons un modèle variationnel mixte second ordre / seuillage par ondelettes. Ce modèle se comporte particulièrement bien : le bruit est correctement éliminé et les contours et textures préservés. Pour finir, nous adaptons plusieurs méthodes de fermeture de contours (hystérésis et distance de chanfrein) dans un contexte 3D. Le mémoire se termine par une synthèses des résultats et une présentation de futures directions de recherche. / Medical procedures have become a critical application area that makes substantial use of image processing. Medical image processing tasks mainly deal with image restoration, image segmentation that bring out medical image details, measure quantitatively medical conditions etc. The diagnosis of a health problem is now highly dependent on the quality and the credibility of the image analysis. The practical contributions of this thesis can be considered in many directions for medical domain. This manuscript addresses a 3D image analysis with variational methods and wavelet transform in the context of medical image processing. We first survey the second-order variational minimization model, which was proved that better than the classical Rudin-Osher-Fatemi model. This method is considered in problems associated to image denoising, image segmentation, that makes a short state of the art on medical imaging processing techniques. Then we introduce the concept of wavelet transform and present some algorithms that also used in this domain. Experimental results show that these tools are very useful and competitive. The core of this research is the development of new 3D representations, which are well adapted to representing complicated medical data, and filament structures in 3D volumes: the cerebellum and mice vessels network. Each of these two based methods has advantages and disadvantages, we then propose a new modified model that combines these schemes in the rest of the thesis. In this situation we propose a new modified model that combines these schemes. With the new decomposition model, in the reconstructed image, noise can be removed successfully and contours, textures are well preserved. This leads to further improvements in denoising performance. Finally, the further part of the thesis is devoted to the description of contribution to extend some classical contour closing methods, namely hysteresis thresholding and contour closing based on chamfer distance transform, in the 3D context. The thesis concludes with a review of our main results and with a discussion of a few of many open problems and promising directions for further research and application.

La simulation numérique est un outil de plus en plus utilisé pour la conception et le choix de matériaux composites. Celle-ci permet en effet de générer et tester numériquement des structures très diverses plus facilement et plus rapidement qu’avec des procédés de fabrication et de tests réels. Suite au choix d’un matériau virtuel et sa fabrication tangible, un retour sur expérience est nécessaire afin de valider simultanément la simulation et le procédé de fabrication. Pour cela, la numérisation des matériaux fabriqués permet de renvoyer une modélisation comparable aux structures virtuelles générées. Il devient possible d’appliquer les mêmes algorithmes de simulation et de vérifier les prévisions.Le sujet de cette thèse consiste donc en la modélisation de matériaux composites réels à partir d’images 3D, afin d’y retrouver le matériau virtuel originel. Des méthodes de traitement d’images sont appliquées aux images afin d’en extraire les informations sur la structure du matériau, c’est-à-dire la localisation de chaque constituant et, s’il y a lieu, de leurs orientations. Ces connaissances permettent théoriquement de simuler le comportement thermique et mécanique de structures constituées du matériau étudié.Cependant, en pratique, représenter fidèlement les composites demande de prendre une discrétisation très fine. Par conséquent, une structure macroscopique demande beaucoup trop de points de discrétisation et donc de temps de calcul et de mémoire pour simuler son comportement. Un aspect de la thèse consiste donc aussi en la détermination d’un matériau homogène équivalent, permettant d’alléger la charge de calcul pour les algorithmes de simulation. / Digital simulation is a wide-spreading tool for composite materials design and choice. Indeed it allows to generate and test digitally various structures more easily and quickly than with real manufacturing and tests processes. A feedback is needed following the choice and the fabrication of a virtual material in order to simultaneously validate the simulation and the fabrication process. With this aim, models similar to generated virtual structures are obtained by digitization of manufacturing materials. The same simulation algorithms can then be applied and allow to verify the forecasts. This thesis is also about the modelling of composite materials from 3D images, in order to rediscover in them the original virtual material. Image processing methods are applied to images to extract material structure data, i.e. each constituent localization, and orientation if applicable. These knowledge theoretically allow to simulate thermal and mechanical behavior of structures constituted of studied material. However to accurately represent composites requires practically a very small discretization step. Therefore behavior simulation of a macroscopic structure needs too much discretization points, and then time and memory. Hence a part of this thesis focuses also on determination of equivalent homogeneous material problem, which allows, when resolved, to lighten calculation time for simulation algorithms.

Le prolapsus génital est une pathologie fonctionnelle féminine fréquente dont le retentissement sur la qualité de vie des femmes peut être important et constitue aujourd'hui un véritable enjeu de santé publique. / Genital prolapse is a frequent female functional pathology that can have strong impact on quality of life; it is today a real public health issue. Surgical treatment of the various stages of cystocele is a current challenge. We developed an innovative 3D numerical model using the Finite Elements method, to enable simulation of the various surgical techniques. The model also allowed validation of our surgical hypotheses and provided some answers to outstanding questions in cystocele surgery. The first of my PhD studies allowed me to make a complete review of the anatomical pelvic organ support structures involved in prolapse, and to distinguish certain anatomic theories relating clinical expression to specific anatomic lesions. The various theories are actually quite close and complementary, but differ in terms of the mechanism implicated. The second study involved designing a 3D numerical biomechanical model of the pelvic floor, based on Finite Elements analysis coupled to dynamic MRI. The model allowed me to assess the various theories of pelvic organ suspension, and to design simulations of cystocele mobility. The model provided better understanding of the anatomic structures involved in prolapse. The third study involved designing a 3D numerical pathologic model based on data for patients with grade ≥ 3 cystocele. The model enabled analysis and assessment of the impact of the various surgical correction techniques and fixation zones on organ mobility. Although the results have not been validated clinically, the study contributed to the scientific literature on the importance of mesh reinforcement in the management of cystocele. Comparison between the various techniques (sacrocolpopexy, vaginal mesh suspension, sacrospinous fixation) using the POP-Q points found that point Ba was better corrected by sacrocolpopexy than sacrospinous fixation or vaginal mesh suspension. For sacrospinous fixation, the further it is performed from the sciatic spine, the better the apical correction of point C but the poorer the correction of point Ba. These findings could be used to improve surgical correction techniques and standardize practice. Thus, our 3D numerical cystocele model could contribute to selecting the surgical technique for correction of the cervix and anterior vaginal wall. The Finite Elements model of the pelvic system provides better understanding of the mechanisms underlying surgical correction of cystocele and the vaginal apex. It could also enable the results of prolapse surgery to be predicted, adapting technique to the individual patient by preoperative simulation. Simulation provides original and interesting information on mobility in prolapse. The present simulation results obviously need future assessment in comparison with clinical practice. In conclusion, simulation and the implementation of a 3D numerical model of pelvic mobility now allows better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pelvic statics disorder, with simulation of pathological pelvic mobility and of prolapse surgery procedures.

ESPOSITO, Roberta. Application of Magnetotelluric Method in sedimentary environments and analysis of the resistivity dispersion in presence of 3D polarizable structures. 2016. 106 f. Tese (Doutorado em Geologia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-05-29T20:43:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_resposito.pdf: 62027805 bytes, checksum: db66ec49cef3ab46aeb1ee42cfa88b82 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-05-29T20:43:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_resposito.pdf: 62027805 bytes, checksum: db66ec49cef3ab46aeb1ee42cfa88b82 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-05-29T20:44:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_resposito.pdf: 62027805 bytes, checksum: db66ec49cef3ab46aeb1ee42cfa88b82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T20:44:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_resposito.pdf: 62027805 bytes, checksum: db66ec49cef3ab46aeb1ee42cfa88b82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O Método magnetotelúrico permite a determinação da distribuição de resistividade elétrica na subsuperfície, a fim de diferenciar as estruturas presentes. Com os procedimentos de inversão de dados é possível obter valores de resistividade de algumas dezenas de metros até centenas de quilómetros. Como acontece com todos os métodos de prospecção geofísica, o método MT está sujeito a ambiguidades por causa do fenômeno da dispersão da resistividade. Este fenómeno pode deformar as curvas de resposta MT e pode conduzir a uma interpretação errónea. Uma conclusão geral é que os efeitos de dispersão pode influenciar a resposta MT em forma reconhecível ou sutil. Em ambos os casos, sem considerar os efeitos de distorção a interpretação pode levar a conclusões enganosas sobre as propriedades físicas das estruturas pesquisadas. Este trabalho trata com diferentes aspectos do Método Magnetotelúrico. Em primeiro lugar a dispersão da resistividade é estudada teoricamente realizando, pela primeira vez, simulações de um modelo 3-D da Terra (caso 1-D é apresentado a partir de um trabalho anterior de Esposito e Patella, 2009 e o caso 2-D é reconstruído baseando a simulação sobre um trabalho de Mauriello et al., 1996), com um estudo de caso em uma área geotérmica (Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA). Mostra-se uma aplicação do MT na área do Pecém (Ceará, Brasil), desconsiderando a dispersão da resistividade, a fim de mostrar a eficiência do método para resolver contrastes de resitividade na subsuperfície e, finalmente, são realizadas as simulações teóricas que mostram a aplicação do método MT para pesquisa de Oléo e Gás na porção emersa da Bacia Potiguar (Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil), a fim de considerar a MT como um apoio em áreas onde a sísmica, usada principalmente para esses fins, pode ser logisticamente difícil de aplicar ou precisa de uma comparação com outros métodos de prospecção geofísica. / O Método magnetotelúrico permite a determinação da distribuição de resistividade elétrica na subsuperfície, a fim de diferenciar as estruturas presentes. Com os procedimentos de inversão de dados é possível obter valores de resistividade de algumas dezenas de metros até centenas de quilómetros. Como acontece com todos os métodos de prospecção geofísica, o método MT está sujeito a ambiguidades por causa do fenômeno da dispersão da resistividade. Este fenómeno pode deformar as curvas de resposta MT e pode conduzir a uma interpretação errónea. Uma conclusão geral é que os efeitos de dispersão pode influenciar a resposta MT em forma reconhecível ou sutil. Em ambos os casos, sem considerar os efeitos de distorção a interpretação pode levar a conclusões enganosas sobre as propriedades físicas das estruturas pesquisadas. Este trabalho trata com diferentes aspectos do Método Magnetotelúrico. Em primeiro lugar a dispersão da resistividade é estudada teoricamente realizando, pela primeira vez, simulações de um modelo 3-D da Terra (caso 1-D é apresentado a partir de um trabalho anterior de Esposito e Patella, 2009 e o caso 2-D é reconstruído baseando a simulação sobre um trabalho de Mauriello et al., 1996), com um estudo de caso em uma área geotérmica (Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA). Mostra-se uma aplicação do MT na área do Pecém (Ceará, Brasil), desconsiderando a dispersão da resistividade, a fim de mostrar a eficiência do método para resolver contrastes de resitividade na subsuperfície e, finalmente, são realizadas as simulações teóricas que mostram a aplicação do método MT para pesquisa de Oléo e Gás na porção emersa da Bacia Potiguar (Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil), a fim de considerar a MT como um apoio em áreas onde a sísmica, usada principalmente para esses fins, pode ser logisticamente difícil de aplicar ou precisa de uma comparação com outros métodos de prospecção geofísica.

Modelos geométricos desempenham um papel fundamental em divérsas áreas, desde a indústria do entretenimento até aplicações científicas. Para reduzir o elevado custo de criação de um modelo 3D, a reutilização de modelos existentes é a solução ideal. Recuperação de modelos 3D utilizam técnicas baseadas em conteúdo (do inglês CBR) que auxiliam a busca de modelos desejados em repositórios massivos, muitos disponíveis publicamente na Internet. Pontos principais para técnicas CBR eficientes e eficazes são descritores de forma que capturam com precisão as características de uma forma 3D e são capazes de discriminar entre diferentes formas. Nós apresentamos um descritor com base na distribuição de duas características globais, extraídas de uma forma 3D, depth complexity e thickness, que, respectivamente, capturam aspectos da topologia e da geometria das formas 3D. O descritor final, chamado DCT (depth complexity and thickness histogram), é um histograma 2D invariante a translações, rotações e escalas das formas geométricas. Nós eficientemente implementamos o DCT na GPU, permitindo sua utilização em consultas em tempo real em grandes bases de dados de modelos 3D. Nós validamos o DCT com as Princeton e Toyohashi Forma Benchmarks, contendo 1815 e 10000 modelos respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que DCT pode discriminar classes significativas desses benchmarks, é rápido e robusto contra transformações de forma e diferentes níveis de subdivisão e suavidade dos modelos. / Geometric models play a vital role in several fields, from the entertainment industry to scientific applications. To reduce the high cost of model creation, reusing existing models is the solution of choice. Model reuse is supported by content-based shape retrieval (CBR) techniques that help finding the desired models in massive repositories, many publicly available on the Internet. Key to efficient and effective CBR techniques are shape descriptors that accurately capture the characteristics of a shape and are able to discriminate between different shapes. We present a descriptor based on the distribution of two global features measured on a 3D shape, depth complexity and thickness, which respectively capture aspects of the geometry and topology of 3D shapes. The final descriptor, called DCT (depth complexity and thickness histogram), is a 2D histogram that is invariant to the translation, rotation and scale of geometric shapes. We efficiently implement the DCT on the GPU, allowing its use in real-time queries of large model databases. We validate the DCT with the Princeton and Toyohashi Shape Benchmarks, containing 1815 and 10000 models respectively. Results show that DCT can discriminate meaningful classes of these benchmarks, and is fast to compute and robust against shape transformations and different levels of subdivision and smoothness.

Title: The relationship between Véle-test results and results of instrumented evaluation of postural stability Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between a clinical tool for measuring postural stability, Véle-test and instrumented evalution of the same modality. The observed parameters are COM movement, range of motion in hip joints and in the functional complex of ankle and foot. An additional pedobarographic measurement was performed to define the relationship between Véle-test results and foot loading assymetry. The characteristics of this study suggest that our objective is also to find an approppriate aproach to further objectivization and stardardization of the Véle-test. In the first part of this thesis, I define the theoretical background for the experiment. Also, the current insight of physical therapy and biomechanics on the functional complex of the ankle and foot is described. Methods: The subjects (n=15, mean age 24y) were divided into two groups (S1, n1=7; S2, n2=8) according to the results of Véle test. Further, they underwent instrumented testing by pliance-x® sensing system, a 60s pedobarographic measurement was held in quiet standing. After, the Xsens MVN Link suit for 3D kinematic analysis was applied and the subjects were measured in two different...

[pt] A utilização de visualizadores 3D é algo cada vez mais comum em diversos ramos de atividades. O surgimento de novas tecnologias, com o resultante aumento do poder de processamento dos computadores atuais, tornou possível a criação de ambientes virtuais 3D maiores e mais ricos em detalhes. No entanto, a navegação em ambientes 3D, especialmente os ambientes multiescala, ainda é um problema para muitos usuários. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor soluções para alguns problemas de navegação 3D, a fim de melhorar a experiência de uso nesse tipo de aplicação. Nesse sentido, são apresentadas técnicas que permitem ajustar automaticamente a velocidade de navegação, os planos de corte e o ponto de centro de rotação. É proposta também uma solução para a detecção e tratamento de colisão entre a câmera e os modelos da cena, além de uma técnica que visa impedir que os usuários fiquem perdidos quando nenhum objeto da cena é visualizado. Essas soluções são baseadas na construção e manutenção de uma estrutura chamada de cubo de distâncias (cube map, no original em inglês), que fornece informações sobre a localização espacial dos pontos da cena em relação à câmera. Atualmente em desenvolvimento no Tecgraf/PUC-Rio, o SiVIEP (Sistema de Visualização Integrado de Exploração e Produção) é um visualizador voltado para profissionais da área de exploração e produção de petróleo, que serviu para a detecção e entendimento dos problemas mencionados e para a validação das soluções implementadas. / [en] The use of 3D viewers is becoming common in several activities. The appearance of new technologies, with the resulting increase in processing power, made possible the creation of larger and richer 3D virtual environments. However, the navigation in 3D environments, especially the multiscale ones, is still a problem for many users. The goal of this work is to propose solutions to some 3D navigation problems in order to improve the user experience with this kind of application. In this sense, techniques to automatically adjust the navigation speed, the clipping planes and the rotation center are presented. It is also proposed a solution for the detection and treatment of collision between the camera and the scene, and a technique that aims to prevent users from getting lost when no scene object is visualized. These solutions are based on the construction and maintenance of a structure called cube map, which provides information about the spatial location of the scene points relative to the camera. Currently in development at Tecgraf/PUCRio, the SiVIEP (Integrated Visualization System for Exploration and Production) is a viewer aimed at professionals in the area of oil exploration and production that was used to detect and understand the mentioned problems, and also for validating the implemented solutions.

[pt] Esta dissertação desenvolve um estudo sobre a aplicação das técnicas de modelagem geológica e análises geoestatísticas na avaliação da variabilidade espacial do parâmetro geotécnico (RQD) no depósito Animas – Peru. O estudo das cinco litologias presentes no depósito permitirá melhorar o conhecimento da qualidade do maciço rochoso em regiões não-amostradas. Nesta pesquisa foram empregados o método da krigagem ordinária, para estimação da variabilidade espacial, e a simulação seqüencial Gaussiana, para simulação da distribuição dos valores de RQD. Ambos os resultados foram comparados com um técnica de estimativa clássica - o método do inverso do quadrado da distância. Verificou-se que os resultados provenientes do método clássico e da krigagem ordinária são bastante semelhantes entre si, enquanto que valores produzidos pela simulação Gaussiana apresentaram acentuadas diferenças em todas as litologias analisadas. No estudo foram utilizados os programas computacionais Datamine, para modelagem geológica, e Isatis v.7 para análises geoestatísticas. / [en] This thesis investigates the application of geological modeling techniques and geostatistical methods for estimation of the spatial variability of the geotechnical parameter RQD at the ore deposit Animas - Peru. The study of five different rock layers will permit the improvement of the overall knowledge about the quality of the rock mass, mainly in the regions where the existence of experimental samples is limited or not available at all. In this research the ordinary kriging method was used for studies of spatial variability and the Gaussian sequential simulation for analysis of the distribution of RQD values throughout the rock mass. The results of both methods were compared with those calculated on basis of a classical estimation technique - the method of the inverse of the squared distances. It was concluded that the values obtained by ordinary kriging and the classical method are quite similar between themselves but the results with Gaussian simulation show significant differences in all the rock layers investigated. In this research the following computational programs were used: Datamine, for the geologic modeling, and Isatis v.7, for geostatiscal analyses.

De plus en plus de contenus 3D interactifs sont disponibles sur la toile. Visualiser et manipuler ces contenus 3D en temps réel, de façon naturelle et intuitive, devient donc une nécessité. Les applications visées sont nombreuses : le e-commerce, l'éducation et la formation en ligne, la conception, ou l'architecture dans le contexte par exemple de musées virtuels ou de communautés virtuelles. L'utilisation de contenus 3D en ligne ne propose pas de remplacer les contenus traditionnels, tels que les textes, les images ou les vidéos, mais plutôt d'utiliser la 3D en complément, pour enrichir ces contenus. La toile est désormais une plate-forme où les contenus hypertexte, hypermédia, et 3D sont simultanément disponibles pour les utilisateurs. Cette utilisation des contenus 3D pose cependant deux questions principales. Tout d'abord, les interactions 3D sont souvent lourdes puisqu'elles comprennent de nombreux degrés de liberté; la navigation dans les contenus 3D peut s'en trouver inefficace et lente. Nous abordons ce problème en proposant un nouveau paradigme basé sur l'analyse des interactions (crowdsourcing). En analysant les interactions d'utilisateurs 3D, nous identifions des régions d'intérêt (ROI), et générons des recommandations pour les utilisateurs suivants. Ces recommandations permettent à la fois de réduire le temps d'interaction pour identifier une ROI d'un objet 3D et également de simplifier les interactions 3D nécessaires. De plus, les scènes ou objets 3D contiennent une information visuelle riche. Les sites Web traditionnels contiennent, eux, principalement des informations descriptives (textuelles) ainsi que des hyperliens pour permettre la navigation. Des sites contenants d'une part de l'information textuelle, et d'autre part de l'information 3D peuvent s'avérer difficile à appréhender pour les utilisateurs. Pour permettre une navigation cohérente entre les informations 3D et textuelles, nous proposons d'utiliser le crowdsourcing pour la construction d'associations sémantiques entre le texte et la visualisation en 3D. Les liens produits sont proposés aux utilisateurs suivants pour naviguer facilement vers un point de vue d'un objet 3D associé à un contenu textuel. Nous évaluons ces deux méthodes par des études expérimentales. Les évaluations montrent que les recommandations réduisent le temps d'interaction 3D. En outre, les utilisateurs apprécient l'association sémantique proposée, c'est-à-dire, une majorité d'utilisateurs indique que les recommandations ont été utiles pour eux, et préfèrent la navigation en 3D proposée qui consiste à utiliser les liens sémantiques ainsi que la souris par rapport à des interactions utilisant seulement la souris. / Recent years have seen the development of interactive 3D graphics on the Web. The ability to visualize and manipulate 3D content in real time seems to be the next evolution of the Web for a wide number of application areas such as e-commerce, education and training, architecture design, virtual museums and virtual communities. The use of online 3D graphics in these application domains does not mean to substitute traditional web content of texts, images and videos, but rather acts as a complement for it. The Web is now a platform where hypertext, hypermedia, and 3D graphics are simultaneously available to users. This use of online 3D graphics, however, poses two main issues. First, since 3D interactions are cumbersome as they provide numerous degrees of freedom, 3D browsing may be inefficient. We tackle this problem by proposing a new paradigm based on crowdsourcing to ease online 3D interactions, that consists of analyzing 3D user interactions to identify Regions of Interest (ROIs), and generating recommendations to subsequent users. The recommendations both reduce 3D browsing time and simplify 3D interactions. Second, 3D graphics contain purely rich visual information of the concepts. On the other hand, traditional websites mainly contain descriptive information (text) with hyperlinks as navigation means. The problem is that viewing and interacting with the websites that use two very different mediums (hypertext and 3D graphics) may be complicated for users. To address this issue, we propose to use crowdsourcing for building semantic associations between texts and 3D visualizations. The produced links are suggested to upcoming users so that they can readily locate 3D visualization associated with a textual content. We evaluate the proposed methods with experimental user studies. The evaluations show that the recommendations reduce 3D interaction time. Moreover, the results from the user study showed that our proposed semantic association is appreciated by users, that is, a majority of users assess that recommendations were helpful for them, and browsing 3D objects using both mouse interactions and the proposed links is preferred compared to having only mouse interactions.

L'utilisation de systèmes GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites System) en environnement urbain s'est fortement développée, notamment avec l'apparition des puces GNSS dans les téléphones portables. Cependant, l'environnement urbain génère des difficultés dans la réception des signaux GNSS qui peuvent engendrer des erreurs en position de plusieurs dizaines de mètres. Nous avons choisi d'apporter une solution à ces problématiques grâce à l'utilisation d'un modèle 3D de ville réaliste simulant la propagation des signaux GNSS. La première partie de notre étude se porte sur la problématique des signaux Non Line Of Sight et propose une solution de navigation utilisant le modèle 3D de ville pour estimer les caractéristiques géométriques des signaux NLOS reçus par le récepteur. Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, le modèle 3D de ville est utilisé pour estimer le biais dû aux signaux multitrajets sur la mesure de pseudodistance. Enfin, la dernière partie de notre étude propose une solution combinant les méthodes de poursuite vectorielle des signaux GNSS aux apports d'information du modèle 3D de ville afin d'aider la poursuite en contexte d'atténuation des signaux GNSS. / The use of Global Navigation Satellites System, better known by the acronym GNSS, in an urban environment has grown significantly, especially with the advent of GNSS chips in mobile phones. However, the urban environment introduces many difficulties in GNSS signal reception that can lead to position ?s errors of several tens of meters. We chose to answer these problems by using a 3D city model allowing to simulate a realistic propagation of the GNSS signal in urban environment. The first part of our work regards the Non Line Of Sight problem, where we propose a navigation solution based on a 3D city model to estimate geometrical properties of NLOS measured by the receiver. In a second part, the 3D city model is used to estimate the bias coming from the multipath on the pseudorange measurement. Finally, the last part of our study provides a solution coupling the GNSS signal vectorial tracking method to the information produced from the 3D city model in order to improve the tracking in the context of strong GNSS signal power attenuation.