In this master thesis the new possibilities of software Autodesk Inventor Professional 2008 are described. Autodesk Inventor is a system for 3D machine engineering containing tools for 3D modeling, information management, cooperation and technical support. Autodesk Inventor Professional 2008 has a lot of new possibilities and improvements compared to the previous version. This Master thesis contains also description of the circuit breaker BD250N and its utilization in the distribution of low voltage. In enclosed CD the model animation of circuit breaker with description of modeling process can be found. The Autodesk Inventor Professional 2008 is used for this master’s thesis – English version.

This thesis is focused to problems of automatic generation of border surface for cranial implant. This document includes description of 3D modeling human tissue, followed with issue of cranial implant. Next it includes possible perspectives of solving automatic generation problems for implant border. Second half of this document is focused to implementation of tool for automatic generation of border surface. Final part deals with results of work with this tool.

Detta examensarbete ämnar besvara huruvida Tekla Structures kan fungera som ett lämpligt 3D-modelleringsprogram för konstruktionsgruppen Nyanläggning och Bro inom Grontmij Sverige. Med goda erfarenheter av Building Information Modeling, s.k. BIM, och 3D-modellering inom andra delar av Grontmij så fanns en önskan att optimera gruppens arbetsprocesser med den senaste kunskapen inom området. Arbetet har fokuserat på att praktiskt modellera en fallstudie baserat på ett av Grontmij tidigare genomfört anläggningsprojekt. För att säkerställa fallstudiens representativitet valdes en plattrambro med stor mängd armering som ansågs ha en komplex geometri vilket potentiellt skulle fördelaktigt kunna representeras i 3D. Vid skapandet av 3D-modellen och tillhörande ritningar delades processen in i tre steg; modellering, detaljering samt visualisering. Uppbyggandet av 3D- modellen påvisade unika för- och nackdelar i varje steg där också nedlagd arbetstid jämfördes med fallstudieprojektets tidplan. Resultaten visade att stegen modellering och detaljering (armering) uppvisade stora fördelar i relation till tidsåtgång. För steget visualisering, skapandet av 2D-ritningar enligt rapportens nomenklatur, var slutsatsen den omvända. Grontmij Nyanläggning och Bro rekommenderas därför att selektivt integrera Tekla Structures fördelar i sin framtida arbetsprocess samt fortsätta utvärdera programmet inom andra relaterade områden. / This thesis intends to answer whether Tekla Structures can function as a suitable 3D modeling software for the department of Transportation & Mobility within Grontmij Sweden. Given positive experiences from Building Information Modeling, so called BIM, and 3D modeling in other areas of Grontmij there was a desire to optimize the work processes of the department with the latest knowledge in the field. This report focuses on practical modeling of a case study, based on one of Grontmij’s previously conducted construction projects. To ensure a representative case study, a heavily reinforced slab-frame bridge was selected which was considered to have a complex geometry that potentially would be advantageously represented in 3D. The process of creating the 3D model and associated drawings was divided into three stages; modeling, detailing, and visualization. The construction of the 3D model demonstrated unique advantages and disadvantages in each stage where also this thesis’ work plan was compared with the case study’s time plan. The results showed that the steps modeling and detailing (reinforcing) showed benefits in relation to the time spent. For the visualization step, i.e. the creation of 2D drawings according to the terminology of this report, the conclusion was the opposite. Grontmij’s Transportation & Mobility department is therefore recommended to selectively integrate Tekla Structures’ advantages into their future work process and continue to evaluate the program in other related fields.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la conception, la réalisation et d'une nouvelle génération de MOEMS (Micro-Optical-Electrical-Mechanical System) pour le contrôle actif du faisceau laser émis par des matrices de VCSELs (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers). Le microsystème à base de polymères que nous avons conçu est compatible avec une intégration monolithique en post-processing. Il est composé d'une membrane suspendue associée à une microlentille réfractive. Le plan de focalisation est contrôlé dynamiquement grâce au déplacement vertical de la membrane grâce à un actionnement électrothermique. La géométrie du MOEMS a été optimisée à l'aide notamment de simulations électro-thermo-mécaniques pour minimiser l'énergie de commande et fiabiliser les dispositifs. Nous avons ensuite développé l'ensemble des briques technologiques pour la fabrication collective de ce dispositif sur des matrices de VCSELs. En particulier, une technique originale de transfert thermique doux de films secs photosensibles épais a été mise au point au moyen d'un équipement de nano-impression, pour permettre un dépôt uniforme et précis sur des substrats fragiles ou de faible taille. En outre, nous avons développé un procédé simple et totalement planaire pour la fabrication du MOEMS et optimisé un procédé de dépôt par jets d'encre pour l'intégration finale des microlentilles, avec la possibilité de choisir la distance focale la plus adaptée à la fin du process. La caractérisation des microsystèmes que nous avons réalisés a conduit à l'obtention de déplacements mécaniques de 8µm pour seulement 12.5mW appliqués, ce qui constitue une validation de nos résultats de modélisation. Enfin, des premiers résultats de focalisation dynamique du faisceau VCSELs sont présentés. / This thesis deals with the study and the fabrication of a novel type of polymer MOEMS (Micro Optical Electrical Mechanical Systems) to achieve passive or active beam shaping of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). To improve the photonic integration of these compact laser sources in optical communication and detection systems (sensors, biomedical analysis), we designed a polymer-based optical microsystem that is suitable with a post-processing integration on VCSELs. Its operation principle is based on the out-of-plane displacement of a suspended SU-8 membrane including a polymer refractive microlens at its surface. Thanks to electro-thermal actuation, the vertical displacement of the membrane allows to dynamically modify the microlens-source distance and leads to a vertical shift of the laser beam waist position. MOEMS actuation power and reliability were optimized owing to a comprehensive tri-dimensional thermo-electro-mechanical model that takes into account SU-8 material properties and precise geometry of the device. Technological steps necessary for the collective fabrication of such MOEMS on VCSELs arrays were also developed. In particular, we report on a new photoresist film transfer method we developed to achieve a highly uniform fabrication of high aspect ratio MOEMS on small-sized or fragile samples such as GaAs-based VCSELs wafers. This method that we call "soft thermal printing" is based on the use of a thermal nano-imprint set-up. Moreover, a simple and planar process for MOEMS fabrication was successfully tested. A dedicated inkjet printing process for drop-on-demand deposition of the microlens on the membrane center was also developed. Finally, the fabricated MOEMS were characterized. A vertical displacement as high as 8µm was observed for only 12.5mW applied, in good agreement with our 3D modeling results and first results on 850nm VCSEL dynamic beam focusing were obtained, demonstrating the interest of our approach.

The construction industry faces common challenges in managing project information andcommunication, with a lack of communication costing the industry up to 60 billion SEKannually. To address these issues and improve efficiency, the industry has begunimplementing a digital approach, exemplified by Building Information Modelling (BIM). The purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of the use of digital tools (BIM) intoday's construction projects, specifically focusing on the design, construction, andmanagement phases, with an emphasis on Building Information Modelling (BIM). The study aims to specify the difficulties encountered in BIM usage and identify measuresthat can facilitate its implementation in construction projects. These goals are achievedthrough interviewing BIM coordinators, designers, architects, and facility managers,examining their work process and challenges related to the implementation of BIM inconstruction projects. Furthermore, the study analyzes the educational aspect forconstruction technology students. The results indicate that students have different perspectives on BIM, which may be dueto their basic education and lack of experience. It is important for students to obtain amore comprehensive understanding of BIM and the associated digital tools during theireducation to adapt to 3D modeling in their professional lives. The study proposesmeasures to enhance education, providing future professionals with a betterunderstanding of BIM and 3D design. Finally, the results demonstrate that BIM is valuable for the construction industry, withbenefits such as efficiency, cost reduction, and improved collaboration. Currently, 3Dmodeling is the most common level of BIM usage, while the 4D and 5D approaches thatoffer time and cost dimensions are less common. Many stakeholders have not yet fullyutilized BIM's full potential due to lack of knowledge, licenses, and educational needs inthese areas. / Aktörer i byggbranschen står inför gemensamma utmaningar gällande hantering avprojektinformation och kommunikation. Brister på kommunikation kostar byggbranschenupp till 60 miljarder SEK årligen. För att lösa dessa problem och förbättra effektivitetenhar branschen börjat implementera digitala arbetssätt där Byggnads InformationsModellering (BIM) är ett exempel. BIM används för att samla in, samordna ochkommunicera information digitalt genom att koppla information till en gemensam modell, vilket ger möjlighet till att undvika fel och effektivisera processerna inom ett byggprojekt. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för användningen av digitala verktyg inomdagens byggprojekt, under projekterings-, produktions- och förvaltningskedet. Studienavser också att belysa faktorer som påverkar användningen av digitala verktyg, medsärskilt fokus på BIM. Studiens mål är att specificera de svårigheter som uppstår vid användningen av BIM, och att identifiera åtgärder som kan underlätta implementeringen av BIM i byggprojekt. Dessutom undersöks vikten av att integrera digitalisering och BIM i utbildningen avstudenter inom byggteknik. Målet uppfylls genom att intervjua BIM-samordnare, projektörer, konstruktörer, arkitekter och förvaltare, och undersöka deras arbetsprocesseroch utmaningar vid implementeringen av BIM, samt genom att analyserautbildningsaspekten för studenter inom byggteknik. Resultatet visar att studenter inom byggteknik har olika syn på BIM, vilket kan bero påolika grundläggande utbildning och brist på erfarenhet. Det är viktigt att studenternaerhåller en mer omfattande förståelse för BIM och de tillhörande digitala verktygen undersin utbildning för att kunna anpassa sig till 3D-projektering i yrkeslivet. Slutligen visar resultatet att BIM är värdefull för byggbranschen, med fördelar someffektivitet, kostnadsminskning och förbättrat samarbete. Idag är 3D-modellering den vanligaste nivån för användning av BIM, medan arbetssätten 4D och 5D, som erbjudertids- och kostnadsdimensioner, är mindre vanliga. Många aktörer har ännu inte utnyttjatBIMs fulla potential på grund av brist på kunskap och licenser samt att det finnsutbildningsbehov inom just dessa.

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L'analyse et la reconstruction automatique de scène urbaine 3D est un problème fondamental dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur et du traitement numérique de la géométrie. Cette thèse présente des méthodologies pour résoudre le problème complexe de la reconstruction d'éléments urbains en 3D à partir de données aériennes Lidar ou bien de maillages générés par imagerie Multi-View Stereo (MVS). Nos approches génèrent une représentation précise et compacte sous la forme d'un maillage 3D comportant une sémantique de l'espace urbain. Deux étapes sont nécessaires ; une identification des différents éléments de la scène urbaine, et une modélisation des éléments sous la forme d'un maillage 3D. Le Chapitre 2 présente deux méthodes de classifications des éléments urbains en classes d'intérêts permettant d'obtenir une compréhension approfondie de la scène urbaine, et d'élaborer différentes stratégies de reconstruction suivant le type d'éléments urbains. Cette idée, consistant à insérer à la fois une information sémantique et géométrique dans les scènes urbaines, est présentée en détails et validée à travers des expériences. Le Chapitre 3 présente une approche pour détecter la 'Végétation' incluses dans des données Lidar reposant sur les processus ponctuels marqués, combinée avec une nouvelle méthode d'optimisation. Le Chapitre 4 décrit à la fois une approche de maillage 3D pour les 'Bâtiments' à partir de données Lidar et de données MVS. Des expériences sur des structures urbaines larges et complexes montrent les bonnes performances de nos systèmes. / Analysis and 3D reconstruction of urban scenes from physical measurements is a fundamental problem in computer vision and geometry processing. Within the last decades, an important demand arises for automatic methods generating urban scenes representations. This thesis investigates the design of pipelines for solving the complex problem of reconstructing 3D urban elements from either aerial Lidar data or Multi-View Stereo (MVS) meshes. Our approaches generate accurate and compact mesh representations enriched with urban-related semantic labeling.In urban scene reconstruction, two important steps are necessary: an identification of the different elements of the scenes, and a representation of these elements with 3D meshes. Chapter 2 presents two classification methods which yield to a segmentation of the scene into semantic classes of interests. The beneath is twofold. First, this brings awareness of the scene for better understanding. Second, deferent reconstruction strategies are adopted for each type of urban elements. Our idea of inserting both semantical and structural information within urban scenes is discussed and validated through experiments. In Chapter 3, a top-down approach to detect 'Vegetation' elements from Lidar data is proposed using Marked Point Processes and a novel optimization method. In Chapter 4, bottom-up approaches are presented reconstructing 'Building' elements from Lidar data and from MVS meshes. Experiments on complex urban structures illustrate the robustness and scalability of our systems.

Zahlreiche Studien den Stand der Forschung in Bezug auf die Ökosystemdienstleistungen untersucht. Dennoch wurde die Dimension „Volumen und Höhe“, d.h. die dritte Dimension städtischer Systeme, in den Studien zu Ökosystemdienstleistungen in städtischen Gebieten ignoriert. Die Forschungsziele und Fragestellungen dieser Dissertation lauten: i) Stand der aktuellen Forschung zur dritten Dimension von Ökosystemdienstleistungen im städtischen Raum, ii) Beurteilung des Zusammenhangs von urbanen mehrdimensionalen Indikatoren (zwei- und dreidimensionalen Indikatoren) für die Oberflächentemperatur in der Stadt und iii) Unterschiede zwischen Innen- und Außentemperaturen in urbanen Räumen. Diese Dissertation ist in vier Kapitel gegliedert. Im ersten und zweiten Kapitel werden die Forschungslücken und das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung erläutert. Kapitel 3 enthält die veröffentlichten Artikel. Das letzte Kapitel behandelt die Ergebnisse der veröffentlichten Artikel. Diese Dissertation betont die Bedeutung von dreidimensionalen Studien in urbanen Ökosystemen, um das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit in Städten voranzutreiben. Deshalb werden kontinentübergreifende Forschungen für weitere Studien empfohlen, die die dreidimensionale Struktur aller städtischen Komponenten und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Außen- und Innentemperatur berücksichtigen. / Among the studies on ecosystem services undertaken in urban areas, a ‎dimension ‘volume and height’, i.e., the third-dimension of urban environment is largely ignored. More specific, three-dimensional spatial models will increase the knowledge of how complex environment ‎shape the micro-climate in urban ‎environment. The research objectives and questions of this dissertation is: i) the status of the current research addressing the third-dimension of ‎ecosystem services in urban area, ii) assessing the association of urban multi-dimensional (two- and three- ‎dimensional) indicators on urban surface temperature and iii) variation of indoor and outdoor urban temperature pattern. This dissertation is organized into four chapters. The ‎first and second chapter explain the gaps in literature and the aim of this research. Chapter 3 holds the published articles. The last chapter discusses the results of the published articles. This dissertation emphasizes the importance of three-dimensional studies in urban ecosystems to advance the concept of sustainability in cities. Therefore, cross-continental studies that consider the three-dimensional structure of all the urban components and its impact on outdoor and indoor temperature is recommended for future research. / به جرات می توان گفت که در مطالعات خدمات اکوسیستم، بخصوص خدمات اکوسیستم شهری ، بعد سوم که شامل "ارتفاع و حجم" می باشد اصلا مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. هدف از این پایان نامه، تلفیق مفهوم بعد سوم در خدمات اکوسیستم شهری و استفاده از فواید آن می باشد. مطالعه بعد سوم دانش ما را در نحوه شکل گیری اقلیم خُرد شهری افزایش می دهد. هدف این پروژه دکتری پاسخ به سوالات ذیل می باشد: 1) سطح آگاهی تحقیقات از بعد سوم خدمات اکوسیستم شهری، 2) ارزیابی ارتباط شاخص های چندبعدی (دو و سه بعدی) با دمای سطح و 3) ارزیابی الگوی دمای درونی و بیرونی در شهر. جهت پاسخ دادن به سوال های مطرح شده، این پژوهش به چهار فصل تقسیم شده است. فصل اول و دوم، که جایگاه خدمات اکوسیستم را در مطالعات شهری بررسی و جای خالی مفهوم بعد سوم در مطالعات خدمات اکوسیستم شهری را جستجو می کند. فصل سوم، شامل سه مقاله چاپ شده در راستای این پروژه دکتری می باشد. فصل چهارم، که نتایج بدست آمده را تجزیه و تحلیل می کند. نتایج بدست آمده نشان می دهد که مطالعات خدمات اکوسیستم شهری از معنی کلی و بنیادی به سمت سازش پذیری شهرها با پدیده تغییر اقلیم در حال تغییر است. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهد که ساختار متفاوت شهری بر شکل گیری الگوی دمای بیرون و داخل ساختمان ها موثر می باشد. استنتاج نتایج بدست آمده از این پایان نامه دو مورد را پیشنهاد می کند. اول، بررسی نقش ساختار های دو بعدی و سه بعدی بر روی دیگر شهر ها و تاثیر آن بر شکل گیری دمای بیرون و درونی ساختمان ها.

Three-dimensional (3D) laser scanners are becoming increasingly more affordable and user-friendly, making 3D-modeling tools more widely available to researchers in various countries and disciplines. In archaeology, 3D-modeling has the particular advantages of facilitating the documentation and analysis of objects that are fragile, rare, and often difficult to access. We have previously shown that 3D-modeling is a highly useful tool for shape analysis of archaeological bone material, due to the high measurement accuracy inherent in the latest generation of 3D laser scanners (Sholts et al. 2010; 2011). In this work, we explore the utility of 3D-modeling as a tool for Viking Age artefact analysis. To test the usefulness of 3D-modeling when analyzing artefacts with a very complex morphology, we chose highly ornate Viking Age baroque shaped brooches as study objects. These baroque shaped brooches constitute a group of dress ornaments mainly encountered in eastern Viking Age Scandinavia. Due to their large cast and/or attached bosses they obtain an almost baroque appearance, hence their name (cf. Jansson 1984: p. 81). They appear in two major versions, i.e. circular or equal armed, and in two kinds of material, i.e. silver- and copper-based alloys. Because of the position of bronze brooches in burial contexts, it appears they were used to fasten the cape or shawl in the female dress (cf. Jansson 1984: p. 75ff., Aagård 1984: p. 96ff.; Neiß 2006, figs. 3, 4; Capelle 1962: p. 106). For the present work a recently excavated brooch from Denmark was analyzed, together with three Russian brooches with nearly iconic status in the field of Viking Age studies. In the three case studies, we investigated possible uses of 3D-modeling for artefact analysis, artefact reconstruction, and tool mark and motif analysis. Exploring the usefulness of 3D-modeling for these purposes allowed us to draw conclusions regarding how 3D-analysis can be best incorporated into future artefact analysis. In addition, the case studies allowed us to gain new insights about the baroque shaped brooches and their uses. / <p>Forskningsfinansiärer: Helge Ax:son Johnsons stiftelse, Svenska institutet (Visby-programmet), Kungliga vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademin (Montelius minnesfond); Svenska fornminnesforeningen</p> / 3D-laserskanning som verktyg vid vikingatidsstudier

Un objectif de longue date dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur est de déduire le contenu 3D d’une scène à partir d’une seule photo, une tâche connue sous le nom d’inverse graphics. L’apprentissage automatique a, dans les dernières années, permis à de nombreuses approches de faire de grands progrès vers la résolution de ce problème. Cependant, la plupart de ces approches requièrent des données de supervision 3D qui sont coûteuses et parfois impossible à obtenir, ce qui limite les capacités d’apprentissage de telles œuvres. Dans ce travail, nous explorons l’architecture des méthodes d’inverse graphics non-supervisées et proposons deux méthodes basées sur des représentations 3D et algorithmes de rendus différentiables distincts: les surfels ainsi qu’une nouvelle représentation basée sur Voronoï. Dans la première méthode basée sur les surfels, nous montrons que, bien qu’efficace pour maintenir la cohérence visuelle, la production de surfels à l’aide d’une carte de profondeur apprise entraîne des ambiguïtés car la relation entre la carte de profondeur et le rendu n’est pas bijective. Dans notre deuxième méthode, nous introduisons une nouvelle représentation 3D basée sur les diagrammes de Voronoï qui modélise des objets/scènes à la fois explicitement et implicitement, combinant ainsi les avantages des deux approches. Nous montrons comment cette représentation peut être utilisée à la fois dans un contexte supervisé et non-supervisé et discutons de ses avantages par rapport aux représentations 3D traditionnelles / A long standing goal of computer vision is to infer the underlying 3D content in a scene from a single photograph, a task known as inverse graphics. Machine learning has, in recent years, enabled many approaches to make great progress towards solving this problem. However, most approaches rely on 3D supervision data which is expensive and sometimes impossible to obtain and therefore limits the learning capabilities of such work. In this work, we explore the deep unsupervised inverse graphics training pipeline and propose two methods based on distinct 3D representations and associated differentiable rendering algorithms: namely surfels and a novel Voronoi-based representation. In the first method based on surfels, we show that, while effective at maintaining view-consistency, producing view-dependent surfels using a learned depth map results in ambiguities as the mapping between depth map and rendering is non-bijective. In our second method, we introduce a novel 3D representation based on Voronoi diagrams which models objects/scenes both explicitly and implicitly simultaneously, thereby combining the benefits of both. We show how this representation can be used in both a supervised and unsupervised context and discuss its advantages compared to traditional 3D representations.