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Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den grammatischen und semantischen Kontexten enumerativer 'there-existentials' im Englischen. Mithilfe von Korpusbelegen werden die Auftretenskontexte näher bestimmt. Im Anschluss werden die Ergebnisse anhand Mira Ariels 'Accessibility Theory' gegengeprüft und interpretiert. / This paper seeks to analyze the grammtical and semantic contexts of enumerative 'there-existentials' in English. By using corpus data, the contextual environment of there-extistantials' will be defined more closely. Afterwards, the results will be checked and interpreted againts Mira Ariel's 'Accessibility Theory'.

Aliteracy defines those who can read adequately but who choose not to read for their own interest and pleasure. Adolescent aliteracy is an international issue (OECD, 2000, 2010a). Dissonance between what schools and students consider as ‘engaging reading’ is widening (Ivey & Broadhuss, 2001; Wilheilm & Smith, 2002). Recent evidence of poor literature knowledge amongst teachers and pre-service teachers (Cremin, Mottram, Bearne, & Goodwin, 2008; Nathanson, Pruslow, & Levit, 2008) highlights the need for pragmatic ways to empower adolescent students to address aliteracy for themselves. The aim of this thesis was to explore the conceptual basis for adolescent aliteracy in the 11-13 year old age groups alongside pedagogy to support currently aliterate adolescents. A mixed methods approach used 8 sets of data to explore reading preferences, reading motivations and self-selection behaviours in a mixed and stratifed sample of currently aliterate students over 6 months. The tools were: a reading preference survey, a Title Recognition Test (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1991), the Motivations for Reading Questionnaire, (Wigfield, Guthrie, & McGough, 1996), library observations, student and teacher interviews, library borrowing records and summative reading scores. Data analysis included thematic analysis, multiple regressions, Chi squared, Wilcoxon signed-ranked tests and Spearman’s correlations. Media based titles, magazines and SMS texting were cited as the most popular reading choices. Avid, poor and currently aliterate adolescent readers had significantly distinct motivational and cognitive reading profiles. Exploratory results with a stratified sample of currently aliterate students suggest that taught self-selection strategies significantly increased motivation to read for challenge and for curiosity and decreased motivation to read for reasons of compliance. Amongst currently aliterate adolescents, results suggest significant interaction between reading identity, reading challenge, reading stamina and reading interest.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía / La historia de la cultura griega nos informa acerca del interesante y problemático hallazgo, y posterior desarrollo, del concepto de alma como una realidad inmaterial y eterna. Durante el transcurso del tiempo, Grecia alcanza su máximo desarrollo y encuentra su pináculo cultural aproximadamente en la época de la obra homérica, momento en que el concepto alma ya ha ido tomando forma, al menos en el sentido de doble o sombra del ser viviente. El movimiento órfico, relacionado cercanamente con filósofos como Pitágoras y Empédocles, logrará desarrollar un concepto de alma que se inserta en un sistema de preceptos morales que aspiran a liberar al hombre de su esclavitud corporal, donde el significado del concepto alma determinará fundamentalmente el pensamiento de Platón y, por tanto, de cierta medida, en el pensamiento de su discípulo Aristóteles. Entre los sistemas filosóficos de Platón y Aristóteles se exhiben tanto diferencias como similitudes, lo que en el caso del problema de la naturaleza del alma queda de manifiesto. Mientras Platón realiza una caracterización del alma humana basándose en las consideraciones órfico-pitagóricas y en clara concordancia con su teoría del mundo ideal, Aristóteles por otra parte realizará una caracterización del alma en tanto entidad, que en conjunción con la teoría hilemórfica, sería la forma de un cuerpo natural que en potencia tiene vida. Las nociones esenciales en que sus consideraciones respecto del alma se cruzan en el presente trabajo son la relación entre alma y cuerpo, la inmortalidad del alma y como la naturaleza del alma se conecta con la teoría del conocimiento.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía

This thesis is a corpus-based study of two spoken academic corpora in English as the (foreign) medium of instruction (EMI) context. The first corpus is compiled of transcripts of academic lectures by non-native speakers (NNS) from an EMI medical college in Saudi Arabia. To compare the data, a second corpus is compiled of similar transcripts by native speakers (NS) taken from the British Academic Spoken English (BASE) corpus. The first part of the research qualitatively and quantitatively investigates the use of English discourse markers (DMs) on two levels: Structural (e.g. okay, so, because) and Interactional (e.g. okay?, I mean, any questions?). Structural DMs are found to function frequently as Topic Initiators, Topic Developers, Summarizers, and Closers, and occur more frequently in NS lectures' discourse. Interactional DMs, which function as Confirmation Checks, Rephrasers and Elicitors, are found to occur more frequently in the NNS lectures. This thesis demonstrates that the uses of DMs by the NS and NNS lecturers are affected by discourse context, pedagogic goals, personal lecturing styles, interaction with students and the need to create a conducive learning environment. The second part explores the use of Arabic discourse markers (ADMs) in the NNS lecture discourse on similar Structural and Interactional levels. Interactional ADMs (e.g. ya3ni {means}, mufhoom? {understood}) have a higher overall frequency than Structural ADMs (fa {so}, laanu {because}). The third part of this thesis explores the pedagogical functions of English-Arabic code-switching (CS) in the NNS lectures. When the purpose of CS is to make meaning clearer and convey knowledge more efficiently, it is not a language barrier but an effective communicative strategy. The data shows that CS is used mainly in seven roles in the NNS lecture discourse: (1) solidarity, (2) reiteration, (3) elaboration, (4) topic, (5) elicitation, (6) checking comprehension and (7) classroom management.

Salicylic Acid Binding Protein2 (SABP2) is an enzyme known to play important role in SA mediated pathway. SBIP-428 (SABP2 Interacting Protein-428), a SIR2 like deacetylase, has been found to interact with SABP2. We demonstrate that SBIP-428 functions as a Sirtuin deacetylase. We show that SBIP-428 itself is lysine acetylated. Interactions of a SBIP-428 with SABP2 also raised the possibility of SABP2 itself being lysine acetylated. The recombinant purified SABP2 or native partially purified SABP2 displayed no acetylation. In response to TMV infection, the expression of SBIP-428 was down regulated at 48 hpi. In addition, SBIP-428 was up regulated in plant known to accumulate less SA. Taken together expression of SBIP-428 is negatively correlated to the levels of SA in plants. The AtSRT2 plants exhibit no altered growth phenotype but exhibit a higher pathogen resistance against bacterial pathogen. Our results indicate that SBIP-428 is an important regulator in plant defense pathway.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía / El itinerario de este trabajo de investigación comienza con un análisis general de las concepciones psicológicas y escatológicas presentes en los poemas homéricos. En ese contexto sobresale la noción de alma como hálito o soplo vital que se desprende del cuerpo del hombre en el momento de la muerte, subsistiendo este principio vital como una sombra o imagen (eidolon) del hombre en lo que Homero imaginaba el trasmundo que esperaba a toda alma: el Hades. Esta comprensión de la naturaleza del alma presenta el defecto, según muchos críticos y comentaristas, de no establecer claras distinciones con respecto a lo corporal. Las relaciones entre el alma y el cuerpo no están explícitamente definidas en Homero. Sin embargo, el mérito que se le atribuye es el de plantear con claridad que tras la muerte del hombre se produce una separación de dos naturalezas, la del cuerpo inerte y la de la psykhé. El segundo momento de esta investigación lo constituye la revisión de las doctrinas centrales de la religión órfica. Tales son el monoteísmo y la inmortalidad del alma, la cual se vincula a un ciclo de reencarnaciones. El fundamento que subyace tras estas doctrinas es el de que la multiplicidad se ordena según un principio único. De acuerdo con ello, la naturaleza humana debe poseer en sí un elemento divino: su alma. Esta concepción de fondo es plasmada en el lenguaje mítico en el relato de descuartizamiento de Dionisos en manos de los Titanes. La purificación del elemento titánico en el hombre constituye un imperativo moral, según los órficos. Con el orfismo nace en Grecia una interpretación dualista de lo humano, donde existen dos principios plenamente demarcados: alma y cuerpo. Entre estos hay una distinción estricta que se advierte no solamente con la muerte del hombre, que conlleva la separación de ambos elementos, como ocurría en Homero, sino que esta se plantea también durante la existencia humana, es decir, que se reconoce que el alma vitalmente constituye un principio activo espiritual en el hombre, y que no sólo es distinto del cuerpo, sino que se le opone antagónicamente.

Biocides are widely used as a preservative or as an antiseptic agent in consumer care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and soaps, as well as in household cleaners and even in textiles due to their high antimicrobial effectiveness. The usage of this compounds results in discharge to wastewater treatment plants and so into surface waters. Their existence in the environment is of importance due to their negative effects on aquatic environment microorganisms and human health in terms of occurrence in surface waters and their fate in wastewater treatment plants. In this scope, this study focuses on occurrence and fate of selected biocides, namely triclosan (TCS) and chlorhexidine (CHD), in wastewater treatment plants and in surface waters. It was aimed to determine the biocides levels in surface water and wastewater in Turkey. For the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) studies, several WWTPs with different process configurations, namely, Tatlar WWTP, METU WWTP, Kayseri WWTP and Antalya WWTPs were selected. Composite wastewater samples were taken from various points along the WWTPs on a seasonally basis for one year period. For the surface water part, samples were taken monthly from three different sources with different pollution levels, namely, Kesikk&ouml / pr&uuml / Reservoir, &Ccedil / amlidere Reservoir and Eymir Lake for one year period. All water samples were analyzed for their biocide level using liquid chromatography, following solid phase cartridge extraction. As a result of analyses, TCS concentration in surface water samples was detected as in the range of 0.65-11.15 ng/L, 0.86-48.96 ng/L and 0.86-757.7 ng/L for clean, moderately polluted and polluted water sources respectively. The recovery of solid phase extraction analyses for TCS was achieved as %92. CHD concentration was determined as in the range of &lt / 1.33-5.31 ng/L for surface water samples and the recovery of extraction were calculated as %96 for CHD. The concentration of TCS in wastewater samples was measured as in the range of 1.77-94.47 ng/L and 1.40-15.09 ng/L for influent and effluent samples respectively. These ranges became 1.39-10.45 ng/L and &lt / 1.32-2.44 ng/L for CHD. The highest concentrations of biocides were observed in sludge samples with concentrations of 1117-3687 &mu / g/kg and 510-2742 &mu / g/kg for TCS and CHD. Biocide removal efficiency of primary and biological treatment together was reported as % 67.5&plusmn / 8.2 in January 2012 Tatlar WWTP analyses.

The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of Chla in Eymir Lake using remotely sensed data and in-situ data. The study was carried out in three phases / the first phase was taking ground real data from the lake for a 6-month period, secondly the remotely sensed satellite image was taken and analyzed, thirdly a correlation was obtained between the ground data and satellite image, and lastly mapping of the Chla in the lake was made. During the study also the change of the lake during the 6-month period was monitored. The results showed a great variation in the concentration of Chla in the period measured from spring till early fall, from very low almost undetectable concentrations to noticeably very high values especially during summer. The secchi disc depth values ranged from about 3 meters in early spring, to as low as 15 centimeters in late summer / this made it very much related to Chla values. Chla concentrations had a high relationship with the following parameters: DO, TSS, Depth and secchi disc. As for the remotely sensed data also an acceptable level of correlation was obtained between them and Chla data both from laboratory results and in-situ probe.