Exploring the use of seedless blackcurrant pomace, a fibre-rich by-product of juice pressing, in foods is favourable due to its nutritional profile but also for economic and sustainability aspects. Current applications are limited to products in which rapid fibre swelling, high water solubility or low sedimentation is not essential. In this study, functional properties of seedless blackcurrant pomace were modified by thermo-mechanical treatments using extrusion cooking or micronization in a planetary ball mill. A full factorial design showed that low pomace moisture (11 g/100 g) had the highest impact on swelling capacity (+ 20.6%) and water solubility index (+ 23.2%), whereas variation in extrusion temperature exhibited only minor effects. After milling for 4 h, the median particle size was reduced by 98% to 4 µm and the specific surface area increased from 0.1 to 2.5 m2/mL. Swelling capacity was highest after this time with 7.6 mL/g pomace and, although the amount of extractable sugars was reduced, water solubility increased to 7.6 g/100 g. In contrast to extruded samples, the red colour of the pomace was intensified after milling. Both treatments appear as promising to extend the applicability of fruit by-products in foods, as micronized pomace may counteract sedimentation in liquids, whereas increased swelling capacity after extrusion may have stabilizing effects on yoghurt-like systems.

Durch die wachsende Bedeutung der DNS-Sequenzierung wurden die Geräte zur Sequenzierung weiterentwickelt und ihr Durchsatz so erhöht, dass sie Millionen kurzer Nukleotidsequenzen innerhalb weniger Tage liefern. Moderne Algorithmen und Programme, welche die dadurch entstehenden großen Datenmengen in akzeptabler Zeit verarbeiten können, ermitteln jedoch nur einen Bruchteil der Positionen der Sequenzen in bekannten Datenbanken. Eine derartige Suche ist eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben in der modernen Molekularbiologie. Diese Arbeit untersucht mögliche Übertragungen moderner Genom-Alignment Programme auf hochparallele Plattformen wie FPGA und GPU. Die derzeitig an das Problem angepassten Programme und Algorithmen werden untersucht und hinsichtlich ihrer Parallelisierbarkeit auf den beiden Plattformen FPGA und GPU analysiert. Nach einer Bewertung der Alternativen erfolgt die Auswahl eines Algorithmus. Anschließend wird dessen Übertragung auf die beiden Plattformen entworfen und implementiert. Dabei stehen die Geschwindigkeit der Suche, die Anzahl der ermittelten Positionen sowie die Nutzbarkeit im Vordergrund. Der auf der GPU implementierte reduzierte Smith & Waterman-Algorithmus ist effizient an die Problemstellung angepasst und erreicht für kurze Sequenzen höhere Geschwindigkeiten als bisherige Realisierungen auf Grafikkarten. Eine vergleichbare Umsetzung auf dem FPGA benötigt eine deutlich geringere Laufzeit, findet ebenfalls jede Position in der Datenbank und erreicht dabei ähnliche Geschwindigkeiten wie moderne leistungsfähige Programme, die aber heuristisch arbeiten. Die Anzahl der gefundenen Positionen ist bei FPGA und GPU damit mehr als doppelt so hoch wie bei sämtlichen vergleichbaren Programmen. / Further developments of DNA sequencing devices produce millions of short nucleotide sequences. Finding the positions of these sequences in databases of known sequences is an important problem in modern molecular biology. Current heuristic algorithms and programs only find a small fraction of these positions. In this thesis genome alignment algorithms are implemented on massively parallel platforms as FPGA and GPU. The next generation sequencing technologies that are currently in use are reviewed regarding their possible parallelization on FPGA and GPU. After evaluation one algorithm is chosen for parallelization. Its implementation on both platforms is designed and realized. Runtime, accuracy as well as usability are important features of the implementation. The reduced Smith & Waterman algorithm which is realized on the GPU outperforms similar GPU programs in speed and efficiency for short sequences. The runtime of the FPGA approach is similar to those of widely used heuristic software mappers and much lower than on the GPU. Furthermore the FPGA guarantees to find all alignment positions of a sequence in the database, which is more than twice the number that is found by comparable software algorithms.

Avec plus de 100.000 transactions chaque année, les marchés publics représentent près de 10 % du PIB français. Pourtant, peu de travaux en sciences de gestion ont tenté de comprendre les manoeuvres stratégiques qui facilitent l'accès des entreprises à la commande publique. En s'appuyant sur la théorie des réseaux, le but de cette thèse est, justement, d'étudier l'impact de l'environnement relationnel des entreprises. Nous proposons, ainsi, un modèle qui décrit comment les réseaux d'alliances influencent l'attribution des marchés publics. Pour réaliser ce travail de recherche, nous observons 4.242 transactions de marchés publics dans lesquelles sont impliquées des alliances stratégiques. Une analyse structurale des données nous permet, alors, de détecter les réseaux d'alliances. L'organisation de ces réseaux révèle des propriétés relationnelles non-triviales, et identiques à celles des réseaux sociaux. Ces propriétés sont testées à partir d'équations structurelles (PLS-path modeling). Les résultats montrent un effet significatif de 4 propriétés relationnelles (l'encastrement, l'attachement préférentiel, la force des liens et la transitivité) sur l'obtention des marchés publics. Nous décrivons, ensuite, la façon d'organiser, efficacement, des manoeuvres d'alliances. Nous posons, ainsi, les fondements d'un système d'intelligence économique pour former des coalitions. Ce système repose sur une cartographie des réseaux qui permet aux entreprises de comprendre et d'influencer leur environnement relationnel. / With over 100 000 exchanges per years, public procurement represent almost 10% of French GDP. Nevertheless, few scientific management studies have investigated strategies which ease accessibility to public procurement to companies. Based on network theory, my thesis purpose was to study the impact of the company relational environment. We now characterize a model that illustrates the effect of strategic networks on contract awarding. We investigated 4242 transactions in French public market with strategic alliances involvement. A structural data analysis highlighted strategic networks characterized by an organization having non trivial relational properties, which are identical to social networks. We used structural equations modeling (PLS-path modeling) to validate this observation. Indeed, we demonstrated that 4 different relational properties (embeddedness, preferential attachment, strength of ties and transitivity) influence significantly the public contract awarding. What are these model applications? This model draws a company network map, a useful tool for company to manage and understand their possible coalitions. We propose how to organize efficient strategic alliances which is one of the bases of competitive intelligence system.

An integrated micropaleontological, mineralogical and sequence stratigraphical investigation was carried out across the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundary in the Haymana basin, Turkey. A 29.41 m thick boundary section consisting of limestones and marls was measured and 90 samples were analyzed. Biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic works are based on the planktonic foraminifera. 64 planktonic species were identified and 5 biozones were established. The biozones are, in ascending order, Planoglobulina acervulinoides zone, Racemiguembelina fructicosa zone, Pseudoguembelina hariaensis zone for the Late Maastrichtian / Guembelitria cretacea (P0) zone and Parvulorugoglobigerina eugubina (P1a) zone for the Early Danian. In order to detect the mineralogical changes across the boundary bulk and clay minerals were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Calcite, quartz,feldspar and the clay minerals composed of smectite (montmorillonite) and chlorite are the main components of the rocks. A decrease in calcite and an increase in the detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar) and the clay minerals were detected in the boundary beds. In order to find out the depositional history of the area a detailed microfacies study was performed and 10 microfacies type were determined. The microfacies types defined correspond to slope to basin environment. Based on microfacies analyses, the sequence stratigraphic framework of the boundary beds was constructed. K/P boundary beds were recorded in the transition of transgressive systems tract to highstand systems tract, coinciding with a maximum flooding surface. These beds show a similar pattern with many other K/P boundary beds in different locations of the world indicating eustatic sealevel variations overprint the tectonic control in the basin.

The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of the meter-scale cycles in the &Ccedil / ayraz Formation of the Middle Eocene age and to study the response of foraminifera to the sedimentary cyclicity. In order to perform this study, two stratigraphic sections, which are 44,55 m and 25,95 m in thickness, were measured on a regularly bedded succession mainly composed of carbonates and siliciclastics in the &Ccedil / ayraz Formation of the Haymana Basin. In this study, detailed microfacies analyses were carried out in the studied sections and 10 different microfacies types were identified strictly based on the biofacies in order to define meter scale cyclic sedimentation. Based on the detailed microfacies analysis and the distribution of the vertical facies relationships a composite depositional model is suggested. According to this model, three major facies associations were distinguished, from deepest to shallowest, as: shallow open marine, shoal and lagoon. Studied sections are composed of meter-scale cycles of both upward shoaling or deepening in character and based on the stacking pattern of meterscale cycles two systems tracts were identified along the measured sections. Section 1 is represented by highstand systems tract (HST) and section 2 is represented by lowstand systems tract (TST). In this study, the responses of benthic foraminiferal groups to the sedimentary cyclicity have been documented by quantitative and statistical analysis to understand the shallowing upward cycles, which are fundamental stratigraphic units, in the &Ccedil / ayraz Formation of Middle Eocene age. Among foraminifera, particularly the forms like Nummulites, Assilina and Discocyclina are excellent in order to detect cyclic variations of facies. These studies lead to understand shoaling-upward character of the meter-scale cycles, which are the building blocks of the &Ccedil / ayraz Formation.

As a country that is highly affected by the changing nature of international migration due to transformative forces of globalization, Turkey is now being defined as a country of both immigration and emigration. This thesis analyzes Turkish state&rsquo / s international migration politics and policies with regard to recent global trends in migratory movements. It examines the underlying dynamics that govern the policy making processes and tries to identify the problems stemming from them. The primary goal of the thesis is to make an elaborate assessment of the existent institutional framework and to detect the presence of securitization paradigm in the political and legal setting of international migration in Turkey by means of qualitative research methods. It investigates how international pressures and trends, national interests, political considerations and especially the dynamics of fragmented institutional structure have affected policy making strategies. In view of these factors, the thesis suggests adopting a humanitarian approach towards refugees, asylum seekers and migrants that leaves political concerns behind and avoids securitization of the issue.

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Einleitung: Im Rahmen eines Projekts wird untersucht, ob sich medizinische Laien mit einem neugestalteten internetbasierten Informationssystem besser informieren können, als dieses mit Suchmaschinen und Gesundheitsportalen möglich ist. Die Evaluation eines Systems zur Informationsversorgung von Kopfschmerzpatienten ist nur dann sinnvoll, wenn tatsächlich viele Menschen im deutschsprachigen Raum unter Kopfschmerzen leiden und mit Ihren Beschwerden eher das Internet als einen Arzt konsultieren. Daher wurde in drei Studien die Prävalenz von Kopfschmerzen und die damit verbundene Arztkonsultationsquote untersucht. Methode: Dazu wurden 2000 Versicherte der BARMER Ersatzkasse, ca. 9000 Studenten der Hochschule Bremen und ca. 1000 Studenten der Universität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Medizinische Informatik und Technik in Tirol, Österreich (UMIT) angeschrieben und gefragt, ob sie unter Kopfschmerzen leiden und wenn ja, ob sie für ihre Kopfschmerzen bereits eine ärztliche Diagnose haben. Insgesamt nahmen 521 Personen an der Untersuchung teil. Ergebnisse: Davon litten 292 Teilnehmer (56 %) unter Kopfschmerzen. Eine ärztliche Diagnose für diese hatten 52 (18 %). Alles in allem zeigt sich damit eine etwas geringere Kopfschmerzprävalenz als in den vorangegangen Studien. Die in der Literatur genannte Arztkonsultationsquote wird bestätigt. Diskussion: Die Auswertung der drei Studien zeigte, dass die Prävalenz von Kopfschmerzen weiterhin hoch und die damit verbundene Arztkonsultationsquote immer noch gering ist. / Introduction: In a project, it is investigated whether a newly designed web-information system can better inform medical laymen than traditional search engines and health portals. The evaluation of a system for providing information to headache patients is only useful when in fact many people suffer from headaches in the German speaking area and if these people with their complaints rather consult the Internet than a practitioner. Therefore, in three studies the prevalence of headache and the associated physician consultation rate was examined. Method: About 9000 students of the University of Applied Sciences Bremen, 2000 insurants of the BARMER, and about 1000 students of the University of Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and technology Tyrol, Austria (UMIT) were asked if they suffer from headaches and if so whether they already have a medical diagnosis. A total of 521 persons participated in the investigation. Results: From headaches suffered 292 (56%) participants. A medical diagnosis for these had 52 (18%). All in all, it shows slightly lower headache prevalence than found in previous studies. The medical consultation rate cited in the literature is confirmed. Discussion: The evaluation of the three studies showed that the prevalence of headache remains high and the associated physician consultation rate is still low.

Modern scholars are deeply divided over the extent to which early Byzantine provinces such as Egypt adopted imperial Roman law. This thesis undertook a diachronic study of the published debt acknowledgements from Egypt and Nessana for the fifth through seventh centuries CE to examine the degree of adoption of imperial legal changes. The debt acknowledgements are one of the largest sets of papyri documents for this period, consisting of 283 Greek and fifty-seven Coptic documents. Having created a database of these documents, in their original Greek or Coptic plus an English translation and information from the major commentaries, I had an unparalleled opportunity to analyse change, both legal and socio-economic. The research shows that while many legal changes, including the requirement for regnal dating and changes in the liability of co-debtors, were generally adopted, there was resistance to other changes. For example, the interest rate reduction ordered by Justinian I in 528 was clearly disseminated because some documents reflect the reduction. Most people, however, continued to charge the earlier higher rates. Furthermore, some sectors of the population appear to have struggled with the imperial changes. Model formats for a simplified Greek debt acknowledgement and a very similar Coptic debt acknowledgement were developed and disseminated in the sixth century. These simplified formats did not use regnal dating or many of the other customary clauses of the formal Greek debt acknowledgment. The early development of these simplified formats, together with evidence of the privatisation and localisation of many imperial functions, including dispute resolution, support the view that the later sixth century experienced an unravelling of ties with the Roman Empire. The catastrophic seventh century, with its civil wars and Persian and Arab invasions, resulted in a shift in language from Greek to Coptic for personal legal documents. The disruption of the seventh century, however, only accelerated and finalised a process of change that was already well established in the sixth century.

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