To investigate the influence of the internal micellar structure on the course of enzymatic cross-linking especially in the initial phase of the reaction, casein micelles isolated from raw milk via ultracentrifugation were incubated with microbial transglutaminase (mTG) in comparison with non-micellar sodium caseinate. Reactive lysine and glutamine residues were identified using a label-free approach, based on the identification of isopeptides within tryptic hydrolysates by targeted HRMS as well as manual monitoring of fragmentation spectra. Identified reactive sites were furthermore weighted by tracking the formation of isopeptides over an incubation time of 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, respectively. Fifteen isopeptides formed in the early stage of mTG cross-linking of caseins were identified and further specified concerning the position of lysine and glutamine residues involved in the reaction. The results revealed lysine K176 and glutamine Q175 of β-casein as the most reactive residues, which might be located in a highly flexible region of the molecule based on different possible reaction partners identified in this study. Except for the isopeptide αₛ₁ K34–αₛ₂ Q101 in sodium caseinate (SC), all reactive sites were detected in micellar and in non-micellar casein, indicating that the initial phase of enzymatic cross-linking is not affected by micellar aggregation of caseins.

Entdecken Sie unsere Region doch mal von ihrer köstlichen und kreativen Seite. Ob aromatische Kräuter und Gewürze, knackiges Obst und Gemüse, frischer Fisch, zartes Fleisch oder köstliche Backwaren – zahlreiche kleine Firmen locken mit ihren regionalen Produkten. Und auch, wer das Besondere sucht, wird dabei fündig. Denn mit Schokolade, Kaffee, alkoholischen Spezialitäten, frisch gepressten Ölen und mehr, können Sie den Genuss mit allen Sinnen zelebrieren. Schicke Tisch-Deko gibt’s noch obendrauf. Viele der Produkte wachsen direkt bei uns in der Region. Andere werden aus ausgesuchten Zutaten bei uns veredelt. Aber schmecken Sie doch einfach selbst! In dieser Broschüre stellen wir Ihnen einige ausgewählte Anbieter vor und laden Sie zu einer spannenden Geschmacksreise ein.

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Evidence suggests that postural stability may benefit from olfactory exposure, but whether this effect is different for hyposmic and healthy subjects remains unknown and little attention has been paid to the hedonic valence of odors in this context. Forty-five participants aged between 23 and 64 years were invited to this study, of whom 32 had normal olfactory function 13 exhibited olfactory deficits. Movement measurements were performed with the “Unterberger stepping test.” Participants walked in place with stretched arms for 8 periods of 30 s each, separated by intervals of approximately 15 s. During each of these 30-s blocks one of the three odor conditions was presented to them: (a) pleasant odor, (b) unpleasant odor, and (c) odorless control. Both participants with normosmia and impaired olfaction moved to the left and right sides more when exposed to the unpleasant odor as compared to pleasant odor exposure or no odor. When smelling pleasant odors, participants presented shorter maximal anterior/posterior sway than during no odor exposure, but it was similar when smelling unpleasant odor. The study demonstrated strong effects of odors on postural stability with pleasant odors limiting and unpleasant enhancing postural sways. Practical Applications Odors affect postural stability. Although we fail to demonstrate that postural stability measurements can be applied as a supporting method in smell dysfunction diagnosis, the current study opens prospects for further explorations of the relationship between olfactory and vestibular systems. These efforts may eventually lead to practical solutions supporting postural balance in patients suffering from conditions adversely affecting the vestibular system.

Die vorliegende Ratgeberbroschüre informiert, berät, begleitet, unterstützt Sie durch die Schwangerschaft hindurch bis zur Geburt und bietet Ihnen einen Überblick über Angebote und Kontakte in Chemnitz, je nach persönlicher Lebenslage oder Lebensumstand. Stand: 09/2019

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No description available.

Background: Soil microbes are key drivers of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, and their properties are influenced by the relationship between resource demand and availability. - Aims: Our objective was to investigate patterns of microbial properties and their controls to understand whether they differ between soils derived from geochemically contrasting parent material in tropical montane forests. - Methods: We measured microbial biomass C (MBC/Soil), potential extracellular enzyme activity (pEEA), and assessed microbial investments in C and nutrient acquisition at the beginning and end of a 120-day laboratory incubation experiment using soils developed from three geochemically contrasting parent material (i.e., mafic, mixed sediment, and felsic) and three soil depths (0–70 cm). - Results: We found that MBC/Soil and pEEA were highest in soils developed from the mafic parent material. Microbial investment in C acquisition was highest in soils developed from mixed sedimentary rocks and lowest in soils developed from the felsic parent material. We propose that our findings are related to the strength of contrasting mineral-related C stabilization mechanisms and varying C quality. No predominant microbial investment in nitrogen (N) acquisition was observed, whereas investment in phosphorus (P) acquisition was highest in subsoils. We found lower microbial investment in C acquisition in subsoils indicating relatively high C availability, and that microbes in subsoils can substantially participate in C cycling and limit C storage if moisture and oxygen conditions are suitable. Geochemical soil properties and substrate quality were important controls on MBC/Soil per unit soil organic C (MBC/SOC), particularly after the exhaustion of labile and fast cycling C, that is, at the end of the incubation. - Conclusion: Although a laboratory incubation experiment cannot reflect real-world conditions, it allowed us to understand how soil properties affect microbial properties. We conclude that parent material is an important driver of microbial properties in tropical montane forests despite the advanced weathering degree of soils.

Linked to climate change, drivers such as increased temperatures and decreased water availability affect forest health in complex ways by simultaneously weakening tree vitality and promoting insect pest activity. One major beneficiary of climate-induced changes is the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). To improve the mechanistic understanding of climate change impacts on long-term beetle infestation risks, individual-based simulation models (IBM) such as the bark beetle dispersion model IPS-SPREADS have been proven as effective tools. However, the computational costs of IBMs limit their spatial scale of application. While these tools are best suitable to simulate bark beetle dynamics on the plot level, upscaling the process to larger areas is challenging. The larger spatial scale is, nevertheless, often required to support the selection of adequate management intervention. Here, we introduce a novel two-step approach to address this challenge: (1) we use the IPS-SPREADS model to simulate the bark beetle dispersal at a local scale by dividing the research area into 250 × 250 m grid cells; and (2) we then apply a metamodel framework to upscale the results to the landscape level. The metamodel is based on Markov chains derived from the infestation probabilities of IPS-SPREADS results and extended by considering neighbor interaction and spruce dieback of each focal cell. We validated the metamodel by comparing its predictions with infestations observed in 2017 and 2018 in the Saxon Switzerland national park, Germany, and tested sanitation felling as a measure to prevent potential further outbreaks in the region. Validation showed an improvement in predictions by introducing the model extension of beetle spreading from one cell to another. The metamodel forecasts indicated an increase in the risk of infestation for adjacent forest areas. In case of a beetle mass outbreak, sanitation felling intensities of 80 percent and above seem to mitigate further outbreak progression.

For peanuts, roasted at 170 °C, the formation of selected glycerol-bound oxidized fatty acids (GOFAs), namely 9-oxononanoic acid (9-ONA), azelaic acid (AZA) and octanoic acid, was observed by GC-MS (EI). The content of octanoic acid as well as AZA increased with continuous roasting time (from 59 mg/kg peanut oil to 101 mg/kg peanut oil and from not detectable to 8 mg/kg peanut oil, respectively), whereas the content of 9-ONA initially decreased from 25 mg/kg peanut oil to 8 mg/kg peanut oil (20 min) and increased again up to 37 mg/kg peanut oil following roasting for 40 min. Due to its aldehyde function, 9-ONA could contribute to amino acid side chain modifications as a result of lipation, which could directly influence the functional properties of peanut proteins. Both 9-ONA and octanoic acid are potential markers of thermal processes. Furthermore, in model experiments using methyl linoleate and methyl oleate, up to 18 oxidized fatty acids could be identified as methyl esters, 9-ONA as well as octanoic acid as major components and a faster formation of GOFAs under roasting conditions (170 °C, 20 min). In addition, 9-ONA contributes to the formation of AZA and octanoic acid in both free and bound form as a result of oxidative subsequent reactions in presence of iron (III).