The aim of this research is to design the communications monitoring and control functionalities of an energy-efficient, scalable system, capable of supporting robotic cleaning and fault detection of photovoltaic panels, deployed in solar electric power generation plants. The communication functionality is implemented by using a wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed over the photovoltaic energy production plant’s area. The network is designed to support the communication needs of static-sensing nodes as well as moving robotic units. It transports sensing data and commands between end units and the monitoring and control entity of the electric energy generation plant. Having robotic units replace humans in the cleaning and inspection tasks not only reduces the operational cost of the plant, but also results in increased energy production. Several innovations were necessary to achieve our objective, which are presented in this dissertation. A working prototype of the cleaning robotic system was built and tested in a solar power plant for a duration of 6 month. The prototyping was done in collaboration of Tipot technology.

The Internet of Things mission is to connect any objects to the Internet, in order to provide the ability to access everything, everywhere. It will enable people to control and monitor their environment in a very convenient way. In order to fulfill the Internet of Things mission, one idea is to wrap a non-IP based protocol stack in the objects equipped with sensors, actuators and computing resources to enable them to be connected to the Internet through a protocol translation gateway. An alternative and competing idea, is to embed the TCP/IP stack into such smart objects, enabling them to interact with the Internet seamlessly. However, in order to satisfy the Internet of Things needs such as scalability, interoperability and simplicity of configuration and management, the use of IP architecture for smart objects is of interest, since it has proven itself a highly scalable, interoperable and simple communication technology. In particular, the new optimized Internet Protocol, IPv6, which is capable of providing any single object with a unique address, accompanied by many other great features such as plug-and-play and a real end-to-end connectivity, can offer great benefits to the Internet of Things. Nevertheless, most of the smart objects specially deployed in Wireless Sensor Networks a subset of Internet of Things, are not able to adapt the large IPv6 packet because of their Link- Layer limitations. Hence, it is a quite challenging task for these devices to transmit an IPv6 packet. For this reason, the Internet Engineering Task Force organization has offered an IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) solution in order to solve the IPv6 adaptability problem. This thesis presents the design and deployment of an IPv6-based WSN using this solution. The result of this work is building a 6LoWPAN based on the Contiki OS. This WSN is able to send the measured environment temperature to a web server and control the status of a light through the Internet in a standard, scalable, and seamless way.

This paper has covered some security aspects to consider when deploying 6LoWPAN in wireless sensor networks. The issues mentioned in this paper revolve around encryption and authentication methods as well as key distribution mechanism. Security features at the link and network layer have been evaluated and the conclusion is that both do provide with good security but it is not always sufficient. For example, hop-by-hop security at the link layer could be really strong if you are in control of all links between source and destination, however, when transmitting data over the Internet this is rarely the case. As an alternative the network layer provide with an end-to-end solution with a compressed version of IPsec, but due to insufficient models for key distribution the keys are required to be distributed manually. This means that there is no support for asymmetric keys in a wireless sensor network at the time, but further research might solve these issues.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) are becoming popular in military and civilian applications such as surveillance, monitoring, disaster recovery, home automation and many others. Prolonged network lifetime, scalability, node mobility and load balancing are important requirements for many WSN applications. This thesis work presents the investigation of scalability and power consumption in different wireless module such as Bluetooth, Zigbee to deploy in the large scale wireless sensor network application by simulation the network topologies, analysis and comparison of both the wireless module in OPNET and running the WSN application using Zigbee in Real environment. In order to increase the scalability and reduce the power consumption we use the Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN), we worked on the programming of the 6LoWPAN protocol stack and analysis of the results using the perytons network protocol analyzer.

IoT-devices are becoming more advanced and powerful than ever, and the applicationpotential is increasing rapidly. It is starting to become normal to have IoT-devices takingover mundane jobs such as controlling the climate at home, or monitoring e.g the water us-age of a household. These devices are usually constrained to be as cheap and primitive asthe task allows. Most of the time, they are only used to send collected data which only re-quires a one way secure channel. However, in order to apply updates or manage the deviceremotely, the communication has to be secured both ways. There are multiple suggestionson how a two way secure channel can be established while still operating on a constraineddevice. Each security specializes in its own area e.g privacy, scalability, or simplicity. Thispaper will describe how to implement the ACE-DTLS framework and analyze the perfor-mance with respect to energy consumption and security. While ACE-DTLS is quite simpleto implement without having to understand the complex math of a key exchange, it comeswith the cost of a high overhead in order to establish a secure two way connection. It mightnot be the best suited framework for small amount of data transfers available.

Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont composés de petits équipements embarqués et autonomes qui coopèrent pour surveiller leur environnement de manière non-intrusive. Les données collectées par chaque capteur (tels que la température, des mouvements, des sons, etc.) sont remontées de proche en proche vers un puits de collecte en utilisant des technologies de communication sans fil. De plus en plus d'applications requièrent le placement des capteurs sur des éléments mobiles. Hors, à l'instar des équipements des réseaux IP, les nœuds capteurs pourront traverser plusieurs réseaux durant leurs déplacements. Cette thèse s'intéresse à cette problématique et propose deux solutions pour gérer ces nœuds mobiles. Notre première contribution, le protocole Mobinet, utilise la sur-écoute liée au médium radio pour détecter le voisinage d'un nœud mobile et ainsi lui permettre de gérer sa mobilité. D’autre part, l'intégration de nombreux nœuds mobiles dans les réseaux visités va augmenter le nombre de paquets transitant au sein de ces réseaux. Notre seconde proposition, le protocole CLOMAC, a pour objectif de réduire les congestions pouvant survenir en créant dynamiquement des chemins alternatifs vers le puits. / Wireless sensor networks are composed of small autonomous embedded devices which cooperate to monitor their environment in a less intrusive fashion. Data collected by each sensor node (such as temperature, movements, sounds, etc.) are reported to a sink station hop-by-hop using wireless transmissions. More and more application require sensors to be placed on mobile elements. However, in the manner of IP devices, mobile nodes may cross differents networks during their trips. This thesis focuses on this problematic and propose solutions to manage thoses mobile nodes. Our first contribution, the Mobinet protocol, uses the overhearing of the wireless medium to detect nodes in the vicinity of a mobile node and use this information to manage its mobility. Besides, integrating numerous mobile nodes will increase data trafic the visited networks. Our second proposition, the CLOMAC protocol, aims to reduces congestions which may appear by creating dynamic alternative path toward the sink station.

Cette thèse démontre la pertinence de l’utilisation du Courant Porteur en Ligne (CPL) pour des applications de réseaux de capteurs. Nous nous focalisons sur la technologie basse consomma- tion et bas débit "WPC" développée par la société Watteco et nous montrons que son utilisation est justifiée pour des applications de réseaux de capteurs. Nous situons la solution WPC dans le paysage du CPL et déterminons les protocoles compatibles. Nous décrivons ensuite l’implé- mentation du module WPC et du média CPL dans le simulateur de réseau COOJA afin de proposer une solution réseau reposant sur l’adaptation du standard 802.15.4 sur la technologie WPC. Nous démontrons ensuite l’intérêt de la convergence des médias au niveau réseau par l’utilisation du standard IPv6, que nous adaptons sur notre solution CPL grâce au protocole 6LoWPAN. Nous justifions l’utilisation des protocoles standards de l’IETF sur notre solution CPL et nous montrons qu’une solution de routage sur CPL doit être développée. Nous montrons par des expérimentations que notre solution CPL correspond aux critères des réseaux basse puis- sance et supportant les pertes de transmissions (LLNs) pour lesquels le protocole standard RPL a été conçu. Nous justifions l’utilisation de ce protocole sur CPL, et validons son implémenta- tion dans le cadre de 2 expérimentations. Formées respectivement de 7 puis 26 noeuds CPL, les résultats montrent que le routage créé par RPL permet de couvrir un étage d’un bâtiment avec une topologie de type arbre et une profondeur de 3 sauts maximum. Nous montrons également que la technologie WPC permet une connectivité importante entre les noeuds du réseau et que la qualité des liens est fortement dynamique, mais que le routage permet de s’adapter à ces variations. Nous pointons également les limites de notre solution CPL qui présente des délais importants et des débits faibles, générant de contraintes fortes sur les applications. Notre solu- tion de réseau de capteur sur CPL repose sur le standard IP, permettant des échanges de paquets avec d’autres technologies. Nous étudions ainsi la possibilité de créer des réseaux hétérogènes mélangeant la technologie WPC et radio 802.15.4. Nous montrons que notre pile protocolaire permet la création de ce type de réseau, afin de profiter du meilleur des 2 mondes. Nous décri- vons ainsi l’architecture d’un noeud hybride Radio Fréquence (RF) / CPL permettant de faire transiter les paquets entre ces 2 médias. Nous montrons ensuite que l’utilisation combinée de ces 2 médias augmente le nombre de chemins disponibles et permet de faciliter le routage, en diminuant le nombre de sauts et le risque que certains noeuds du réseau soient inaccessibles. Nous démontrons ensuite que l’injection de noeuds CPL et RF/CPL dans un réseau formé de noeuds RF sur batterie permet de les délester de leur charge de routage afin de prolonger leur durée de vie. Nous présentons ensuite une optimisation énergétique matérielle et logicielle d’un noeud radio. Nous déterminons les paramètres des protocoles et les optimisations logicielles per- mettant de tirer au mieux partie de cette architecture et nous réalisons l’étude énergétique de la sonde embarquée sur le noeud. Au final, notre architecture présente une consommation totale inférieure à 17 μW. Nous indiquons dans les annexes nos implications dans les organismes de standardisation qui ont permis de valider l’implémentation. / This thesis demonstrate the relevance of Powerline Communication (PLC) usage for sensor networks applications. We focus in particular on the low power and low data rate PLC technol- ogy "Watt Pulse Communication" (WPC) developed by the Watteco company and justify its usage for sensor network applications. We situate the WPC technology in the PLC landscape and define compatible protocols. We then describe the WPC module and the PLC media im- plementation in the COOJA network simulator. This allows us to propose a network solution over this technology, leveraging on the adaptation of the 802.15.4 standard over the WPC tech- nology. We then demonstrate the benefit of media convergence at the network layer level, with the use of the IPv6 standard that we adapted over our PLC solution thanks to the 6LoWPAN protocol. We justify the usage of standards protocols over our PLC solution and show that a routing solutions must be developed over WPC. We show through experiments that our PLC solution match low power and lossy network (LLNs) criterions for which the RPL standard pro- tocol has been designed. We justify the usage of this routing protocol over our PLC solution, and validate its implementation through 2 experiments conducted in tertiary types buildings. Respectively composed of 7 and 26 PLC nodes, results show that the routing topology created by RPL enable the coverage an entire floor of a tertiary building with a tree based topology and 3 hops maximum path length. We also show that the WPC technology exhibits a high connectivity between nodes and that the link quality is highly dynamic. Though, we observed that the routing topology was able to handle these variations. We point out the limitations of our PLC solution, which presents high delays and low throughput, creating high constraints on applications. Our sensor network solution over PLC relies on the IP standard, enabling packets exchanges with other technologies using the same protocol. In particular, we study the possi- bility to create heterogeneous networks mixing the WPC technology with 802.15.4 radio. We show that our protocol stack used over PLC enable to create this type of network, in order to benefit from the best of these 2 worlds. We purpose an architecture of a hybrid Radio / PLC node enabling to transfer packets between these 2 media. Then, we show that the combined usage of these 2 media increase the number of available paths and facilitate the routing, while diminishing the number of hops and possible unreachability of nodes. We then demonstrate that the addition of PLC and Radio/PLC nodes in a RF based battery powered sensor network enable to relieve their routing charge in order to expand their lifetime. We then continue the energy study with a power consumption optimization of a wireless sensor network platform from the hardware and software standpoint. We first determine the operating frequency, the wake up frequency and the mode of operation of the micro controller offering the lowest power consump- tion. We then conduct an energy study of 4 different radio transceivers using the 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz frequency band, in order to determine the most efficient architecture. We determine the protocols parameters and the software optimization to reach the lower power consumption of this architecture. Finally, we realize the energy study of several probes than can be embedded on the node, according to their nature and functioning mode. Our final architecture exhibits a total power consumption that is lower than 17 μW, with an applicative reporting each 10 minutes and the maintenance of the reachability with the network. We also mention in annex parts our implication in standards developments organizations such as the IETF a the IPSO alliance, that allow us to validate the implementation of our solution through interoperability events.

La formule "Internet of Things'' a pris du sens à la fois au sein de la communauté public et de recherche. La raison principale est qu'en 2011, le nombre d'objets connectés à Internet surpassent le nombre d'humains en ligne, et il est attendu qu'en 2020, le nombre d'objets connectés dépassent les 20 billions. Etant donné la présence d'un grand nombre de plateformes hétérogènes qui composent l'IoT, notre intérêt se focalise sur les Réseaux de Capteurs (WSN), qui sont composés des petits dispositifs avec des contraintes de ressources (capacité de mémoire faible, processeur de faible puissance et faible puissance matérielle) qui collectent un ou plusieurs types de données. Presque toutes les recherches menées à ce jour reposent sur la standardisation de protocoles de communication, l'amélioration de la performance, l'optimisation de la consommation de ressources, etc. La sécurité a été reléguée au second plan, dû principalement au faibles ressources disponibles sur les capteurs. Cependant, les données collectées dans de multiples scénarios peuvent être très sensibles. Les données doivent être stockées de manière sûr et doivent être transmises de manière sûr d'un point à un autre. Le travail développé dans cette thèse définit les mécanismes permettant de garantir une communication sûr entre les capteurs. Et aussi fournissant des outils natifs pour le monitorage des communications, afin de valider ces mécanismes directement sur le réseaux / The denominated "Internet of Things'' (IoT) has been getting relevance in both the public and research communities. The main reason is that on 2011, the number of “objects” connected to the Internet surpassed the number of humans online, and is expected that for 2020, the number of objects exceeds the amount of 20 billion. Because of the high number of heterogeneous platforms that composed the IoT, our interest is centered around the Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN), which are composed by small devices with constrained resources (small amount of memory, small power processor, and small power supply) that collect one or more type of data. Almost all the research conducted to date relies on standardizing the communication protocols, ameliorating the performance, optimizing the resource consumption, etc. Security has been relegated to a second plane, due mainly to the low resources available on the sensors. However, the data collected in many scenarios can be highly sensitive. The data must be stored in a safe way and must be transmitted in a safe approach from the origin to the destiny. The work developed in this dissertation defines mechanisms to guarantee the safety of the communication between sensors. And, providing native tools for the monitoring of the communication, to validate these mechanisms directly on the network

This thesis describes the project “A new Web Server for sensors”. The project has created a demonstration web service that can receive data from sensors ( both fixed sensors and movable sensors) and distribute the received information in the form of web pages. These web pages can provide forms that enable the user to enter commands which are to be given to sensors. The aim of this thesis project was to design and evaluate web-based application which could utilize sensor data. In this project, we focused on two aspects: (1) web access to sensors and (2) the potentialmobility of sensors. The web server provides web server mediated access to the sensors. Additionally, this project examined how to integrate a sensor with a mobile device, such as a personal data appliance. The web server provides an easy acces smechanism to users who want to use and control sensors. Those users can flexibly us etheir web browser to access to sensors through our web server. Moreover, a sensor could move, for example because it is integrated with a personal data appliance. The mobility of sensors increases the sensing scope of sensors because the sensors are notfixed in position. Such sensors can sense the environment along the path that they are moved. To achieve the goals of this thesis project, we analyzed what are the basic parts and functions that should exist for sensors in the web server. Furthermore, the thesis analyzed how a sensor can be integrated with a personal data appliance, for instance,how to supply the power to sensor; and how to synchronize data between the sensor and personal data appliance. As a result of this project, a web server with some of the necessary functions was developed. An approach of how to integrate a sensor with a personal data appliance is specified in this thesis. The thesis begins with an analysis of some existing solutions. Their advantages were used to specify the requirements for our own solution. The thesis describes the design and implementation of this proposed solution. Next the thesis describes the testing and evaluation of this solution in the context of this project. The thesis ends with some conclusions and suggests future work. / Denna avhandling beskriver projektet "En ny webbserver för sensorer". Projektet har skapat en tjänst demonstration nätet som kan ta emot data från sensorer (både fasta sensorer och rörliga sensorer) och distribuera fått information i form av webbsidor. Dessa webbsidor kan ge former som gör det möjligt för användaren attskriva in kommandon som ges till sensorer. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att designa och utvärdera webbaserad applikation som kan använda sensordata. I detta projekt har vi fokuserat på två aspekter: (1) webb tillgång till sensorer och (2) depotentiella rörlighet av sensorer. Webbservern ger Web Access Server förmedlas till sensorer. Dessutom undersökte detta projekt hur man kan integrera en sensor med en mobil enhet, t.ex. en personuppgifter apparat. Webbservern ger en enkel tillgång mekanism för användare som vill använda och styra sensorer. Dessa användare kanflexibelt använda sin webbläsare för att få tillgång till sensorer via vår webbserver. Dessutom kan en sensor röra sig, exempelvis genom att den är integrerad med en personuppgifter apparat. Rörligheten av sensorer ökar avkänning omfattningen av sensorer eftersom sensorerna inte är fasta på plats. Sådana sensorer kan känna miljön längs den väg som de flyttas. För att nå målen med denna avhandling projektet analyserade vi vad som är grundläggande delar och funktioner som bör finnas för sensorer i webbservern.Dessutom analyseras i avhandlingen hur en sensor kan integreras med en personuppgifterna apparat, till exempel, hur man levererar energi till sensorn, och hur man synkronisera data mellan sensorn och personuppgifter apparaten. Som ett resultatav detta projekt var en webbserver med några av de nödvändiga funktioner utvecklas.En strategi för hur man kan integrera en sensor med en personuppgifterna apparat som anges i denna avhandling. Avhandlingen inleds med en analys av några befintliga lösningar. Deras fördelar har använts för att specificera kraven för vår egen lösning. Avhandlingen beskriver utformningen och genomförandet av den föreslagna lösningen. Nästa avhandlingen beskriver testning och utvärdering av denna lösning i samband med detta projekt. Avhandlingen avslutas med några slutsatser och föreslår framtida arbete.

Low-Power Lossy Networks (LLNs) are a type of Internet of Things (IoT) meshnetwork that collaboratively interact and perform various tasks autonomously. TheRouting Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Network (RPL) is the most used rout-ing protocol for LLNs. Recently, we have been witnessing a tremendous increasein attacks on Internet infrastructures using IoT devices as a botnet (IoT botnet).This thesis focuses on two parts: designing an ML-based IDS for 6LoWPAN, andgenerating a new larger labeled RPL attack dataset by implementing various non-attack and attack IoT network scenarios in the Cooja simulator. The collected rawdata from simulations is preprocessed and labeled to train the Machine Learningmodel for Intrusion Detection System (IDS). We used Deep Neural Network (DNN),Random Forest Classifier (RFC), and Support Vector Machines with Radial-BasisFunction kernel (SVM-RBF) learning algorithms to detect attack in RPL based IoTmesh networks. We achieved a high accuracy (96.7%) and precision (95.7%) usingthe RFC model. The thesis also reviewed the possible placement strategy of IDSfrom cloud to edge.