Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michelle Machado Rigo.pdf: 967810 bytes, checksum: 200a992a6ca99d274c67de922ceef853 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O reúso da água na agricultura tornou-se um fator importante para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, contribuindo com a redução de problemas ambientais. Estudos com a técnica da fertirrigação têm crescido atualmente, devido a fatores como o potencial de uso do efluente líquido como fertilizante; o grande volume de água utilizado na irrigação e a necessidade de aumentar a produção de alimentos utilizando os recursos naturais de maneira sustentável e eficiente. Diante desse contexto, este trabalho objetiva avaliar o rendimento e a composição mineral de duas forrageiras em resposta à aplicação de esgoto doméstico tratado via fertirrigação. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos dentro da casa de vegetação, montado em esquema de parcela subdividida 2x5, onde nas parcelas ficou o capim Brachiaria brizantha e ao capim Tifton 85 e nas subparcelas as quatro dosagens de esgoto doméstico tratado (20 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1) e o controle com adubação mineral, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Após 25 dias da aplicação das doses de efluente, determinou-se a massa natural das forrageiras e posteriormente a massa seca. Em seguida, o material seco foi moído e submetido à digestão para a determinação da proteína bruta e dos teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a aplicação de esgoto doméstico proporcionou crescimento das forrageiras semelhante à adubação mineral. A Brachiaria apresentou maior rendimento forrageiro, embora o Tifton 85 tenha obtido maiores teores de nutriente na parte aérea, refletindo suas características morfológicas. A fertirrigação com as doses de efluente foi, em geral, equivalente à adubação mineral, ressaltando que a dose correspondente a 40 kg ha-1 apresentou igualdade com a adubação mineral utilizada / The water reused in agriculture has been an important factor for the management of water resource, contributing with the reduction of environmental problems. Studies with a fertigation technique has lately increase, due to factors like the potential use of effluent as a fertilizer; a great volume of water utilized in irrigation and the need to increase food production utilizing natural resources in a sustainable and efficient way. In view of this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and mineral composition of two forage species in response to the application of domestic sewage treated by fertigation. The experiment was conducted in vases inside a greenhouse, mounted on split-plot 2x5, in the plots were Brachiaria brizantha and Tifton 85 bermudagrass and subplots with four doses of treated domestic sewage (20 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1) and the control of mineral fertilization, in a completely randomized design with five replicates. After twenty-five days the application of doses of effluent, it was determined the mass of natural forage and later on the dry mass. Later, the dried material was crushed and submitted to digestion to determine the crude protein and leaf content of macro and micronutrients. The results obtained showed that the application of domestic sewage proportioned growth of forage similar to mineral fertilizer. Brachiaria had higher forage yield, although the Tifton 85 have obtained higher levels of nutrient uptake, reflecting it`s morphological characteristics. Fertigation with doses of effluent was generally equivalent to the mineral fertilizer, noting that the doses corresponding 40 kg ha-1 with sewage, presented equally to the mineral fertilizer used.

A utilização de pastagens como base da alimentação de bovinos de leite ou corte é umas das formas de reduzir os custos de produção e tornar a atividade mais competitiva. Para obter a máxima produtividade de forragem é indispensável dispor de condições ideais à fotossíntese, tais como boa disponibilidade de luz, nutrientes e água. Uma das opções para aumentar a produtividade e sustentabilidade das pastagens é um manejo adequado da irrigação e da adubação nitrogenada. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em ambiente protegido, com plantas em vasos de 8,5 litros, na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP). No primeiro experimento, foi avaliado o efeito de cinco níveis de depleção de água no solo (P1 = 0 - 0,05; P2 = 0,20; P3 = 0,40; P4 = 0,60; P5 = 0,80), respectivamente, 95%-100% (testemunha), 80%, 60%, 40% e 20% da água disponível no solo no momento das irrigações. No segundo experimento, foram testados cinco momentos de aplicação da ureia em relação ao momento do corte da parte aérea: (a) no dia do corte; (b) 3 dias após; (c) 6 dias após; (d) 9 dias após; (e) 12 dias após o corte; e um tratamento-controle, sem aplicação de ureia. Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições para três períodos de crescimento (cortes). Foram avaliados: massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca de raízes (MSR), relação parte aérea/ raiz (PA/R), relação colmo + bainha/lâmina (CB/L), teor de nitrogênio na parte aérea, proteína bruta (PB), eficiência do uso do nitrogênio (EUN), produtividade água (PDA), área foliar (AF) e perfilhamento. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa dos tratamentos de depleção para as variáveis estudadas, com exceção da produção de MSR e PDA, indicando que para o período em que o experimento foi realizado (inverno), fatores de depleção mais altos podem ser utilizados sem que haja comprometimento da quantidade e da qualidade da forragem produzida. O momento de aplicação de ureia não influenciou a produção de MSR, a relação CB/L e a relação PA/R; no entanto, foi observado que o momento da adubação exerceu um efeito significativo sobre a produção nos cortes de estabelecimento, gerando um efeito na quantidade e na qualidade da forrageira. / The use of pasture as the base for feeding dairy or beef cattle is one of the ways to reduce production costs and to turn more competitive these activities. In order to achieve the maximum forage productivity, it is essential to have ideal conditions for photosynthesis, such as good availability of light, nutrients and water. One option to increase the productivity and sustainability of pasture is a proper management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse environment, with plants in pots of 8.5 liters in the experimental area of the Department of Biosystems Engineering, at the \'Luiz de Queiroz\' College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP). In the first experiment, it was tested the effect of five levels of soil water depletion (P1 = 0 - 0.05, P2 = 0.20, P3 = 0.40, P4 = 0.60, P5 = 0.80), respectively corresponding to 95%-100% (control), 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of the soil water availability at the moment of irrigations. In the second experiment, it was evaluated the moment of urea application in relation to the moment of the aerial part cut: (a) on the day of cutting; (b) 3 days; (c) 6 days; (d) 9 days; and (e) 12 days after the cut; and a control treatment, without urea application. Both the experiments were carried out under a statistical design of randomized blocks, with four replications for three periods of growth (cut intervals). The parameters evaluated at the experiment were: dry matter weight of the aerial part (MSPA), dry matter weight of roots (MSR), aerial part/root ratio (PA/R), stem + heath/blade ratio (CB/L), plant nitrogen content, crude protein content (PB), nitrogen use efficiency (EUN), water productivity (PDA), leaf area (AF) and plant tillering. No significant differences for the studied variables were found for the depletion treatments, except for the MSR and PDA, indicating that, during the experiment period (winter), higher depletion factors can be used without compromising the forage production and quality. The moment of urea application did not affect the MSR and the relations CB/L and PA/R, however, it was observed that the moment of urea application had a significant effect on the MSPA on the establishment cuts, generating an effect on the amount and quality of the forage crop.

A principal fonte de proteína na nutrição dos ruminantes é a proteína de origem microbiana, sintetizada no processo fermentativo de degradação ruminal a partir de proteína dietética ou microbiana. Logo o conhecimento deste processo é de grande importância em estudos de avaliação de alimentos para estes animais. Modelos não lineares são amplamente utilizados nestes estudos, buscando estimar os parâmetros da cinética de degradação ruminal através de métodos clássicos de análise univariada. Como estes ensaios envolvem medidas repetidas, propõem-se o uso de modelos não lineares mistos que permitem que a função de regressão não linear dependa de efeitos fixos e aleatórios, o que pode resolver os problemas de correlação entre as medidas repetidas e heterogeneidade de variâncias das respostas. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas duas alternativas comuns de análise de dados de digestibilidade, e seus resultados foram comparados com os da abordagem que utiliza modelos não lineares mistos. Utilizou-se o modelo não linear de Orskov e McDonald (1979) para explicar a cinética de degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do feno de capim-Tifton 85, em novilhos alimentados com seis rações experimentais compostas por três diferentes combinações de volumoso(Vo):concentrado(Co) (70:30, 50:50 e 30:70%). Como volumoso foram utilizados fenos de capim-Tifton 85 de diferentes qualidades (4% e 10% de proteína bruta) e como concentrado, casca de soja, milho moído e farelo de girassol. A degradabilidade foi determinada pela técnica in situ e os dez tempos de incubação foram de: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 e 120 horas. Originalmente o experimento foi delineado em quadrado latino (6×6) com seis novilhos mestiços fistulados (linhas), seis períodos (colunas) e seis tratamentos, em que nas parcelas tem-se uma estrutura de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as subparcelas, os tempos de incubação. O uso de modelos não lineares mistos na análise de dados de digestibilidade in situ é bastante atraente principalmente quando a pesquisa tem por objetivo entender o comportamento do processo de digestibilidade ao longo dos tempos de incubação. Além disso, quanto maior a variabilidade dos dados, a abordagem mista se torna mais indicada, reduzindo os erros padrão das estimativas dos parâmetros. Mesmo não incluindo a estrutura de delineamento experimental, os modelos não lineares mistos conseguem explicar bem a variabilidade extra, provocada pelos efeitos dos fatores associados ao delineamento, com a inclusão de efeitos aleatórios nos parâmetros do modelo de Orskov e McDonald (1979). O pacote estatístico nlme do R mostrou-se ágil e eficiente no ajuste dos modelos não lineares mistos e as suas ferramentas gráficas foram importantes na avaliação da qualidade dos ajustes e na escolha de modelos. / The main source of protein in ruminant nutrition is the protein of microbial origin, synthesized in the fermentation process of ruminal degradation starting from dietetics or microbial protein. Then, the knowledge of this process is of great importance in evaluation studies of food for these animals. Nonlinear models are widely used in these studies to estimate the parameters of ruminal degradation kinetics through the classical methods of univariate analysis. As these trials involve repeated measurements, we propose the use of nonlinear mixed models which allows that the nonlinear regression function depends on fixed and random effects, which can solve the problems of correlation between the repeated measurements and heterogeneity of variances of the responses. In this work, we used two common alternatives of digestibility data analysis, and their results were compared with the approach which uses nonlinear mixed model. We used the nonlinear model of Orskov and McDonald (1979) to explain the kinetics of ruminal degradation of dry matter (MS) and neutral detergent fiber (FDN) of the hay grass-Tifton 85, in steers fed experimental with six diets composed of three different combinations of forage(Vo):concentrate(Co) (70:30, 50:50 and 30:70%). As forage, we used hay grass-Tifton 85 of different qualities (4% and 10% crude protein) and as concentrate, soybean hulls, corn and sunflower meal. The degradability was determined by the in situ technique and the incubation times were 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 and 120 hours. Originally the experiment was designed as a Latin square (6 × 6) with six fistulated crossbred steers (lines), six periods (columns) and six treatments, in which the plots have a splitplot structure where the subplots were considered the times of incubation. The use of nonlinear mixed models in the analysis of the in situ digestibility data is quite attractive especially when the research aims to understand the process behavior digestibility over the incubation times. Moreover, the higher the variability of the data, the mixed approach becomes more suitable, reducing standard errors of the estimated parameters. Even excluding the structure of experimental design, the linear mixed models can explain well the extra variability caused by the effects of the factors associated with the design, with the inclusion of random effects in the model parameters of Orskov and McDonald (1979). The R statistical package nlme proved to be agile and efficient for the adjustment of nonlinear mixed models and its graphical tools were important in evaluating the quality of the adjustments and the choice of models.

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No description available.

Diagnoses of tuberculosis, 'TB,' currently rely upon non-specific techniques such as X-ray exams and acid-fast microscopy. Improved diagnostics would preferably consider specific bacterial processes to provide real-time readouts of disease burden and response to chemotherapy. This dissertation presents the cell-wall incorporation of trehalose analogues (fluorescent and radioactive) by the mycobacterial antigen 85 enzymes as a novel method to label the causative bacteria of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The trehalose mycolyltransesterase enzymes (antigens 85A, B, and C (Ag85)) serve as essential mediators of cell envelope function and biogenesis in Mtb. We show that the Ag85 enzymes display activities so broad that they allow added non-natural carbohydrate probes to be incorporated into Mtb growing in vitro and within macrophages. Design and synthesis of a library of structurally-diverse analogs of the sugar trehalose (Tre) revealed that Ag85-enzymes catalyze esterification of a wide variety of non-natural Tre structures, even stereoisomers and those appended with charged or bulky groups (Chapter 2). A novel mass-spectrometry based Ag85 enzyme assay was developed and employed to screen the library of compounds against all three isoforms of Ag85 (Chapter 3). This screen revealed that the Ag85 enzymes exhibit preference for dissacharides over monosaccharides and a broad tolerance for most modified trehalose compounds. This activity assay also afforded full kinetic analysis and the discovery of a novel, covalent inhibitor of the Ag85 enzymes. The Ag85 activity assay informed the design of a fluorescent trehalose-based compound (FITC-Tre), which is the first, non-toxic, selective, small molecule probe for mycobacterial infection. FITC-Tre was acylated with mycolyl esters by growing mycobacteria, anchoring the probe in the cell envelope resulting in fluorescent bacteria (Chapter 4). Adding FITC-Tre to Mtb-infected macrophages allowed selective, fluorescent tagging of Mtb in vivo (Chapter 5). Colocalization studies with antibodies against a variety of phagosomal associated components have hinted at the possibility of FITC-Tre as readout of cellular trafficking of bacteria. ¹⁸F-trehalose, biotin-trehalose and rhodamine-trehalose are also substrates of Ag85. ¹⁸F-trehalose shows promise as Mtb selective PET probe in an infected rabbit model of tuberculosis. Future work with these probes may allow for fluorescent tracking of the Mtb during the macrophage infection process, as well as the ability to label Mtb in infected tissue. The functional differences between the three isoforms of Ag85, A, B and C, are not well understood and may have implications for the survival and persistence of mycobacteria within humans. The differences in substrate specificity and catalytic activity between the Ag85 isoforms (discussed in Chapter 3) has been further investigated (Chapter 6). Mutation of three secondary site amino acids from Ag85C into Ag85B afforded nearly a twenty-fold gain in enzyme activity. Mutation of the equivalent Ag85B residues into Ag85C triggered nearly a twenty-fold loss in activity. Dissection of the roles of these three amino acids helps to explain the previously reported large differences in catalytic activity between Ag85A, B and C. Overexpression of Ag85A, B and C under tetracycline regulation revealed that these enzymes differentially modulate incorporation of mycolates into the cell wall. The Ag85 enzymes are not functionally redundant, and instead serve unique purposes in cell wall biosynthesis. In summary, this research has demonstrated that the broad substrate tolerance of Ag85 enzymes, coupled with their extracellular location, opens the door to probes of mycobacterial infection using many imaging modalities.

This thesis investigates the two major problems of poverty and corruption in post-Soviet Russia, by comparing Boris Yeltsin&rsquo / s and Vladimir Putin&rsquo / s terms of office. In order to do that, political and economic circumstances during these two presidents&rsquo / eras, the reasons of these two problems, and the consequences of certain policies adapted by these two presidents are focused on. The main argument of the thesis is to analyze interactively the certain conditions of poverty and corruption in the Russian Federation under the presidencies of both Yeltsin and Putin.

Θέμα της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι οι “έξυπνες πόλεις”. Μελετάται η έννοια της “ έξυπνης πόλης”, οι εμπλεκόμενοι παράγοντες αλλά και το πώς καθορίζουν τη μορφή των μελλοντικών πόλεων. Στην διπλωματική, παρουσιάζεται ένα σύστημα, μία ηλεκτρονική εφαρμογή διαφορετικά, η οποία συμβάλλει στην βελτιστοποίηση επιλογής μεταφορών και δραστηριοτήτων. Το σύστημα αυτό, συλλέγοντας πληθώρα πληροφοριών για τη ζωή στην πόλη σε πραγματικό χρόνο, κρατά συνεχώς ενήμερο το χρήστη ενώ ταυτόχρονα, χάρη σε έναν αλγόριθμο, του προτείνει βέλτιστες λύσεις για την μετακίνησή του αλλά και την πραγματοποίηση των δραστηριοτήτων, που επιθυμεί στην πόλη. Η Πάτρα, ως μία σημαντική πόλη, η οποία, όμως, είναι σε πρώιμο στάδιο σε ό,τι αφορά την μετατροπή της σε “έξυπνη πόλη”, αποτελεί την περίπτωση μελέτης. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν δοκιμές του συστήματος πάνω στην πόλη της Πάτρας, από διαφορετικές ομάδες χρηστών. Τέλος, το σύστημα αξιολογήθηκε και έγινε αντικείμενο επεξεργασίας ώστε να βελτιστοποιηθεί. / Τhe "smart cities" is the subject of this thesis. The concept of a "smart city", the stakeholders and how these factors would determine the shape of future cities is analyzed. In the thesis, a system, an electronic application in other words, is proposed. The system tries to optimize the selection and transport activities. This system, by collecting a lot of information about the life in the city in real time, keeps the user continuously updated while, at the same time, it can offer optimal solutions, thanks to an algorithm, for moving from one point of the city to another and for carrying out the activities that the users wish. Patra, as an important city, which, however, is at an early stage in the terms of its transformation into a "smart city", is selected as case study. Tests of the system, based on the city of Patras, were carried out by different groups of users. Finally, the system was evaluated and edited in order to be optimized.

H διαρκώς αυξανόμενη ανάπτυξη εφαρμογών όπως τα συστήματα μετατροπής κειμένου σε ομιλία (TTS systems) ή τα συστήματα αυτόματης αναγώρισης ομιλίας (ASR systems) κάνουν επιτακτική την ανάγκη της μελέτης χαρακτηριστικών της ομιλίας που δεν περιορίζονται σε συντακτικούς ή λεξιλογικούς κανόνες, αλλά σηματοδοτούνται από διαφορετικές διαδικασίες, όπως είναι η προσωδία. Τα προσωδιακά χαρακτηριστικά της ομιλίας είναι αυτά που πέρα από το λεξιλογικό περιεχόμενο των προτάσεων, επισημαίνουν άλλα σημαντικά στοιχεία που αφορούν στην εστίαση και την έμφαση, εισάγωντας με αυτό τον τρόπο ένα δευτερεύον υποκείμενο κανάλι στην επικοινωνία. Επιπλεόν, συνδέονται σε μεγάλο βαθμό με την έκφραση συναισθήματος στην ομιλία. Γι'αυτό το λόγο είναι σημαντικό το να διερευνηθούν τα χαρακτηριστικά αυτά, τόσο στην ουδέτερη ομιλία, όσο και στις περιπτώσεις ομιλίας σε ορισμένες συναισθηματικές καταστάσεις. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία γίνεται τεμαχιοποίηση μιας συναισθηματικής ομιλίας, σε επίπεδο φωνημάτων και επιτονική επισημείωση των προσωδιακών γεγονότων που λαμβάνουν χώρα σε επίπεδο συλλαβών, προκειμένου να εξαχθούν οι παράμετροι εκείνες που θα μας επιτρέψουν να μελετήσουμε τα προσωδιακά χαρακτηριστικά παρουσία συναισθηματικής κατάστασης, σε σύγκριση με την ουδέτερη ομιλία. Στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιείται επεξεργασία των δεδομένων και μελέτη των προσωδιακών χαρακτηριστικών, μέσω σύγκρισης των χαρακτηριστικών που παρατηρούνται απο συναίσθημα σε συναίσθημα και μέσω της κατασκευής μοντέλων πρόβλεψης της διάρκειας των φωνημάτων και από αυτές τις διαδικασίες προκύπτουν και παρουσιάζονται κάποια συμπεράσματα σχετικά με την προσωδιακή πτυχή της συναισθηματικής ομιλίας. / The continuously rising development of applications such as Text-to-Speech systems (TTS systems) or Automatic Speech Recognition systems (ASR systems), make imperative the investigation of characteristics of speech which are not limited within the syntactic οr lexical rules, but are signaled by different processes, such as prosody. The prosodic features of speech are those which, beyond the lexical content of utterances, point out other important elements concerning the focus and the accent, implying in that way a secondary subjacent channel of communication. Moreover, they are connected to a great extent with the expression of emotion in speech. Thus, it is important to investigate these features, in neutral speech as well as in cases of speech under emotional conditions. In this thesis, took place the segmentation of a database of emotional speech in phonemic level and the intonational annotation of the prosodic events that occur in the syllabic level, in order to extract the parameters that allow us to study the prosodic features in the presence of emotional state compared to the neutral speech. Following, the extracted data were processed and the prosodic features were studied, through comparing the characteristics that are observed in the different emotional conditions and by building duration prediction models of phonemes and the conclusions drawn through these processes are presented, with regard to the prosodic aspect of emotional speech.

Sorption Behaviour of Selected Dairy Powder Mixtures: A Study of The Effects of Composition and Mixing Methods Abstract As water mediates physico-chemical reactions (i.e. Maillard reactions, phase changes of sugars and minerals, protein conformational changes), water-powder interactions during storage are critical for dairy powder stability. Therefore, the mechanisms of moisture adsorption from the environment and water distribution among components in the dry state need to be investigated, especially in mixed systems. In order to achieve this goal, the research reported in this thesis had two key objectives. The first was to examine the effect of the sorption properties and phase changes of individual components in relation to the sorption properties of the mixed system. This was achieved by adding three level concentrations of lactose and mineral rich dairy powder (10, 20 and 30%) to Milk Protein Concentrate containing 85% of protein (MPC-85). The second objective was to examine the effect of mixing methods on the sorption behaviour of mixed systems, by applying two different mixing methods, solution mixing and mechanical mixing (particulate mixing). In the solution mixing method, the components were mixed in the same water and then spray dried. In the mechanical mixing method, two individual powder components were physically mixed. For both mixed systems, the kinetics of moisture adsorption were determined at 4 different equilibrium relative humidity levels (22.5, 43.2, 65.4 and 84.3%) and the final equilibrium moisture contents were determined at 8 different equilibrium relative humidity levels (11.3, 22.5, 32.8, 43.2, 52.9, 65.4, 75.3 and 84.3%) at 25°C. The effect of lactose addition to the MPC powder tended to retard the moisture sorption of the mixtures. The increase of concentration level of the lactose that was introduced to the MPC system, through either solution or mechanical mixing, resulted in less moisture adsorption when compared to MPC itself (p-value<0.05). This effect tended to be greater with the increase in relative humidity. A similar effect was observed for MPC/mineral rich milk calcium powder (MC) mixtures. The application of different mixing methods modified the equilibrium moisture content of MPC/Lactose mixtures, even though both mixing methods resulted in similar monolayer moisture value. The monolayer moisture values calculated for both mixing methods were significantly lower than their theoretical values (p-value< 0.05). This suggested that a lactose-protein interaction might exist in both powders prepared by solution and mechanical mixing. Even though the interaction itself is hypothetical, the effect of interaction could be reflected by significant different adsorption rate (p-value < 0.05) of powders produced by different mixing method. A similar type of interaction might exist for the solution mixed MPC/MC system, even though different results were obtained for MPC/MC mixtures prepared by mechanical mixing. The addition of lactose to MPC tended to slow the rate of moisture adsorption. This deceleration might have been contributed to by a reduction of the protein hydration sites by the association of lactose molecules to these sites. In contrast to the MPC/lactose system, the addition of mineral rich MC powder to MPC did not significantly change the rate of adsorption (p-value<0.05). Different mixing methods were found to change the rate of moisture adsorption for the MPC/Lactose systems (p-value<0.05). Even though the mechanically mixed powder adsorbed faster than that of solution mixed powder and X-Ray measurement indicated lactose crystal formation, a drop of moisture during the sorption study was not observed. This suggests that water released during crystallisation might be adsorbed by protein. Meanwhile, the application of two different mixing methods did not modify adsorption rate of MPC/MC system, except for samples stored at RH 84.3%. At this environment, mechanically mixed MPC/MC powders were adsorbed more slowly than the solution mixed powder (p-value<0.05). It might reflect powder compaction or a collapse of the porous structure, leading to limited moisture transfer at the interface. Lactose proportions and different mixing methods influenced the glass-rubber transition temperature (Tg-r) of the MPC/Lactose mixtures. An increase in the proportion of lactose tended to depress Tg-r of the mixtures (p-value<0.05). The Tg-r of the mechanically mixed powder was lower than that of solution mixed powder, presumably on account of the Tg-r for mechanically mixed powder being dominated by phase separated sugar components. Meanwhile, the Tg-r of MPC/MC mixtures was not influenced by either MC proportion or mixing method, particularly for samples stored at below RH 65.4%. The XRD-pattern suggested that the crystal formed during storage of MPC/Lactose mixtures was α-lactose monohydrate. As confirmed by XRD, a drop in moisture for the mixture corresponded to the presence of a peak in the XRD pattern, except for mechanically mixed powder. In this type of powder, even though a peak was detected, a moisture drop was not observed. Within the sensitivity limits of XRD, a crystalline form was not observed for MPC/MC mixtures.