This diploma thesis quite thoroughly deals with - at present a very topical - theme "liability for damage caused by a defective product"; thus, with an obligation to compensate for the damage caused by the defective product to its user (or third party), generally imposed on the person who is designated as the "producer" of the product, originally based on the Council Directive of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products (85/374/EEC) (hereinafter 'Directive 85/374/EEC'). However, this work is not limited only to the (thorough) description of the currently valid and effective Czech implementing legislation. The thesis also compares the Czech legislation with the French implementing regulation, which is of a significantly higher legislative quality and much more faithful to its Union model. In fact, it was specifically France which shaped the final form of this responsibility regime, since it was the French transposition, and the French decision-making (judicial) practice, which was most often the subject of the Court of Justice's, as it ruled on the interpretation of the individual provisions and principles in the text of the previously mentioned directive contained. Nevertheless, France,...

Les organisations doivent relever le défi d'adapter leurs processus aux changements qui peuvent survenir dans l'environnement dynamique dans lequel elles opèrent. Les adaptations dans le processus aboutissent à plusieurs variantes de processus, c'est-à-dire dans différentes versions du modèle de processus. Les variantes de processus peuvent différer en termes d'activités, de ressources, de flux de contrôle et de données. Ainsi, le concept d'un modèle de processus personnalisable est apparu et il vise à adapter le modèle de processus en fonction des exigences d'un contexte spécifique. Un modèle de processus personnalisable peut représenter toutes les variantes de processus dans un modèle unique dans lequel les parties communes ne sont représentées qu’une seule fois et les spécificités de chaque variante sont préservées. Alors, grâce à des transformations dans le modèle de processus générique, une variante de processus peut en être dérivée. En tant qu'avantages, cette approche permet d'éliminer les redondances, favorise la réutilisation, entre autres. Cependant, la personnalisation des modèles de processus n'est pas une tâche triviale. La personnalisation doit assurer que la variante obtenue est correcte du point de vue structurel et comportemental, c'est-à-dire la variante obtenue ne doit pas présenter d'activités déconnectées, d’interblocages actifs ou d'interblocages, entre autres. En outre, la variante de processus doit satisfaire à toutes les exigences du contexte de l'application, aux réglementations internes et externes, entre autres. De plus, il est nécessaire de fournir à l'utilisateur des directives et des recommandations lors de la personnalisation du processus. Les directives permettent la personnalisation correcte des variantes de processus, en évitant les problèmes de comportement. Les recommandations concernant le contexte de l'entreprise rendent possible l'amélioration du processus et aussi la personnalisation des variantes en fonction des besoins spécifiques. Dans ce contexte, cette recherche propose un cadre pour la personnalisation des variantes de processus en fonction des besoins de l'utilisateur. La personnalisation est réalisée grâce à l'utilisation d'ontologies pour la sélection des variantes. Le cadre est composé de trois étapes. La première correspond à l'identification des variantes à partir d'un journal d'événements au moyen de techniques d'exploration de processus, qui permettent de découvrir des points de variation, c'est-à-dire les parties du processus sujettes à variation, les alternatives disponibles pour chaque point de variation et les règles de sélection des alternatives disponibles. L'identification des variantes de processus et de leurs caractéristiques à partir d'un journal des événements permet de personnaliser un modèle de processus en fonction du contexte de l'application. À partir de ces aspects, la deuxième étape peut être développée. Cette étape concerne le développement d'un questionnaire, dans lequel chaque question est liée à un point de variation et chaque réponse correspond à la sélection d'une variante. Dans la troisième étape, deux ontologies sont proposées. La première formalise les connaissances liées aux réglementations externes et internes et aux connaissances des spécialistes. La deuxième ontologie se réfère aux points de variation, aux alternatives existantes pour chaque point de variation et aux règles liées à la sélection de chaque alternative. Ensuite, ces ontologies sont intégrées dans une nouvelle ontologie, qui contient les connaissances nécessaires pour personnaliser la variante de processus. Ainsi, à travers le questionnaire et le raisonnement sémantique, la variante est sélectionnée et les recommandations concernant le processus d’affaires sont fournies en fonction de la sélection de l'utilisateur lors de la personnalisation du processus. Le cadre proposé est évalué au moyen d'une étude de cas liée au traitement des patients chez qui [...] / The efficiency of organizations relies on its ability to adapt their business processes according to changes that may occur in the dynamic environment in which they operate. These adaptations result in new versions of the process model, known as process variants. Thus, several process variants can exist, which aim to represent all the related contexts that may differ in activities, resources, control flow, and data. Thus, has emerged the concept of customizable process model. It aims to adapt the process model according to changes in the business context. A process model can be customized by representing the process family in one single model enabling to derive a process variant through transformations in this single model. As benefits, this approach enables to avoid redundancies, promotes the model reuse and comparison, among others. However, the process variant customization is not a trivial-task. It must be ensured that the variant is correct in a structural and behavioural way (e.g. avoiding disconnected activities or deadlocks), and respecting all the requirements of the application context. Besides, the resulting process variant must respect all requirements related to the application context, internal and external regulations, among others. In addition, recommendations and guidance should be provided during the process customization. Guidance help the user to customize correct process variants, i.e., without behavioural problems. Recommendations about the process context help the user in customizing process variants according specific requirements. Recommendations about the business context refers to providing information about the best practices that can improve the quality of the process. In this context, this research aims to propose a framework for customizing process variants according to the user’s requirements. The customization is achieved by reasoning on ontologies based on the rules for selecting a process variant and in the internal/external regulations and expert knowledge. The framework is composed by three steps. The first step proposes to identify the process variants from an event log through process mining techniques, which enable to discover the variation points, i.e., the parts of the model that are subject to variation, the alternatives for the variation points and the rules to select the alternatives. By identifying the process variants and their characteristics from an event log, the process model can be correctly individualized by meeting the requirements of the context of application. Based on these aspects, the second step can be developed. This step refers to the development of the questionnaire-model approach. In the questionnaire approach each variation point is related to a question, and the alternatives for each question corresponds to the selection of the process variants. The third step corresponds to apply two ontologies for process model customization. One ontology formalizes the knowledge related with the internal and/or external regulations and expert knowledge. The other refers to the variation points, the alternatives for them and the rules for choosing each path. The ontologies then are merged into one new ontology, which contain the necessary knowledge for customize the process variants. Thus, by answering the questionnaire and by reasoning on the ontology, the alternatives related with the business process and the recommendations about the business context are provided for the user. The framework is evaluated through a case study related to the treatment of patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke. As result, the proposed framework provides a support decision-making during the process model customization

La surface de Bolza est la surface hyperbolique orientable compacte la plus symétrique de genre 2. Pour tout genre supérieur à 2, il existe une surface orientable compacte construite de manière similaire à la surface de Bolza et ayant le même type de symétries. Nous appelons ces surfaces des surfaces hyperboliques symétriques. Cette thèse porte sur le calcul des triangulations de Delaunay (TD) de surfaces hyperboliques symétriques. Les TD de surfaces compactes peuvent être considérées comme des TD périodiques de leur revêtement universel (dans notre cas, le plan hyperbolique). Une TD est pour nous un complexe simplicial. Cependant, les ensembles de points ne définissent pas tous une décomposition simpliciale d'une surface hyperbolique symétrique. Dans la littérature, un algorithme a été proposé pour traiter ce problème avec l'utilisation de points factices : initialement une TD de la surface est construite avec un ensemble de points connu, puis des points d'entrée sont insérés avec le célèbre algorithme incrémental de Bowyer, et enfin les points factices sont supprimés, si la triangulation reste toujours un complexe simplicial. Pour la surface de Bolza, les points factices sont spécifiés. L'algorithme existant calcule une DT de la surface de Bolza comme une DT périodique du plan hyperbolique, ce qui nécessite de travailler dans un sous-ensemble approprié du plan hyperbolique. Nous étudions les propriétés des TD de la surface de Bolza définies par des ensembles de points contenants l'ensemble proposé de points factices, et nous décrivons en détail une implémentation de l'algorithme incrémentiel pour cette surface. Nous commençons par définir un représentant canonique unique qui est contenu dans un sous-ensemble borné du plan hyperbolique pour chaque face d'une TD de la surface. Nous donnons une structure de données pour représenter une TD de la surface de Bolza via les représentants canoniques de ses faces. Nous détaillons les étapes de la construction d'une telle triangulation et les opérations supplémentaires qui permettent de localiser les points et de retirer des sommets. Nous présentons également les résultats sur le degré algébrique des prédicats nécessaires pour toutes les opérations. Nous fournissons une implémentation entièrement dynamique pour la surface de Bolza, en offrant l'insertion de nouveaux points, la suppression des sommets existants, la localisation des points, et la construction d'objets duaux. Notre implémentation est basée sur la bibliothèque CGAL (Computational Geometry Algorithms Library), et est actuellement en cours de révision pour être intégrée dans la bibliothèque. L'intégration de notre code dans CGAL nécessite que tous les objets que nous introduisons soient compatibles avec le cadre existant et conformes aux standards adoptés par la bibliothèque. Nous donnons une description détaillée des classes utilisées pour représenter et traiter les triangulations hyperboliques périodiques et les objets associés. Des analyses comparatives et des tests sont effectués pour évaluer notre implémentation, et une application simple est donnée sous la forme d'une démonstration CGAL. Nous discutons une extension de notre implémentation à des surfaces hyperboliques symétriques de genre supérieur à 2. Nous proposons trois méthodes pour engendrer des ensembles de points factices pour chaque surface et présentons les avantages et les inconvénients de chaque méthode. Nous définissons un représentant canonique contenu dans un sous-ensemble borné du plan hyperbolique pour chaque face d'une TD de la surface. Nous décrivons une structure de données pour représenter une telle triangulation via les représentants canoniques de ses faces, et donnons des algorithmes pour l'initialisation de la triangulation. Enfin, nous discutons une implémentation préliminaire dans laquelle nous examinons les difficultés d'avoir des prédicats exacts efficaces pour la construction de TD de surfaces hyperboliques symétriques / The Bolza surface is the most symmetric compact orientable hyperbolic surface of genus 2. For any genus higher than 2, there exists one compact orientable surface constructed in a similar way as the Bolza surface having the same kind of symmetry. We refer to this family of surfaces as symmetric hyperbolic surfaces. This thesis deals with the computation of Delaunay triangulations of symmetric hyperbolic surfaces. Delaunay triangulations of compact surfaces can be seen as periodic Delaunay triangulations of their universal cover (in our case, the hyperbolic plane). A Delaunay triangulation is for us a simplicial complex. However, not all sets of points define a simplicial decomposition of a symmetric hyperbolic surface. In the literature, an algorithm has been proposed to deal with this issue by using so-called dummy points: initially a triangulation of the surface is constructed with a set of dummy points that defines a Delaunay triangulation of the surface, then input points are inserted with the well-known incremental algorithm by Bowyer, and finally the dummy points are removed, if the triangulation remains a simplicial complex after their removal. For the Bolza surface, the set of dummy points to initialize the triangulation is given. The existing algorithm computes a triangulation of the Bolza surface as a periodic triangulation of the hyperbolic plane and requires to identify a suitable subset of the hyperbolic plane in which to work. We study the properties of Delaunay triangulations of the Bolza surface defined by sets of points containing the proposed set of dummy points, and we describe in detail an implementation of the incremental algorithm for it. We begin by identifying a subset of the hyperbolic plane that contains at least one representative for each face of a Delaunay triangulation of the surface, which enables us to define a unique canonical representative in the hyperbolic plane for each face on the surface. We give a data structure to represent a Delaunay triangulation of the Bolza surface via the canonical representatives of its faces in the hyperbolic plane. We detail the construction of such a triangulation and additional operations that enable the location of points and the removal of vertices. We also report results on the algebraic degree of predicates needed for all operations. We provide a fully dynamic implementation for the Bolza surface, supporting insertion of new points, removal of existing vertices, point location, and construction of dual objects. Our implementation is based on CGAL, the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library, and is currently under revision for integration in the library. To incorporate our code into CGAL, all the objects that we introduce must be compatible with the existing framework and comply with the standards adopted by the library. We give a detailed description of the classes used to represent and handle periodic hyperbolic triangulations and related objects. Benchmarks and tests are performed to evaluate our implementation, and a simple application is given in the form of a CGAL demo. We discuss an extension of our implementation to symmetric hyperbolic surfaces of genus higher than 2. We propose three methods to generate sets of dummy points for each surface and present the advantages and shortcomings of each method. We identify a suitable subset of the hyperbolic plane that contains at least one representative for each face of a Delaunay triangulation of the surface, and we define a canonical representative in the hyperbolic plane for each face on the surface. We describe a data structure to represent such a triangulation via the canonical representatives of its faces, and give algorithms for the initialization of the triangulation with dummy points. Finally, we discuss a preliminary implementation in which we examine the difficulties of having efficient exact predicates for the construction of Delaunay triangulations of symmetric hyperbolic surfaces

Nos sistemas agropecuários (SA) o meio-ambiente, o solo, os animais e as plantas são componentes indissociáveis no processo de produção. Além disso, nesses sistemas o tempo de produção é relativamente longo. Essas características dos SA incrementam o risco e a incerteza associados às alternativas de decisão tomadas no processo de produção. Uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada para auxiliar esse processo são os modelos matemáticos. Os modelos são uma representação simplificada da realidade e permitem estimar a resposta (e.g., produção) de um sistema face a alterações no processo e/ou descrever e compreender alguns dos processos que ocorrem dentro deste. Este trabalho teve como objetivos (i) testar o modelo Stockpol ® nas condições e sistemas de produção de ruminantes em pastagens brasileiros, (ii) validar um modelo de acúmulo de forragem em função de variáveis climáticas, e (iii) avaliar modelos para estimar consumo de forragem em sistemas de produção de ruminantes em pastagens. Para esse propósito foram identificadas publicações com informações suficientes que pudessem ser utilizadas nos exercícios de validação e avaliação modelos testados. As informações selecionadas sobre os sistemas de produção utilizados no Brasil foram catalogadas em três bancos de dados: pastagens, bovinos e indicadores de preços e insumos. Esse trabalho de organização dos bancos de dados permitiu identificar áreas carentes de pesquisa (como, por exemplo, a estacionalidade de produção forrageira e consumo de forragem por animais em pastejo) além da necessidade de se padronizar os procedimentos metodológicos, para que se possa comparar e integrar os resultados obtidos diversas regiões do Brasil. Apesar das limitações encontradas, se forem realizados ajustes nos parâmetros e/ou a inclusão de novas variáveis no modelo Stockpol ® , esse poderá vir a ser uma ferramenta de auxílio à pesquisa e ao processo de tomada de decisão nos sistemas de produção de ruminantes em pastagens do Brasil. O Modelo de Unidades Fototérmicas (UF) proposto é adequado para estimar a produção de Cynodon spp. desde que os fatores de variação sejam unicamente fotoperíodo e temperatura. Nesse modelo as simulações deverão ser realizadas para períodos entre 28 e 42 dias, e a temperatura base utilizada entre 13 e 15 ºC. No futuro, mais variáveis (e. g. balanço hídrico) poderão ser incorporadas ao modelo a fim de melhorar a exatidão das suas estimativas. O modelo avaliado para estimar consumo de forragem por ruminantes em pastejo deverá ser reparametrizado e/ou utilizar a oferta de folhas (massa de folhas verdes dividida pelo peso vivo animal, ambos numa mesma área de pastagem), quando aplicado a sistemas que utilizem pastagens de clima tropical. O modelo para estimar desempenho não estimou corretamente o ganho de peso dos animais, provavelmente devido à superestimativa do custo energético do pastejo e/ou da subestimativa do valor nutritivo da dieta selecionada pelos animais. Espera-se que solucionado essa questão, o modelo de desempenho animal possa trabalhar em conjunto com os modelos de UF e de consumo de forragem para que assim seja possível realizar simulações de um sistema de produção de ruminantes nas condições climáticas brasileiras e com pastagens de clima tropical. / In agricultural systems, environment, soil, animals and plants are indissociable components of the production process. Furthermore, the production time-frame is relatively long. These characteristics enhance risk and uncertainty associated with decision alternatives made during the process. One tool which can aid in decision-making in these processes is the use of mathematical modeling. Models are simplified representations of reality and allow for the estimation of responses of the system (e.g., production) as the process is altered or for the description and understanding of processes within the system. The objectives of the present study were to (i) test the Stockpol ® model under the conditions and as a predicting tool for ruminant production systems in Brazil, (ii) validate a herbage accumulation model based on climatic variables, and (iii) evaluate models that estimate forage intake on pasture-based animal production systems. For these purposes, the available literature was surveyed in order to identify the datasets that would fulfill the necessary requirements in terms of amount of information needed for the validation and evaluation exercises. The information were then catalogued in three separate datasets: pasture, animal, and economic indicators. This work allowed for the identification of research areas where information is short (such as the seasonal distribution of annual forage production as well as forage intake by grazing animals), besides the need for standardization of research methods and procedures so that research data generated in different environments and by different research groups in Brazil can be compared on the same basis. Despite the many limitations, if the existing parameters are reviewed or adjusted and/or new input variables are incorporated, the Stockpol ® model may become both a research and a decision-making tool for pasture-based animal production systems in Brazil. The Photothermal Units (PU) model proved suitable as it gave adequate predictions of forage yield of Cynodon spp. grasses considering only daylength and temperature as input variables. In this model, predictions seem to be most accurate when the base-temperature is between 13 and 15 ºC. In the future, more input variables, such as the hidric balance (to fine-tune the water budget) may be incorporated into the model to enhance its prediction ability. The model evaluated to predict forage intake by grazing ruminants will likely need reparametrization and/or use green leaf allowance (green leaf dry mass divided by total liveweight at any one point in time) to be useful in predicting intake on tropical pastures. The model used to predict performance gave poor estimates of weight gain, probably due to the overestimation of the energy cost of grazing and/or the underestimation of the nutritive value of the diet selected. It is expected that, once these issues have been resolved, the performance model can operate in conjunction with both the PU and the intake models so that the major components of the system can be simulated under Brazilian conditions

Nos sistemas agropecuários (SA) o meio-ambiente, o solo, os animais e as plantas são componentes indissociáveis no processo de produção. Além disso, nesses sistemas o tempo de produção é relativamente longo. Essas características dos SA incrementam o risco e a incerteza associados às alternativas de decisão tomadas no processo de produção. Uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada para auxiliar esse processo são os modelos matemáticos. Os modelos são uma representação simplificada da realidade e permitem estimar a resposta (e.g., produção) de um sistema face a alterações no processo e/ou descrever e compreender alguns dos processos que ocorrem dentro deste. Este trabalho teve como objetivos (i) testar o modelo Stockpol ® nas condições e sistemas de produção de ruminantes em pastagens brasileiros, (ii) validar um modelo de acúmulo de forragem em função de variáveis climáticas, e (iii) avaliar modelos para estimar consumo de forragem em sistemas de produção de ruminantes em pastagens. Para esse propósito foram identificadas publicações com informações suficientes que pudessem ser utilizadas nos exercícios de validação e avaliação modelos testados. As informações selecionadas sobre os sistemas de produção utilizados no Brasil foram catalogadas em três bancos de dados: pastagens, bovinos e indicadores de preços e insumos. Esse trabalho de organização dos bancos de dados permitiu identificar áreas carentes de pesquisa (como, por exemplo, a estacionalidade de produção forrageira e consumo de forragem por animais em pastejo) além da necessidade de se padronizar os procedimentos metodológicos, para que se possa comparar e integrar os resultados obtidos diversas regiões do Brasil. Apesar das limitações encontradas, se forem realizados ajustes nos parâmetros e/ou a inclusão de novas variáveis no modelo Stockpol ® , esse poderá vir a ser uma ferramenta de auxílio à pesquisa e ao processo de tomada de decisão nos sistemas de produção de ruminantes em pastagens do Brasil. O Modelo de Unidades Fototérmicas (UF) proposto é adequado para estimar a produção de Cynodon spp. desde que os fatores de variação sejam unicamente fotoperíodo e temperatura. Nesse modelo as simulações deverão ser realizadas para períodos entre 28 e 42 dias, e a temperatura base utilizada entre 13 e 15 ºC. No futuro, mais variáveis (e. g. balanço hídrico) poderão ser incorporadas ao modelo a fim de melhorar a exatidão das suas estimativas. O modelo avaliado para estimar consumo de forragem por ruminantes em pastejo deverá ser reparametrizado e/ou utilizar a oferta de folhas (massa de folhas verdes dividida pelo peso vivo animal, ambos numa mesma área de pastagem), quando aplicado a sistemas que utilizem pastagens de clima tropical. O modelo para estimar desempenho não estimou corretamente o ganho de peso dos animais, provavelmente devido à superestimativa do custo energético do pastejo e/ou da subestimativa do valor nutritivo da dieta selecionada pelos animais. Espera-se que solucionado essa questão, o modelo de desempenho animal possa trabalhar em conjunto com os modelos de UF e de consumo de forragem para que assim seja possível realizar simulações de um sistema de produção de ruminantes nas condições climáticas brasileiras e com pastagens de clima tropical. / In agricultural systems, environment, soil, animals and plants are indissociable components of the production process. Furthermore, the production time-frame is relatively long. These characteristics enhance risk and uncertainty associated with decision alternatives made during the process. One tool which can aid in decision-making in these processes is the use of mathematical modeling. Models are simplified representations of reality and allow for the estimation of responses of the system (e.g., production) as the process is altered or for the description and understanding of processes within the system. The objectives of the present study were to (i) test the Stockpol ® model under the conditions and as a predicting tool for ruminant production systems in Brazil, (ii) validate a herbage accumulation model based on climatic variables, and (iii) evaluate models that estimate forage intake on pasture-based animal production systems. For these purposes, the available literature was surveyed in order to identify the datasets that would fulfill the necessary requirements in terms of amount of information needed for the validation and evaluation exercises. The information were then catalogued in three separate datasets: pasture, animal, and economic indicators. This work allowed for the identification of research areas where information is short (such as the seasonal distribution of annual forage production as well as forage intake by grazing animals), besides the need for standardization of research methods and procedures so that research data generated in different environments and by different research groups in Brazil can be compared on the same basis. Despite the many limitations, if the existing parameters are reviewed or adjusted and/or new input variables are incorporated, the Stockpol ® model may become both a research and a decision-making tool for pasture-based animal production systems in Brazil. The Photothermal Units (PU) model proved suitable as it gave adequate predictions of forage yield of Cynodon spp. grasses considering only daylength and temperature as input variables. In this model, predictions seem to be most accurate when the base-temperature is between 13 and 15 ºC. In the future, more input variables, such as the hidric balance (to fine-tune the water budget) may be incorporated into the model to enhance its prediction ability. The model evaluated to predict forage intake by grazing ruminants will likely need reparametrization and/or use green leaf allowance (green leaf dry mass divided by total liveweight at any one point in time) to be useful in predicting intake on tropical pastures. The model used to predict performance gave poor estimates of weight gain, probably due to the overestimation of the energy cost of grazing and/or the underestimation of the nutritive value of the diet selected. It is expected that, once these issues have been resolved, the performance model can operate in conjunction with both the PU and the intake models so that the major components of the system can be simulated under Brazilian conditions

Ce travail est composé de deux parties.<br /><br />La première partie concerne l' étude de l'amas de galaxies Abell 85 en utilisant les données en rayons X du satellite ROSAT ainsi que des données optiques et radio. Plusieurs méthodes d'analyse ont été appliquées aux données. Nous avons ainsi pu étudier des régions particulières de l'amas comme la partie centrale, siège des courants de refroidissement ou la région de la radiosource 0038-096 où la mesure des flux X et radio a permis d'obtenir la valeur du champ magnétique.<br /><br />Une seconde partie du travail a consisté à étudier les <br />caractéristiques des courants de refroidissement ainsi que la masse de gaz et de matière noire dans 11 amas de galaxies, grâce à un programme conçu pour ajuster les données de ROSAT. Nous avons également obtenu la fraction de baryons de ces amas et discuté les conséquences cosmologiques des valeurs obtenues.

Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται αρχικά μελέτη τρωτότητας και επικινδυνότητας του ηφαιστείου της Σαντορίνης με σκοπό την μελέτη και μείωση του ηφαιστειακού κινδύνου στο νησί σε περίπτωση έκρηξης. Έπειτα καταλήγει σε προτάσεις που βοηθούν στην πρόληψη και στην σωστή διαχείριση της κατάστασης σε περίπτωση έκτακτης ανάγκης. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας περιγράφεται ο ηφαιστειακός κίνδυνος και δίνονται συγκεκριμένοι ορισμοί για έννοιες που είναι απαραίτητες γύρο από αυτόν. Ακόμη γίνεται αναφορά σε παραδείγματα άλλων ηφαιστειακών εκρήξεων με μεγάλη έκλυση τέφρας που μας ενδιαφέρουν καθώς και στην πρόσφατη σεισμική δραστηριότητα της Σαντορίνης για τα έτη 2011-2012 και ακολουθεί αναφορά σχετικά με τον στόχο της εργασίας. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στην ηφαιστειότητα της Σαντορίνης. Δίνεται η γενική περιγραφή των ενεργών ηφαιστείων της καλδέρας (Νέα Καμένη και Κολούμπο) και αναλύεται το γεωδυναμικό πλαίσιο, η γεωλογία και η ιστορική εξέλιξη της Σαντορίνης. Ακολούθως αναφέρεται η καθημερινή παρακολούθηση του ηφαιστείου από το ΗΜΠΙΣ και από το οποίο αντλούνται συνεχώς νέες πληροφορίες σχετικά με το ηφαίστειο. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναλυτική περιγραφή για το κλίμα της Σαντορίνης και δίνονται τα ανεμολόγια που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην μελέτη για τον υπολογισμό της επικινδυνότητας για κάθε μήνα ξεχωριστά. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο δίνονται οι μελέτες που έχουν γίνει μέχρι σήμερα για το θέμα και αναλύονται τα 4 σενάρια μελέτης και οι λόγοι επιλογής τους. Αυτά είναι με βάση την πηγή της έκρηξης (Κολούμπο ή Νέα Καμένη) σε συνδυασμό με το είδος της έκρηξης (υπό-Πλινιακή, Πλινιακή) iii Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα από την έκθεση πληθυσμού και τρωτότητας για την Σαντορίνη και οι υποδομές που υπάρχουν στο νησί. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο δίνεται η ανάλυση επικινδυνότητας για διάχυση τέφρας στην ατμόσφαιρα σε περίπτωση έκρηξης του ηφαιστείου και για κάθε σενάριο ξεχωριστά. Για τη συγκεκριμένη ανάλυση χρησιμοποιήθηκε το λογισμικό πρόγραμμα Tephra2 και έπειτα σχεδιάστηκαν οι ζώνες επικινδυνότητας αναλυτικά για κάθε μήνα και συγκεντρωτικά για κάθε περίοδο (τουριστική-χειμερινή). Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο έγινε η τελική εκτίμηση του ηφαιστειακού κινδύνου. Αυτή προέκυψε από τις προηγούμενες μελέτες (πληθυσμού, τρωτότητας και επικινδυνότητας) και δημιουργήθηκαν ζώνες για διαφορετικά επίπεδα κινδύνου. Το όγδοο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στη διαχείριση του κινδύνου. Αρχικά δίνονται γενικές πληροφορίες για τα μέτρα που πρέπει να ληφθούν σε περίπτωση ηφαιστειακής έκρηξης και καταλήγει με συγκεκριμένες προτάσεις για κάθε ένα από τα σενάρια που μελετήθηκαν στη παρούσα εργασία. Από τη μελέτη προκύπτει ότι θα επηρεαστεί μεγάλο μέρος του νησιού ιδιαίτερα στα νότια λόγω έκρηξης του ηφαιστείου ακόμη και αν είναι μικρού μεγέθους. Έτσι φαίνεται η σημαντικότητα δημιουργίας ενός συγκεκριμένου σχεδίου έκτακτης ανάγκης εστιασμένο στη περίπτωση της Σαντορίνης πέρα από το γενικό σχέδιο ‘’Ξενοκράτης’’, το οποίο υπάρχει στην Ελλάδα για περιπτώσεις φυσικών καταστροφών. Τέλος ως συνέχεια της εργασίας μπορεί να γίνει μελέτη του ηφαιστειακού κινδύνου με τη χρήση του προγράμματος ΒΕΤ_VH (όμως δε λαμβάνει υπόψη μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα) και να γίνει σύγκριση των τελικών αποτελεσμάτων. / Hazard analysis due to Tephra fall, risk assessment and mitigation management for Santorini volcano In this project, firstly, it is given a study for the vulnerability and hazard assessment of Santorini’s volcano, Greece, with primary aim the further study and elimination of the volcanic risk on the island, in case of an eruption. Finally, it concludes with suggestions about the appropriate mitigation and management strategies in case of an emergency situation. On the first chapter of the project it is stated the description of the volcanic risk and all the significant definitions and meanings concerning volcanic risk. In addition, there is a description of other volcanic eruptions, which ended in a huge amount of Tephra fall and of the recent seismicity during 2011-2012 in Santorini. Then, the main reason and target of the presented project are presented. The second chapter presents the volcanism of Santorini. There is a deepest description of the 2 main volcano sources of the caldera (Nea Kameni and Kolumbo), and an analysis of the geodynamics, geology and history of Santorini. Also, the Institute for the Study and Monitoring of the Santorini Volcano (I.S.M.O.SA.V.) provides Santorini with an integral monitoring system, which guarantees the timely prediction of a possible volcanic eruption and undertakes the responsibility of disproving any false statements or rumors regarding a negative state of the volcano. The climate of the island and the meteorological data, which were used for the study of the hazard assessment are analyzed on the third chapter for every month separately. There are already some studies about the hazard assessment in Santorini. These studies and the 4 new scenarios of study for this project are given on the fourth v chapter. The 4 new scenarios combine the possible eruption source (Kolumbo, Nea Kameni) with the type of the volcanic eruption (sub-Plinian, Plinian). On the fifth chapter are presented the results of the population (value) and vulnerability assessment, as well as all the infrastructures stated on the island. On the sixth chapter is given the analysis of hazard assessment for the case of Tephra diffusion in the atmosphere and for each scenario of study. For the above analysis, the software Tephra2 was used and thereafter more specific hazard zones where formed for every month of the year and for every season (touristic-winter). On the seventh chapter is given the final estimation of the volcanic hazard. This estimation is a result of the previous studies (value, vulnerability and hazard) and every zone presents a different risk level. Finally, the eighth chapter is the part of the risk management. In the beginning of the chapter are given general mitigation strategies in case of a volcanic eruption and ends in more specified suggestions for every scenario of study separately. This project shows that a big part of the caldera, mainly in the south will be affected in case of a volcano eruption even if the eruption is of a small scale. That necessitates the creation of an emergency plan specialized for the Santorini case, different from the general national emergency plan ‘’Xenokratis’’, which already exists in Greece for possible natural disasters. For future study, it can be carried out a study of the volcanic risk with the use of the BETH_VH software (does not includes meteorological data) and to compare the final results of the two studies.

Είναι γεγονός ότι το οικονομικό περιβάλλον του αιώνα που διανύουμε χαρακτηρίζεται από τον έντονο ανταγωνισμό και την ταχύτητα με την οποία εξελίσσονται, όχι μόνο η τεχνολογία και η επιστημονική γνώση, αλλά και αυτά καθαυτά τα συστήματα παραγωγής, διακίνησης και προώθησης στον πελάτη, ποιοτικών προϊόντων και υπηρεσιών. Άμεση συνέπεια των παραπάνω είναι αφενός η αύξηση της αβεβαιότητας των επιχειρήσεων, ως προς το στρατηγικό τους προσανατολισμό, και αφετέρου η αύξηση της πολυπλοκότητας σε κάθε διάσταση της σύγχρονης επιχείρησης (προϊόν, σύστημα παραγωγής, προγραμματισμός, δίκτυο προμηθευτών κλπ). Οι παραπάνω συνθήκες έχουν δημιουργήσει την ανάγκη για την εφαρμογή συστημάτων διοίκησης που να αναγνωρίζουν τη φύση της επιχείρησης του 21ου αιώνα και να προσεγγίζουν ολιστικά το σύνολο των παραμέτρων που δύναται να επιφέρουν ανταγωνιστικό πλεονέκτημα. / In contemporary software development projects companies are facing challenges, such as constantly changing requirements, pressure to deliver faster, and the need to cut costs due to competition. This leads to the increasing uncertainty in companies and to the increasing complexity in all aspects of modern business (product, production system, programming, network providers, etc.). In an attempt to deal with these challenges new methods evolved, which became known as agile project management and agile software development. The agile approach aims to produce high quality software products faster, to create more value and to satisfy customers’ needs better.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξερευνά την αξιοποίηση εκπαιδευτικού λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα για την υποστήριξη της διδασκαλίας των μαθημάτων της «Αρχιτεκτονικής υπολογιστή» και του «Μικροπρογραμματισμού». Μετά από μία προσεκτική έρευνα επιλέγεται το MythSim, το οποίο και προσαρμόζεται κατάλληλα στην ελληνική γλώσσα. Το λογισμικό αξιολογείται για την παιδαγωγική και εκπαιδευτική αξιοποίησή του, ενώ σχεδιάζεται και ένα πλήρες σύνολο δραστηριοτήτων με σκοπό να μυήσουν σταδιακά τον μαθητευόμενο στον προγραμματισμό σε χαμηλό επίπεδο. / This diploma exploits the benefits of an educational open source software in supporting the teaching of "Computer architecture" and "Microprogramming". After a careful search the MythSim software is selected and adapted to the modern greek language. The software is evaluated for its pedagogical and educational use and a complete set of activities is designed to gradually initiate the student in low-level programming.

Δημιουργία του ιστότοπου της κυτταρολογικής Βάσης Δεδομένων Φυτών PhytoKaryon, η οποία περιέχει καρυολογικά δεδομένα των φυτών της Μεσογείου και της Ευρώπης. Υλοποιήθηκε σε περιβάλλον PHP, MySQL και Apache Server. Παρουσιάζει τα αποτελέσματα της αξιοποίησης της Βάσης Δεδομένων από την πλευρά του απλού χρήστη του Ιστότοπου. / The creation of the site of the cytologic Plants' Data Base PhytoKaryon, which contains karyological data of plants of Mediterranean and Europe. It was implemented in PHP, MySQL and Apache Server environment. It presents the results of exploitation of Data Base from the side of user.