Os chás destacam-se como a segunda bebida mais consumida no mundo. Além disso, seu consumo tem se modernizado, adequando-se aos anseios dos consumidores. São uma boa fonte de compostos com atividade antioxidante, os quais podem trazer benefícios à saúde humana pelo retardamento do processo de envelhecimento, assim como pela prevenção de doenças crônicas, tais como o câncer e doenças cardiovasculares. Infusões de ervas processadas e frescas foram estudadas quanto a teor de compostos fenólicos totais, perfil de flavonóides e atividade antioxidante. Os teores de compostos fenólicos totais, determinados pelo método de Folin–Ciocalteu, variaram de zero a 46,46 mg/g. Os flavonóides miricetina, quercetina e campferol foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) nos chás preto, verde e de camomila. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método do seqüestro do radical 2,2'-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e pelo sistema modelo β-caroteno/ácido linoléico (BCAL), usando hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) e α- tocoferol como padrões. As maiores atividades encontradas pelo sistema modelo BCAL foram para as infusões de chá preto, mate, capim-limão, camomila e funcho, enquanto as infusões de ervas frescas apresentaram as menores atividades. Entretanto, quando a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método do DPPH, as infusões de ervas frescas de menta e funcho foram as que apresentaram as maiores atividades. Os chás processados que apresentaram os menores valores de IC50 foram verde e preto (147,63 µg/mL e 288,60 µg/mL, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as infusões analisadas são boas fontes de compostos com atividade antioxidante. / Teas are the second most consumed beverage in the world. Besides this, their consumption has been modernized to suit the consumers? desires. They are a good source of compounds presenting antioxidant activity, which can bring benefits to human health by retarding the process of aging, as well as by preventing chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Processed teas and herbal infusions were studied for their total polyphenol content, flavonoid profile, and antioxidant activity. Total phenolics, determined by Folin?Ciocalteu procedure, ranged from zero to 46.46 mg/g. Flavonoids myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol were identified and quantified by High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in black, green, and chamomile tea. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl method (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching test (BCB), with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α-tocopherol as reference substances. The highest activities using BCB were found for infusions of black tea, maté, lemongrass, chamomile, and fennel, whereas fresh herbal infusions presented the lowest activities. However, when the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, fresh herbal infusions of mint and fennel presented the highest activities. Processed teas with the lowest IC50 values were green and black (147.63 µg/mL and 288.60g/mL and 288.60 µg/mL, respectively). The results obtained demonstrate that the infusions analyzed are good sources of compounds presenting antioxidant activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Camilla Pedreira da Silva.pdf: 3646522 bytes, checksum: 1265bedbb6032df689d55556830004da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-26 / The role of estrogen in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy model is not often studied so far. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the best protocolo of isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy and assess the role the 17 &#946;- estradiol in this model. In the first part female Wistar rats were treated with different doses of D-L isoproterenol chloride: 0,5 (Iso 0,5), 5 (Iso 5), 10 ( Iso 10) mg/kg/day, or vehicle (saline 0.9%) s.c., during 8 or 16 days (n = 10/group). The electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiogram (ECO) and histology were performed in the end of the experiments (8 or 16 days). In second part, female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (Ovx) or false operated (sham) and 48 hours after were treated with isoproterenol (5mg/kg/day), s.c. or vehicle (saline 0.9%) during 16 days (n=10/ group) comprising the groups as follow: sham+saline, Ovx+saline, sham+iso e Ovx+iso. Four additional groups were treated with estradiol benzoate: 7 &#956;g/kg/day (Ovx+E2.7+iso e Ovx+E2.7) or 140 &#956;g/kg/day (Ovx+E2.140+iso) during 16 days (n = 10/group). The dose of isoproterenol was divided into twice a day while estrogen administration once a day. Two weeks before the beginning of the experiments,the rats underwent estrous cycle assessment and those which did not present three consecutive regular cycles were excluded from the study. ECG, and post- mortem studies were performed in the end of the experiments. The groups ISO-0.5, ISO-5 and ISO-10 showed a significant increase in cardiac index when compared to control groups (p < 0,01). The groups treated with isoproterenol during 16 days showed cardiac indexes higher than those treated with the same doses but during 8 days (p < 0,05). ECG showed increase QRS index only in the ISO-5 and Iso -10 groups. The groups treated with isoproterenol showed subendocardic fibrosis, especially in the left ventricle. In second part of this study, the groups treated with isoproterenol showed a significant increase in cardiac index (IC) when compared to control groups. O Ovx+E2.140+iso showed significant increase in IC when compared to Ovx+iso (p < 0,05).The cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol was time but not dose-dependent, at least in the dose used herein. The fibrosis seems be dose-dependent from the use of bigger doses. High dose of 18-beta estradiol enhanced isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy which was not detected by conventional ECG assessment. / Um estudo pouco frequente no modelo de hipertrofia card?aca induzida pelo isoproterenol, ? aquele referente ao papel dos estr?genos no desenvolvimento da hipertrofia mioc?rdica. Portanto, neste trabalho, buscou-se a padroniza??o do modelo de hipertrofia card?aca induzida pelo isoproterenol, bem como, a avalia??o do papel do17 &#946;- estradiol neste modelo. Na primeira etapa foram utilizadas ratas Wistar (200 250g) que foram tratadas com diferentes doses de D-L cloridrato de isoproterenol (Iso): 0,5 (Iso 0,5), 5 (Iso 5), 10 (Iso 10) mg/kg/dia, s.c., durante 8 ou 16 dias (n=10/grupo).O Eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma (ECO) e an?lise histol?gica foram realizados ao final do experimento (8 ou 16 dias). Na segunda etapa ratas Wistar foram ovariectomiazadas bilateralmente (Ovx) ou falso- operadas (sham) e 48 horas ap?s foram tratadas com Iso (5mg/kg/dia) s.c ou ve?culo (salina 0,9%) s.c, durante 16 dias, formando os seguintes grupos: sham+salina, Ovx+salina, sham+Iso e Ovx+Iso. Quatro grupos adicionais foram tratados com benzoato de estradiol nas doses de 7&#956;g/kg/dia (Ovx+E2.7+Iso e Ovx+E2.7) ou 140&#956;g/kg/dia (Ovx+E2.140+Iso e Ovx+E2.140) durante 16 dias (n=10/grupo). A dose de Iso foi dividida duas vezes ao dia e a administra??o hormonal foi feita uma vez ao dia. Duas semanas antes do in?cio do experimento foi realizado o acompanhamento do ciclo estral das ratas sendo descartadas do experimento aquelas que n?o apresentavam tr?s ciclos regulares consecutivos. Ao final do experimento foram realizados o ECG e os estudos post mortem. Os grupos Iso 0,5 , Iso 5 e Iso 10 apresentaram um aumento significativo do ?ndice card?aco (IC) quando comparado com o controle (p < 0,001). O grupo tratado com Iso durante 16 dias (Iso 5) apresentou um aumento no ?ndice card?aco quando comparado com o mesmo grupo durante 8 dias. No ECG houve aumento no ?ndice QRS somente nos grupos Iso 5 e Iso 10. Os grupos tratados com Iso mostraram uma fibrose subendoc?rdica ventricular. Na segunda etapa todos os grupos tratados com Iso apresentaram um aumento no IC quando comparado com os seus respectivos controles. O Ovx+E2.140+Iso apresentou aumento significativo do IC quando comparado ao Ovx+Iso. Ao contr?rio do ?ndice card?aco, n?o houve diferen?a estat?stica entre a amplitude do complexo QRS do Ovx+E2.140+Iso e Ovx+Iso. A hipertrofia card?aca induzida pelo Iso parece ser tempo e n?o dose dependente, pelo menos no tempo e dose utilizada.A fibrose parece ser dose dependente a partir da utiliza??o de doses maiores de Iso. O estr?geno na dose de 140 &#956;g/kg/dia potencializou a hipertrofia card?aca induzida pelo isoproterenol, por?m o ECG n?o foi sens?vel em detectar essa diferen?a e o estr?geno, no protocolo utilizado, n?o reduziu a porcentagem de fibrose no modelo de hipertrofia card?aca induzida pelo isoproterenol.

Suite à une proposition du programme européen BRITE-EURAM II, le contrat " Gas Sensors and Associated Signal Processing for Automotive Applications ", appelé aussi ECONOX, et établi avec différents partenaires scientifiques et industriels, a permis à l'équipe " Chimie-Physique des Semi-Conducteurs " du centre " Sciences des Processus Industriels et Naturels " de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne de valoriser un long travail déjà effectué sur des capteurs à gaz et de financer d'autres recherches afin " d'industrialiser " un certain type de capteur dit à " alumine β ". Le laboratoire travaille, en effet, depuis quelques années déjà, au développement de ce nouveau type de capteur constitué par un mélange d'alumine β/ β'' dopé ou non avec du verre. Ce capteur, de type potentiométrique, fournit une tension électrique lorsqu'il est en présence de monoxyde de carbone ou bien encore de gaz susceptibles de se combiner aux contacts des deux électrodes d'or et de platine. Eliette Fascetta a travaillé sur ce type de capteur en utilisant d'abord le dioxyde de soufre puis le monoxyde de carbone. Nous savons, grâce aux travaux déjà effectués, que la réponse électrique est fonction de la température à laquelle est porté le capteur, de la concentration des gaz injectés, ainsi que de leur nature.

A) INTRODUCCIÓ:Membres de la superfamilía de TGF-&#946; regulen una varietat de processos biològics, com inhibició del creixement, diferenciació, formació del patró embriònic i inducció d'apoptosi. Aquest lligants secretats s'uneixen i activen uns receptors serin/threonin quinasa tipus I i II. Aquests receptors activats fosforilen i activen unes proteïnes SMADs intracel·lulars, les quals transloquen a nucli regulant l'exprressió de gens diana. A més, al TGF-beta se li ha atribuit un paper com a factor proangiogènic "in vivo". "In vitro", s'ha observat que TGF-beta inhibeix la proliferació de les cèl·lules endotelials en cultius de dues dimensions, però que indueix la formació de capilars quan les cèl·lules endotelials es cultiven en tres dimensions dins de gels de col·làgen.A partir de cèl·lules endotelials cultivades en tres dimensions es va generar una col·lecció de cDNAs, en absència (condicions basals) o en presència de TGF durant un tractament de 4 hores. Posteriorment, aquests gens es van seqüenciar i analitzar per Northern Blot en cèl·lules endotelials en condicions basals i tractades amb TGF-&#946;. Mitjançant aquesta tècnica es va aconseguir aïllar gens induïts o reprimits per TGF-&#946;. Entre aquests gens induïts es va trobar la F-box28.Una de les vies de degradació de proteïnes més comú és la via de la ubiquitina/proteasoma. Aquesta via està formada per tres enzims: l'E1, que és l'encarregat d'activar les molècules d'ubiquitina; l'E2, que és l'enzim conjugador de les molècules d'ubiquitina;, i les E3 ubiquitines lligases, la funció principal de les quals és la de reconèixer el substrat específic que serà ubiquitinat, i degradat posteriorment pel complexe del proteasoma. Dins de la família d'E3 ubiquitines lligases trobem el complex tipus SCF. Aquest complex proteic està format per quatre subunitats molt ben conservades: Cul1, Rbx1, Skp1 y una proteïna F-box. Rbx1 y Cul1 formen un centro catalític que participa en el reclutament d'E2. La proteïna F-box és qui reconeix específicament el substrat diana i l'uneix. Finalment, Skp1, és una proteïna adaptadora, la funció de la qual és la de unir la F-box a Cul1.En aquest treball, ens hem plantejat l'estudi d'una nova E3 ubiquitina lligasa, la F-box28, que es va identificar en un primer moment com un gen estimulat per TGF-&#946;1 en cèl·lules endotelials 1G11. Aquest treball planteja la caracterizació d'aquesta proteïna, així com la identificació de la seva funció en relació a l'acció de TGF-&#946;.B) OBJECTIUS1) Estudi de l'expressió d'F-box28 i la seva localització cel·lular.2) Estudi de la F-box28 com a E3 ubiquitina lligasa, de la seva regulació i de la seva vida mitja.3) Estudi de les possibles funcions d'F-box28 i la seva implicació en la regulació del cicle cel·lular.4) Estudi dels possibles substrats candidats de la F-box28.C) RESULTATS1) La proteïna identificada per PCR-substractiva com a F-box28 és una nova proteïna que pertany al complex E3 ubiquitina lligasa tipus SCF, ja que hem vist que interacciona con les proteïnes Cul1 y Skp1.2) La F-box28 presenta una expressió baixa en estat basal i la seva expressió és induïda pel factor TGF-&#946;1, a nivell d'mRNA i de proteïna, en cèl·lules endotelials 1G11 i en cèl·lules HeLa.3) La F-box28 és una proteïna de localització nuclear gràcies a una seqüència NLS en el seu extrem C-terminal.4) La F-box28 és una proteïna inestable de 4-5 hores de vida mitja que és regulada a través del proteasoma. 5) La sobreexpressió d'F-box28 en cèl·lules HeLa causa una parada parcial en la fase G1 del cicle cel·lular. Aquest efecte requereix la seva localització nuclear i podria ser mediat per la seva interacció amb la ciclina A i la disminució dels nivells d'aquesta. / THESIS SUMMARY:"F-BOX28 CHARACTERIZATION: A NEW E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE IMPLICATED IN THE CELL CYCLE REGULATION"A) INTRODUCTIONProteins are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway by covalent modification that requires the coordinated reactions of three enzymes: the ubiquitin ligase which is referred to as an E3, and operates in conjunction with an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. There is one major E1 enzyme, shared by all ubiquitin ligases, which uses ATP to activate ubiquitin for conjugation and transfers it to an E2 enzyme. The E2 enzyme interacts with a specific E3 partner and transfers the ubiquitin to the target protein. The E3, which may be a multi-protein complex, is, in general, responsible for targeting ubiquitination to specific substrate proteins.There are different ubiquitin ligase complexes involved in recognition and ubiquitination of specific target proteins. One of these is the SCF complex. SCF contains three core subunits, and a number of less critical components: the F-box, which recognizes specifically the target protein; Skp1 that is a bridging protein and is essential in the recognition and binding of the F-box; Cul1 that forms the major structural scaffold of the SCF complex; and Rbx1 which participate in the transferral of the ubiquitin to the target protein. The SCF complex has important roles in the ubiquitination of proteins involved in the cell cycle as well as having a role in the marking various other cellular proteins for destruction.In the present work we have studied a new E3 ubiquitin ligase, F-box28, which was identified as an stimulated gene by TGF-&#946;1 in 1G11 endothelial cells. In this study we determine the characterization of F-box28 and their possible role regarding to TGF-&#946;1.B) OBJECTIVES1) Expression study of F-box28 and their cellular localization.2) Study of F-box28 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, their regulation and stability.3) Functional study of F-box28 and its role regarding regulation of cell cycle.4) Study of the F-box28 substrates.C) RESULTS1) F-box28 is a new protein that belongs to the ubiquitin ligase complex SCF.2) F-box28 mRNA and protein responds to TGF-&#946;1 stimulation in 1G11 endothelial and HeLa cells.3) F-box28 is a nuclear protein with a NLS sequence in their C-terminal end. 4) F-box protein has an average life of 4-5 hours and it is regulated through the proteasome complex.5) The F-box28 overexpression in HeLa cells induce a partial G1 cell cycle arrest. This effect requires their nuclear localization and it could be mediated through their interaction with cyclin A and the decrease levels of this cyclin.

On 11 September 1936 a Times editorial made reference to the 'clamourous partisanship' that had been brought about by the civil war in Spain. In literature since the war this polarisation of opinion has been central to representations of British responses to the conflict. Much attention has focused on the divergent British political responses, and particularly on those of the left, responses which became increasingly bitter as Spain became a 'distorting mirror in which Europe[could] see an exaggerated reflection of her own divisions'. Yet, as The Times editorial continued at the time, in spite of all 'incitements the great mass of public opinion (remained) firmly opposed to any taking of sides. This public resistance to the 'clamourous' efforts of supporters of the Republic or advocates of the Nationalists has been noted in subsequent literature but has not been explored in any depth, explanation generally centring around the policy of appeasement. While not ignoring such explanations, this study argues that the imagery and language employed in the various contemporary interpretations of events played a significant part in distancing events. The study, then, aims to add a cultural perspective to the more widely examined political understanding of British responses to Spain during the 1930s. Through an analysis of representations in mass culture, and through an examination of the experiences of the growing numbers of British visitors to the Peninsula, the study first seeks to identify the expectations of Spain and the Spanish people most commonly held in Britain of the 1930s. It then goes on to examine how, during the life of the Republic and especially throughout the Civil War, supporters of both sides, in every form of mass media available, repeatedly referred to this framework of preconceived notions as they endeavoured to interpret issues and events for their British audiences. Particular attention is given to differing portrayals of the Spanish political scene and the Catholic Church, to the representations of the two sides and what they reportedly stood for. Finally, by looking at reactions to events in the Basque provinces, examining responses to humanitarian aid appeals and once again assessing the attitudes found in fictional representations of the war the study offers some measure of the impact of the war on the wider British public.

The enzyme, &amp / #946 / -galactosidase (E.C.3.2.1.23) has been used for dairy industry for removing lactose from milk and milk by-products. In this study, three strains namely L. plantarum NCIMB 1193, L. plantarum DSM 20246 and L. plantarum E081 were used for &amp / #946 / -galactosidase release by sonication method. The peak of the total enzyme activity was found to be corresponding to late logarithmic or early stationary phase of all strains. As a disruption method sonication was used for the release of &amp / #946 / -galactosidase. Meanwhile, the sonication time was optimized for each strain. The peak of the enzyme activity was observed between 210 seconds and 270 seconds of sonication period. It was also found that sonication did not decrease the viability of L.plantarum NCIMB 1193 significantly. Liquid nitrogen cell disruption method was also used to compare the results with those obtained by sonication method. For characterization &amp / #946 / -galactosidase, cell-free crude extract of sonicated cell culture of L.plantanrum NCIMB 1193 was used. Optimum pH found as 7.2, and optimum temperature range was found between between 350 C to 400 C. Km and Vmax values were found as 3.47 mM and 1.721 (&amp / #956 / mol / min per mg protein) respectively from Lineweaver-Burk plot. Km and Vmax values were found as 4.064 mM and 1.863 (&amp / #956 / mol / min per mg cell-free crude extract) respectively from Eadie-Hofstee plot. The number of ligand binding sites (napp) on a molecule of &amp / #946 / -galactosidase was found as 1.03 which indicates that the number of ligand binding sites on the enzyme is one.

The aim of this study is to analyze regional disparities and to test the convergence hypothesis across the provinces of Turkey. The study also attempts to analyze the spatial spillovers in the growth process of the provinces. The analyses cover the 1987-2001 period. Two alternative methodologies are used in the analyses. First, the methodology of &amp / #946 / -convergence based on cross-sectional regressions is used and effects of spatial dependence are analyzed using spatial econometric techniques. Second, Markov chain analysis is used and spatial dependence is integrated using spatial Markov chains. Results of both methodologies signal nonexistence of convergence and existence of spatial spillovers in the growth process of provinces.

Les recherches qui ont abouti à cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrivent dans la thématique des nationalismes ibériques contemporains qui ont animé (et animent toujours) les questions territoriales et nationales de l’Espagne. L’Aragon, souvent absent de ce débat, est pourtant un territoire charnière entre la France, la Catalogne, le Pays valencien, la Castille et le bloc basco-navarrais. D’un point de vue géopolitique, l’Aragon apparaît donc en territoire « tampon » entre l’Espagne centrale (exclusivement castillane, hispanophone et nationalement espagnole) et l’Espagne périphérique (bilingue et dont la conscience nationale est plus complexe). Du fait de ces spécificités, l’Aragon ne connaît pas le bipartisme PSOE/PP propre aux régions de l’intérieur de l’Espagne. Pour gouverner l’Aragon et ses communes, ces deux partis espagnols doivent s’allier à des forces aragonaises (une de centre-droit et une de centre-gauche). Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), créée en 1986 est ce parti aragonésiste de gauche ; il se dit « nationaliste ». Le « nationalisme aragonais » de CHA trouve sa légitimité dans l’existence d’une « nation aragonaise » justifiée par l’Histoire médiévale du Royaume d’Aragon et ses institutions politiques et juridiques. CHA défend ainsi « l’autodétermination de la nation aragonaise » au sein d’un État espagnol fédéral. Son membre le plus célèbre, a sans doute été José Antonio Labordeta, disparu en septembre 2010, qui a été député au Congreso de los Diputados de Madrid pendant deux législatures (2000-2004 et 2004-2008). / The research presented in this thesis deals with the study of the contemporary Iberian nationalism which has influenced the territorial and national questions of Spain. Aragon, despite being a crossroad territory between France, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile and the Basque-Navarrese region, is often missing from this discussion. From a geopolitical point of view, Aragon appears to be like a “buffer” territory between central Spain and its borders. Moreover, due to these characteristics, Aragon has no two-party system PSOE/PP as is the case in Spain’s interior regions, but it also doesn’t have the hegemonic role of a NSWP (Non State-wide Parties), which defends a non-Spanish nationalism. What we do find in Aragon are two NSWPs with which the two big Spanish SWPs (State-wide Parties) have to form an alliance with, in order to govern in the big cities and at the Autonomous Parliament. The main focus of this thesis is on the Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), the Aragonese left-wing political Party which was created in 1986. Its political tradition, its ideology, its position in comparison to other NSWPs will be studied along with the circumstances that have made it possible for them to obtain a deputy at the Spanish Parliament in 2000 and to become the third major political force of Aragon from 2003 to 2007. Then, the possible causes of the Chunta Aragonesista’s electoral failure since 2007 will be analyzed. Finally, this paper will examine the role that Aragon (and the Chunta Aragonesista) could play by putting forward a new configuration of the Spanish state on the basis of a federal republic.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1_Pre textual.pdf: 61532 bytes, checksum: 4fa149fb047718f2980e2476f6656a1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The treatments of bone loss are current topics of research. The materials that stand out in the treatments of reconstruction and formation of new bone tissue, are the hydroxyapatite, the &#945; and/or &#946; calcium phosphates, and biphasic hydroxyapatite / &#945; &#61472; and/or &#946; calcium phosphate. It is known from literature that these biomaterials have mineralogical composition similar to bone apatite of the human skeleton. The microand nanostructured biphasic bioceramics have been studied and they are promising in the procedures of reconstruction and tissue regeneration. This is due to their characteristics and properties, especially the biocompatibility, high surface area of grains and micro-porosity, which leads to improved conditions within of the processes of osseoindução, osseointegration of bone tissue and the formation of new bone tissue early. These biomaterials are still promising in applications such as anatomic remodeling, in the facial aesthetics dentin, increasing the angle of the jaw, in the treatment of fractures in patients with osteoporosis, and in the treatment of the traumatology. This work was aimed at the synthesis and characterization of compositions beta-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, that previously was synthesized compositions of phosphates in ratio Ca / P = 1.6 and 1.7 molar by the wet method. The powder recovered from the synthesis was dried in a rotary evaporator and subsequently calcined at 900 º C/2h for obtain beta-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite phase. After, there was the preparation of for biphasic hydroxyapatite / beta-tricalcium phosphate 60% / 40% by volume, by the method of fragmentation mechanical in attrition milling. The characterization studies were performed using the techniques X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Studies were performed in vivo and humans for analysis of bone formation. / Os tratamentos de perdas ósseas são temas atuais de pesquisa. Alguns dos materiais que se destacam em tratamentos de reconstituição e formação de um novo tecido ósseo, são a hidroxiapatita, os fosfatos de cálcio-&#946; e/ou &#945;, e os bifásicos hidroxiapatita/fosfato de cálcio-&#946; e/ou &#945;. Sabe-se da bibliografia que estes biomateriais apresentam composição mineralógica similar à apatita óssea do esqueleto humano. As biocerâmicas bifásicas micro e nanoestruturadas vêm sendo estudadas e são promissoras em procedimentos de reconstrução e recomposição tecidual. Isso se deve às suas características e propriedades, principalmente a biocompatíbilidade, a área superficial elevada dos grãos e a microporosidade. O que conduz a melhores condições dentro dos processos de osseoindução, osseointegração e formação de um novo tecido ósseo. Estes biomateriais são ainda promissores em aplicações como remodelação anatômica, na estética facial dentinária, no aumento do ângulo da mandíbula, no tratamento de fraturas em pacientes com osteoporose, além de tratamentos traumatológicos. Este trabalho realizou a síntese e caracterização das composições de fosfatos de cálcio obtidas pelo método via úmida. O pó nanoestruturado recuperado da síntese passou pelo processo de calcinação a temperatura de 900ºC/2h, fornecendo as fases fosfato tricálcio-&#946; e a hidroxiapatita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a elaboração de quatro composições bifásicas hidroxiapatita/fosfato tricálcio-&#946; na razão HA/TCP-&#946; 60% /40% em volume. Para obtenção das composições bifásicas, utilizou-se o método de fragmentação mecânica em moinho atritor. Os estudos de caracterização foram realizados utilizando as técnicas difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC). Foram realizados estudos preliminares in vivo em humanos para avaliação do comportamento dos biomateriais no processo de formação óssea no período de três meses.

L'Association internationale des travailleurs, fondée en 1922, est la principale fédération d'organisations anarcho-syndicalistes, un courant important du mouvement ouvrier, essentiellement en Europe et en Amérique latine entre les années 1910 et 1930. Les collectivisations révolutionnaires en Espagne au cours de la guerre civile constituent sa plus grande réalisation, tandis qu'un déclin du mouvement s'est déjà amorcé dans les autres pays. Confrontés à leur propre mise en pratique, les principes, tactiques et finalités anarcho-syndicalistes commencent alors à être mis en question. Cette thèse étudie les causes et manifestations de la crise qui commence à ce moment, et dure tout au long du XXe siècle, entraînant sa division et sa marginalisation ; en même temps que ses résurgences multiformes. Elle permet d'entrevoir les transformations de l'AIT, du courant et de la culture qu'elle représente, ainsi que les raisons de leur persistance. / The International Workers Association was founded in 1922, and is the historical and largest organisation of anarcho-syndicalism, one of the major working class currents, mainly in Europe and Latin America between the 1910 and 1930 decades. The collectivizations in Spain during the civil war represent its biggest fulfillment, while in the other countries the movement allready started to decline. The practical application of the anarcho-syndicalist principles, tactics and aims leads to various re-assessments and internal conflicts. This thesis studies the causes and manifestations of the long term crisis which starts at this moment and goes on throughout the whole XXth century. At the same time as anarcho-syndicalism divides and marginalizes itself, multiform resurgences occurs. This overview enables to discern the transformations of the IWA, of the current and the culture it embodies, and the reasons of their persistence.