Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T21:06:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Lidiane Aparecida Longo Garcia Goncalves1.pdf: 2577954 bytes, checksum: d8d639743559d333157f28bcb8793fef (MD5) Lidiane Aparecida Longo Garcia Goncalves2.pdf: 4181689 bytes, checksum: f216a534c6c8d562e49e84ce660b7996 (MD5) Lidiane Aparecida Longo Garcia Goncalves3.pdf: 3585457 bytes, checksum: 37c34552a2cade0a7f20a3895c352fb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The Brazilian Constitution establishes as a rule for appointment to public offices and positions the previously approvation by the tender, under penalty of nullity. The fixedterm contract to meet the temporary need of exceptional public interest is an exception, but there are two situations that lead its declaration: the extension of contracts beyond the time limit allowed by law, when there is no more the aspect of temporary need or hiring to work on activities that are not included on the exhaustive list of the law authorizing. In these cases, the majority jurisprudential understanding is that the contract must be declared invalid retroactively and the worker has only the right entitled to payment of the consideration agreed, upon in relation to the number of hours worked, respected the value of the minimum wage, and the values related to FGTS deposits. This placement, however, forsake an employee who acted in good faith and relied on the legitimacy of actions taken by the state, besides did not do reference about the punishment of the agent responsible for the unlawful administrative act. The systematic reading of the constitutional text reveals the necessity to maintain legal certainty, which is effective, in this case, with the protection of the worker in the face of the nullity of recruitment by the Public Administration. To do so, must be declared the invalidity of the contract with effects ex nunc, preserving the factual situation to the past tense statement, with the State ordered to compensate the work done with all sums, other than those typical of remission without cause, because the termination of the contract was made by virtue of its declaration of invalidity. / A Constituição brasileira estabelece como regra para investidura em cargos e empregos públicos a aprovação prévia em concurso público, sob pena de nulidade. O contrato por tempo determinado para atender a necessidade temporária de excepcional interesse público é uma exceção, mas há duas hipóteses que ensejam sua nulidade: a prorrogação dos contratos para além dos prazos autorizados pela legislação, quando não mais existe o aspecto temporário da necessidade ou a contratação para atuar em atividades que não estão relacionadas no rol taxativo da lei que a autoriza. Nestes casos, o entendimento jurisprudencial majoritário é de que o contrato deve ser declarado nulo retroativamente e o trabalhador tem direito apenas ao pagamento da contraprestação pactuada, em relação ao número de horas trabalhadas, respeitado o valor da hora do salário mínimo, e dos valores referentes aos depósitos do FGTS. Este posicionamento, contudo, desampara o trabalhador que agiu de boa-fé e confiou na legitimidade dos atos praticados pelo Estado, além de ser omisso no tocante à punição do agente responsável pelo ato administrativo inválido. A leitura sistemática do texto constitucional revela a necessidade de manutenção da segurança jurídica, o que se efetiva, nesta hipótese, com a proteção deste trabalhador em face da nulidade de contratação pela Administração Pública. Para tanto, deve-se declarar a invalidade da contratação com efeitos ex nunc, resguardando a situação fática pretérita à declaração, sendo o Estado condenado a indenizar o trabalho prestado com todas as verbas contratuais trabalhistas, excluindo-se aquelas típicas da dispensa imotivada, pois a extinção do contrato se deu em virtude de sua declaração de nulidade.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento de tubos metálicos enterrados, submetidos ao carregamento móvel de um veículo. Foram realizadas análises numéricas utilizando o método de elementos finitos para o cálculo da tensão vertical no solo, momento fletor, tensão normal e deformação diametral vertical do tubo. Foram analisados 630 modelos, obtidos da variação das características do solo (módulo de elasticidade) com o objetivo de representar diferentes níveis de compactação do solo, características do tubo (espessura da parede do tubo) e da altura da camada de recobrimento do solo. O programa utilizado nas análises numéricas foi o SIGMA/W do pacote Geostudio. Os resultados encontrados apontam que as maiores tensões no solo, momentos, tensões normais e deformações no tubo ocorrem devido ao carregamento móvel quando este se localiza exatamente acima do tubo. Observou-se que o aumento da espessura da camada de solo que recobre a tubulação causa uma diminuição de 15% a 55% das tensões verticais no solo, momentos fletores, tensões normais e deformações no tubo. Foram desenvolvidas equações para o cálculo das deformações para os casos estudados. Foi também desenvolvido um procedimento para a moldagem de corpos de prova de areia no estado fofo (índice de vazios máximo) para realização de ensaios triaxiais. / This paper presents a study on the behavior of buried metal pipes, subjected to the vehicle live load. Numerical analysis using the finite element method to calculate the vertical stress were made on the ground, bending moment, normal stress and diametral vertical pipe deformation. 630 models were analyzed, obtained from the variation of the soil characteristics (modulus) in order to represent different levels of soil compaction, the pipe characteristics (thickness of the pipe wall) and the height of the soil cover layer. The program used in numerical analysis was the SIGMA/W Geostudio package. The results show that the highest stresses on the ground moments, normal stresses and strains in the tube occur due to live loading when it is located just above the tube. It was observed that increasing the thickness of the layer of soil covering the pipe causes a decrease from 15% to 55% of the vertical tensions in the ground, bending moments, normal stress and strain on the pipe. Equations were developed to calculate the deformations in the cases studied. It has also developed a procedure for molding sand specimens into the soft state (maximum void ratio) to perform triaxial tests.

Cette thèse consiste en une recherche sur la représentation du paysage dans les arts poétique et visuel, à partir d’un éclairage réciproque entre cultures occidentale (principalement française et antique) et chinoise. Notre recherche est inspirée par la définition canonique du paysage: le paysage est une portion de l'espace terrestre, représentée ou observée à l'horizontale comme à la verticale par un observateur. En conséquence, pour les chercheurs de la littérature moderne, c’est le surgissement de la notion de « sujet » qui engendre la notion du paysage dans son sens étymologique. En revanche, dans la poésie chinoise ancienne dont la syntaxe est nominale, l’être, comme prédicat dominant qui structure la vision du sujet vis-à-vis du paysage, est souvent absent. Le langage chinois reflète une perspective non-anthropocentrique du paysage en Chine ancienne. Une deuxième étude significative conduit à la révision de la conception canonique du paysage: Celle de l’art visuel et poétique ancien, qui permet d’écrire une préhistoire du paysage (les éléments naturels) et de proposer une théorie de l’émergence du paysage dans l’Antiquité. Cette tentative proposant la naissance du paysage dans l’Antiquité se distingue dès lors de celle qui la fait naître à la Renaissance. Je m’efforce d’esquiver « le grand récit » proclamant une vérité universellement valable, pour préconiser « les petits récits » qui précisent « les représentations localisées du domaine restreint ». J’ai choisi un certain nombre de thèmes fondamentaux concernant le paysage - le sublime, la Stimmung, les ruines et le vide -, que j’interroge sur des problématiques comme celle du lien entre sujet et objet, la conscience de l’histoire et le lieu de mémoire, etc. / This dissertation focuses on the representation of landscape in poetry and visual arts, with the reciprocal illumination of Western (mainly French and Antiquity) and Chinese culture. This research is inspired by the canonical definition of landscape that the landscape is a portion of space represented or observed horizontally or vertically by an observer. Accordingly, for researchers of modern literature, the emergence of the concept of "subject" generates the notion of landscape in the etymological sense. However, in ancient China, “be” as a predicate is often absent in poetry, especially in the nominal syntax. The Chinese language reflects a non-anthropocentric perspective of landscape, about which Stimmung and Qingjing (the emotion-landscape) deconstruct the notion of landscape structured by the “subject“. The Approach to the revision of the canonical landscape concept is to introduce the ancient visual art and poetry so as to write a prehistory as well as a history of landscape (natural elements) and to propose about the emergence of the landscape in Antiquity, even if I can not find a term corresponding exactly to the modern landscape. This attempt, proposing the birth of the landscape in ancient times, is different from the well-known claim that the landscape was born in the Renaissance. In this research, I try to dodge the "grand narrative" proclaiming a universally valid truth, but to advocate "small stories" that specify "localized representations of the restricted area." Thus, I chose four fundamental themes such as sublime, Stimmung, ruins and vide, so as to discuss the relationship between subject and object, consciousness of history and place of memory, etc.

[pt] A artista suíça-brasileira Mira Schendel (Zurique, 1919 – São Paulo, 1988) chegou ao Brasil no pós-guerra, em 1949, e aqui começou a pintar. Embora mantivesse vínculos inegáveis com os demais movimentos artísticos da segunda metade do século XX, Mira criou uma linguagem plástica própria e produziu uma estética entre que não permite ser reduzida a nenhum dos ismos de seu tempo. O objetivo da tese Mira Schendel. A rede da obra é investigar as escolhas formais e as preocupações expressivas de Mira a partir de um conjunto representativo de trabalhos, buscando apreender a singularidade das questões artísticas e plásticas implícitas nessas obras particulares. Desde a realização das 2000 Monotipias, entre 1964-66, sua pesquisa ramifica-se em séries que se desenvolvem a partir do desdobramento de algumas questões matriciais: o transparente e o opaco, a potencialização do vazio, a corporeidade do mundo, as ambiguidades do signo, o tempo. Artista prolixa, destacava-se pelo experimentalismo espontâneo. Sempre pesquisando os processos da forma, utilizou materiais inusitados que estabeleciam entre si relações bastante singulares e criou uma quantidade assombrosa de trabalhos que declaram a falência da hierarquia entre pintura, desenho, escultura ou instalação. Recortou, furou, amassou e, literalmente, amarrou os seus suportes. Desenhava com a unha, no avesso do papel. Esses gestos inesperados acabaram por explodir, em definitivo, a representação ilusionista e produziram um pensamento novo, incrivelmente livre, sobre a pintura e o espaço pictórico. / [en] Swiss-brazilian artist Mira Schendel (Zurich 1919 - São Paulo 1988) arrived in Brazil after the war, in 1949, and here she began to paint. Although she maintained undeniable connexions with the other artistic movements of the second half of the twentieth century, Mira created a language of her own and produced an aesthetic of the in between, which cannot be reduced to any of the isms of her time. The purpose of the dissertation Mira Schendel: the work of art s net is to investigate Mira s formal choices and expressive concerns as from a representative set of her works, seeking to apprehend the singularity of the artistic and plastic issues implicit in these particular works. Since the 2000 Monotypes, made between 1964-66, her research has been based on series that develop from the unfolding of some matrix issues: the transparent and the opaque, the potentialization of the void, the corporeality of the world, the ambiguities of the sign, time. A prolix artist, she stood out because of her spontaneous experimentalism. Always researching the processes of form, she used unusual materials that established very singular connections; she created an astonishing amount of works that declare the failure of the hierarchy between painting, drawing, sculpture or installation. She cut, punched, kneaded, and literally tied up her supports. She drew with her fingernail on the back of the paper. These unexpected gestures definitely invalidated the illusionist representation and produced a new way of thinking, incredibly free, about painting and pictorial space.

An understanding of crack tip fields and fracture mechanisms in single crystals can help in developing better polycrystalline alloys and manufacturing processes. To this end, the effects of loading rate, material inertia and strain rate sensitivity on crack tip fields and their influence on fracture mechanisms in FCC single crystals are examined in this work by performing finite element analysis. It is shown that, in the absence of inertial effects, high loading rates elevate the stresses ahead of a crack tip and decrease the plastic strains in rate dependent single crystals. Also, it is found that the quasi-static near-tip stress field can be adequately characterized by the energy release rate J and a constraint parameter Q. Similar two-parameter characterization is possible even under dynamic loading. It is observed that if a suitable reference solution is used, the role of inertia manifests as a loss of constraint with increasing loading rate irrespective of strain rate sensitivity and lattice orientation. Thus, at very high loading rates, inertial effects oppose the role of rate sensitivity and cause a decrease in stresses near the tip. The relative influence of these two factors depends on rate sensitivity index. For a mildly rate dependent single crystal, the predicted cleavage fracture toughness remains constant up to a certain loading rate and thereafter increases sharply. On the other hand, for a strongly rate dependent single crystal, fracture toughness drops initially up to a certain loading rate beyond which it increases marginally. The loss of crack tip constraint is found to retard the ductile fracture mechanisms of void growth and coalescence. However, this is dependent on lattice orientation. In-situ experimental observation of void growth near a notch tip also shows strong orientation dependence. In addition, 3D finite element results indicate though-thickness dependence of equivalent plastic slip and hydrostatic stress leading to variations in void growth along the thickness direction of the specimens. The predicted load-displacement curves, lattice rotation, slip traces and void growth using finite element analysis are found to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. Thus, the present study has provided an understanding of the role of several factors such as constraint level, rate sensitivity, material inertia, lattice orientation and 3D effects on the mechanics of fracture of ductile single crystals.

Previous thread rolling methods for the plastic limit are shown to be inadequate and inaccurate. Alternative methods for the plastic limit are shown to be imprecise and unreliable. The strength-based concept and use of the fall-cone test to determine the plastic limit are shown to be flawed. An apparatus that replicates Atterberg’s rolling technique, devised and developed by the author, is described, referred to as the Barnes Apparatus. A thread of soil is rolled between two plates configured to permit extrusion and reduction of diameter with much less operator interference than with the standard test and judgement of the crumbling condition is eliminated. Using a loading device nominal stresses are derived and from dial gauge readings diametral strains are determined for each rolling traverse of the soil thread. Toughness has previously only been studied in an empirical or qualitative manner. From plots of nominal stress vs. strain the workability or toughness of the plastic soil is determined as the work/unit volume. The apparatus and test are appropriate to a wide range of soils. Threads are tested over a range of water contents from near the sticky limit to the brittle state. Good correlations between toughness and water content display an abrupt ductile-brittle transition and give an accurate definition of the plastic limit. From the correlations useful properties are obtained such as the maximum toughness at the plastic limit, the toughness limit, the water content at zero toughness, the stiffness transition, the toughness coefficients, the toughness index and the workability index. An investigation into the significance of the soil thread diameter of 3 mm in the standard plastic limit test has found that as the water content of a soil reduces it undergoes a transition from fully plastic, to cracked, to brittle, largely regardless of the diameter of the thread. It is recommended that the 3 mm diameter requirement is withdrawn from the standard test procedure as unnecessary and emphasis placed on observing the behaviour of the soil thread as it is rolled by hand. A review of the relationship between the clay matrix and the granular particles in a soil has found that the linear law of mixtures and activity index are appropriate only at high clay contents. The terms granular spacing ratio and matrix porosity are introduced to explain the effect of the granular particles on the toughness and plastic limit. An analysis confirms that with small diameter soil threads large granular particles affect the results disproportionately. An aggregation ratio term is introduced to explain the change in toughness in the clay matrix as its water content reduces towards the plastic limit. To assess the effect of granular particles in a clay matrix on the toughness and plastic limit the results of tests conducted on mixtures of a high plasticity clay and silt, and sand particles of two different sizes are discussed. Smaller particle sizes are found to have a greater effect on reducing the toughness and the plastic limit of the clay. In the ceramics industry mixing different clays together to obtain suitable properties is common. The toughness and plastic limits of two pairs of mixed clays do not follow the linear law of mixtures but are dependent on the total clay content and the content of a dominant clay mineral.

La résolution du problème des vides dans le routage géographique dédié aux réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCS), rencontrés lors de la remontée des informations vers les nœuds collecteurs à partir des nœuds du réseau, constitue un verrou technologique qui reste un problème ouvert encore aujourd'hui. Cette thèse, contrairement aux méthodes traditionnelles, propose une nouvelle approche pour la prise en charge de ces vides tout en optimisant l'efficacité énergétique des nœuds déployés dans un RCS faisant ainsi du routage proposé une solution adéquate pour l'acheminement des informations en temps réel. Celui-ci se base sur l'information géographique concernant le nœud courant, les vides voisins et le nœud destinataire du paquet. Notre proposition agit aussi sur des mécanismes assurant la découverte, l'annonce et la maintenance des vides d'un RCS. Le premier protocole proposé, appelé VT-SPEED, est construit sur la base d'une fonction évolutive intégrant un mécanisme d'évitement adaptatif des vides et considérant simultanément la charge des nœuds candidats au routage et leur information géographique de localisation. Afin d'optimiser l'efficacité énergétique de VT-SPEED, notre proposition inclut par ailleurs de nouvelles routines sur la base de fonctions paramétriques pour la prise en compte de l'énergie dans le routage : (a) suppression des paquets retardés sur la base de leur échéance et (b) équilibrage de charge dans le choix des sauts des paquets. Les résultats enregistrés par le protocole résultant, appelé VE-SPEED, montrent que l'approche proposée prend en compte les flux de type temps-réel, possède une grande tolérance aux vides, conserve mieux l'énergie des nœuds de bordure, assure un meilleur équilibrage de charge, et consomme de manière optimisée l'énergie des nœuds capteurs / Resolution of the void-problem in geographical routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an open problem and it can be considered as key issue in disseminating data from sensor nodes to sinks. In this thesis, unlike previously-proposed methods, we address this problem in a different manner by proposing a novel approach to handle both voids and real-time flows with optimizing energy-efficiency of deployed nodes in a WSN. The proposed approach is based on the geographic information of the current node, of the neighbor voids and of the sink. Our proposal relies on the mechanisms that discover voids, announce them and then maintain them. The first proposed protocol, called VT-SPEED, is based on an adaptive void-avoidance mechanism that considers both load of routing candidate nodes and their localization information. To make VT-SPEED energy-aware, we also propose new routines based on parameterized functions that handle routing dissipation energy : (a) dropping out-of-order packets and (b) load-balancing when choosing next hop of packets. The resulting protocol, called VE-SPEED, has satisfactory results which show that the proposed approach satisfies the real-time constraints of data flows, tolerates voids, preserves energy resources of boundary nodes, balances load between nodes and has optimal energy consumption

Thesis is focused on the effect of heating factor on quality of solder joints. In theoretical part is solved reflow soldering technology, problematice of solder paste choice or criteria of soldering profile setting. The practical part is dedicated to demonstrating the impact of heating factor on solder joint quality. There are used X-Ray analysis, microsections and electron microscopy. In the final part of this thesis are summarized knowledge from theoretical part and experimental obtained results to defend of next steps in diploma thesis.

Tato práce je vícevrstevným zamyšlením nad tématem prázdnoty. Její prvotní inspirací jsou Bondyho úvahy na toto téma. Nejde o to, ukazovat na neukazatelné, či popisovat nepopsatelné, to by byla spíše filosofická statistika; prázdnota je tu primárně chápána spíše na způsob krajního horizontu, jehož bytostné připuštění zakládá možnost pravého setkání podobném smyslu uvažuje nad souvislostí prázdnoty a milosti a otevírá možnost chápat prázdnotu nikoliv jako axiologickou neurčenost, ale právě jako horizont zvláštního setkání se světem. Takto nahlížená prázdnota otevírá bytostnou plnost a zároveň braných souvislostí těchto myšlenek o mezích ontologie - Plótínovou koncepcí emanační ontologie, či se substanční ontologií ze Spinozovy Protože se v průběhu tohoto rozboru dostává do popředí problém statického a předsudečného chápání ontologické substance (která takové vlastnosti nemůže mít, vyjdeme jako krajního ontologického horizontu), otevírá se otázka původu tohoto problému; v Myšlení vnějšku) a Berďajevem následuje hodnocení možnosti ontologii, což je přeneseně otevření otázky vztahu moci a ontologie či prolínání mocenského hlediska do ontologické úvahy (prázdnota by v yslu představovala zřeknutí se moci). Druhá kapitola práce se návazně zabývá formami zřeknutí se tohoto mocenského hlediska, coby praktikovaného...

Am 14. Oktober 1999 wurde in Rossendorf die dritte Veranstaltung in einer Serie von Workshops über Meßtechnik für stationäre und transiente Mehrphasenströmungen durchgeführt. Dieses Jahr kann auf auf 11 interessante Vorträge zurückgeblickt werden. Besonders hervorzuheben sind die beiden Hauptvorträge, die von Herrn Professor Hetsroni aus Haifa und Herrn Dr. Sengpiel aus Karlsruhe gehalten wurden. Erneut lag ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt auf Meßverfahren, die räumliche Verteilungen von Phasenanteilen und Geschwindigkeiten sowie die Größe von Partikeln bzw. Blasen der dispersen Phase zugänglich machen. So wurde über einen dreidimensional arbeitenden Röntgentomographen, ein Verfahren zur Messung von Geschwindigkeitsprofilen mit Gittersensoren und eine Methode zur simultanen Messung von Blasengrößen sowie Feldern von Gas- und Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeit mit einer optischen Partikelverfolgungstechnik vorgetragen. Daneben wurden interessante Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der lokalen Sonden vorgestellt, wie z.B. eine Elektrodiffusionssonde. Neue meßtechnische Ansätze waren ebenfalls vertreten; hervorzuheben ist der Versuch, die Methode der optischen Tomographie für die Untersuchung von Zweiphasenströmungen nutzbar zu machen. Der Tagungsband enthält die folgenden Beiträge: S. John, R. Wilfer, N. Räbiger, Universität Bremen, Messung hydrodynamischer Parameter in Mehrphasenströmungen bei hohen Dispersphasengehalten mit Hilfe der Elektrodiffusionsmeßtechnik E. Krepper, A. Aszodi, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Temperatur- und Dampfgehaltsverteilungen bei Sieden in seitlich beheizten Tanks D. Hoppe, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Ein akustisches Resonanzverfahren zur Klassifizierung von Füllständen W. Sengpiel, V. Heinzel, M. Simon, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Messungen der Eigenschaften von kontinuierlicher und disperser Phase in Luft-Wasser-Blasenströmungen R. Eschrich, VDI, Die Probestromentnahme zur Bestimmung der dispersen Phase einer Zweiphasenströmung U. Hampel, TU Dresden, Optische Tomographie O. Borchers, C. Busch, G. Eigenberger, Universität Stuttgart, Analyse der Hydrodynamik in Blasenströmungen mit einer Bildverarbeitungsmethode C. Zippe, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Beobachtung der Wechselwirkung von Blasen mit Gittersensoren mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeits-Videokamera H.-M. Prasser, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Geschwindigkeits- und Durchflußmessung mit Gittersensoren