This study examined equity in the context of the allocation of park and recreation resources within a community. The contributions made by this study include: extending the original taxonomy of equity models proposed by Crompton and Wicks (1988); development of a theoretical framework for their original model; providing a current synthesis of equity based literature; advancing the Equity Implementation Model (Wicks & Crompton, 1989) by developing an instrument capable of measuring residents’ perceptions and preferences of park and recreation resource allocation in their community; empirically confirming the legitimacy of alternate dimensions of equity through Structural Equation Modeling; applying information gained from using the instrument to determine the usefulness of selected variables in predicting equity preferences; and comparing data on equity preferences with those of prevailing perceptions to illustrate the utility of the instrument in guiding resource allocation decisions. Five of the original operationalizations of equity were validated (Compensatory, Taxes Paid, Direct Price, Efficiency and Advocacy). An additional operationalization, Professional Judgment, was included and also validated, while one of the original dimensions suggested by Crompton and Wicks, Equal Outcomes, could not be distinctively conceptually differentiated and so was discarded. The operationalizations of Equal Inputs and Equal Opportunity could not be differentiated to reflect distinctively different equity concepts. However, further efforts should be invested in operationalizing these two equity concepts, since they do appear to be conceptually different. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a model consisting of all seven operationalizations (Compensatory, Taxes Paid, Direct Price, Efficiency, Advocacy, Professional Judgment and Equality) was an acceptable fit and all paths were significant at the .05 level, suggesting that the proposed 23-item, seven-dimension scale, P&R-EQUITY, effectively measures seven facets of residents’ perceptions of equity in the allocation of park and recreation resources. Two additional operationalizations (Demonstrated Use and Coproduction Opportunities) emerged during the research which suggested that Demonstrated Interest was inadequately operationalized, so future efforts could be focused on operationalizing those three. The scale developed in this study is intended to help officials make appropriate decisions when allocating park and recreation resources.

With rapidly disappearing natural areas due to development and fragmentation, public lands provide important habitat for birds. However, the increasing use of public lands for recreation may decrease the value of these areas for bird use. Human disturbance can damage birds in many ways, including disrupting foraging or social behavior, increasing nest predation, interfering with parent-offspring and pair bonds, increasing nesting failures, and reducing the viability of fledglings. Additionally, birds may perceive humans as predators and leave an area, and the resulting decline in species abundance resembles the effects of habitat loss. Increased human outdoor activity has created the need for information regarding the effects of human disturbance on birds. I investigated the effects of human disturbance on birds in Bastrop State Park (BSP) in central Texas in 1998 and 1999. A wide variety of people use much of BSP, and many areas within the park experience significant amounts of disturbance from people and vehicles, particularly in campgrounds. I evaluated the effects of various types of human disturbance on the presence of 20 avian species, including seven neotropical migratory species. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), and Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), were sensitive to human presence, and Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata), and Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) occurred in lower abundances in sites with higher numbers of vehicles. However, other species (e.g., American Crow [Corvus brachyrhynchos], Black-and-white Warbler [Mniotilta varia], Pileated Woodpecker [Dryocopus pileatus], Red-eyed Vireo [Vireo olivaceus], Ruby-throated Hummingbird [Archilochus colubris], White-eyed Vireo [Vireo griseus], and Yellow-billed Cuckoo [Coccyzus americanus]) tolerated humans, vehicles, or both. Neotropical migratory species did not show higher sensitivity to disturbance when compared to resident species, and forest interior species were not more sensitive than edge species. My results indicate that some species, including migrants, can become habituated to human presence in protected areas with low harassment and low-intensity, predictable disturbances. Management recommendations for BSP include protecting habitat, minimizing human disturbance in some areas, providing buffer zones between humandominated zones and sites containing vulnerable species, and softening edges in campgrounds.

The Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area will be planned as an interna-tional level tourism site. In order to improve the water quality in bay area, the administration authority has removed oyster farm. However, sewage and aquaculture wastewater from the communities and fish ponds around the bay area were still discharged continuously. After careful assessment, The Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area Administration authority decided to use constructed wetlands to treat such kinds of wastewater. In this study, the treatment efficiencies of Datan Constructed Wetland Park were investigated. According to the experimental results, we found that the remove efficiencies of SS, Chl-a, and TOC were not good enough, while the other parameters, such as OP, TP, NO2-, and NO3- their all re-moval efficiencies were all above 40¢H.The removal efficiencies of NH3, TKN and TN were all above 60%. However, the removal efficiencies of turbidity and BOD were found equal to 30%. Generally, TN was removed by the process as of nitrification and denitrification, but the nitrification of the subsurface flow¡]SSF¡^part of wetland was perforated worse, which caused the org-N and NH4+-N was not availably to become the NH3, NO2- and NO3-. Because of this reason, the removal effect of Org-N was not very significant. The parameter of TOC was affected by the fixation of CO2 through photosynthesis of autotrophs, and the respiration and denitrification of heterotrophs. The sediment also could provide organic carbon source for denitrification. Photosynthesis and carbon source would cause the re-moval efficiency of TOC become worse than synthesis. In the wetland, the decrease rate of salinity was found above 20¢H.

Micheal Porter ¡§the country competitive advantage which¡¨ publishes in 1990 (The Competitive Advantage of Nations) in a book, proposed the industrial cluster the strong character which acts in the national competitive power, ¡§scientific and technical park¡¨ the idea is also the industrial cluster concept derivation to a certain extent. In the past concentrated in the industrial cluster's research in the metropolis plan study and the regional economies domain, few had the management science stratification plane discussion, after 1990 Micheal Porter publication diamond model (Diamond Structure model), grew the industrial cluster's research to further management stratification plane in and so on enterprise's strategy, competition, market demand and industrial structure subjects. However, Porter in the diamond model, had not mentioned how to compare and appraise between the different cluster the cluster effect height, is also lacks a set to be possible the quantification model. In order to solve in the Porter diamond model to lack the quantification model the question, this research application analogism, quotes Newton (1687) the law of universal gravitation which proposed in "Natural philosophy's Mathematics Principle" to take the analogy, develops the cluster relative effect the comparison model, explained why during different essential factor in an industrial settlement's will have the cohesion phenomenon, will form the cluster effect finally. In this study, Central and Southern Taiwan Science Park's TFT-LCD industry as the research object, evaluation of these two science parks in the TFT-LCD industry cluster effect on the merits, to verify the model's feasibility in real life. In the final results, will be the evaluation of the scores of small movements do multiply, the two parks, the Southern Taiwan Science Park to obtain higher scores, it can be said that the Southern Taiwan Science Park, TFT-LCD industry cluster effect higher. By Porter in the diamond model's five big essential factor classification, in ¡§factor of conditions¡¨ and ¡§related and supporting industry¡¨ in these two essential factors, the Southern Taiwan Science Park was in the upper hand; In ¡§demand condition¡¨ and ¡§firm strategy, structure and rivalry¡¨ on, is the Central Taiwan Science Park holds the superiority; As for in last item ¡§government and opportunity¡¨ in the comparison, two campuses are equally matched. Finally, also at the Central Taiwan Science Park and Southern Taiwan Science Park development on the current problems faced by comment, I hope the next government as a policy planning in the industrial park on the proposal, which is newly developed in this study "cluster can be quantified effect model "where the ultimate goal.

Based on the Cross-Domain Analysis method of the ¡§Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework,¡¨ this study analyzed the the strategies and decisions of the sustainable development of the industrial park of the Kaohsiung Region. It combine the primary data , secondary data and the qualitative research,and compare with the results of the Cognitive Continuum Theory(CCT) and the Interactive Management,(IM), in order to understand the whole picture from some dimensions. At the end of the research, it can be agreed that the Cross-Domain Analysis method of the ¡§Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework¡¨ and solve the multiple opinions of diversified communities, through the ten stages of the method, we can clarified the questions and concluded the strategies. There are the conclusions of the study as the follows: (1) the study concluded the eight questions of the Sustainable Development of the Industrial Park of the Kaohsiung Region; (2) they are the key performance factors to reduce the gap of Kaohsiong and Taipei, and to enhance the relationship with the main-land China, they could promote the effiencies of the Kaohsiong Port and Kaohsiung Airport. (3) to examine the land-use of the industrial parts of Kaohsiong, and to upgrate the industrial typies could create more job opportunities;(4) to import new industries is the most important strategy; and the policy-maketing should add more the elements of the intuition; (5) it can concluded the ten strategies based on the Interactive Management(IM); (6) the first priority strategy is to establish the managerial mechanism of the cross-territories, in order to consolidate the efforts of the Central government and the Local government.

<p>Aim: The aim of this essay is to study the external communication of Science Park Jönköping, how they want students in Jönköping to perceive them. Further we would like to compare that</p><p>information with how students in Jönköping actually perceive Science Park Jönköping. Do the both pictures agree?</p><p>Method/Material: Together with literature studies, a qualitive method has been used.</p><p>Two interviews with the managers of Science Park, and five focusgroups with students have</p><p>been conducted.</p><p>Main Results: The main result from the focusgroup interviews shows that the students perceived image of Science Park correlates in many ways with Science Parks profile. But the study also shows that Science Park do not apply many of the relevant theories that would benefit their marketing.</p>

Thesis (D. Min.)--Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2001. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-102).

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Title from opening screen (viewed June 14, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2003. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-174). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (B.A.)-Oregon State University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical referenes (leaves 20-22). Also available via the Internet.