Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tonetto_af_me_rcla.pdf: 1077078 bytes, checksum: f064a230b49104d5525789cc80a0787e (MD5) / Os efeitos provocados pela variação quantitativa e qualitativa da luz incidente sobre a estrutura das comunidades de macroalgas lóticas em riachos da região Centro-Sul do estado do Paraná foram investigados a partir de experimentos utilizando-se amostradores com substratos artificiais que modulam a quantidade e qualidade da luz incidente. Os resultados reveleram que as respostas das divisões algais isoladamente foram mais claras do que àquelas observadas para as comunidades de macroalgas como um todo. As algas verdes mostraram-se melhores adaptadas as condições com maiores energias luminosas. A espécie de cianobactéria registrou clara preferência por comprimentos de onda mais longos (faixa do vermelho). As algas vermelhas apesar de apresentarem baixos valores de abundância, aparentemente, preferiram condições levemente sombreadas e, como as cianobactérias, apresentaram maiores valores de abundância quando submetidas a luz vermelha. Neste contexto, o aparato fotossintético característico de cada divisão algal parece ser determinante para os seus comportamentos ecológicos, uma vez que desempenham funções adaptativas diante das diferentes condições de luminosidade / The effects of light intensity and quality on the structure of lotic macroalgal communities in streams from the mid-southern region of Paraná State were investigated using artificial substrata that simulate different levels of light and specific wavelengths. The results showed that the abundance values of each algal divisions were clearer to that observed to global macroalgae communities. The green algae were better adaptated on higher light energies conditions. The cianobacteria species reported a clear preference to longer wavelengths (red light). Red algae, on the other hand, despite of the low abundance values, apparently prefer lightly shaded conditions and like blue-green algae, they showed better colonization on the red light. In this context, the characteristic photosynthetic apparatus of each division seems to be determinant to the ecological behavior of these communities once they play an important adaptative role face to the different light conditions

This work presents a study for the design and implementation of a LED Street light Luminaire. It shows the necessary characteristics for the proposed fixture replace the traditional models with High Pressure Sodium lamps (HPS), which are commonly used in Brazil. For this, it has been done a study and implementation of a LED fixture prototype that can replace a conventional fixture, keeping the photometric characteristics required by Brazilian standards. With this, is possible a significant reduction in the electrical power consumption by exploring the LED features such as high energy efficiency, long life, low luminous flux depreciation during the life and facility for light direction control. Here is presented an analysis of some traditional HPS lamps models to allow comparison of results of the prototype proposed. In this study is verified that the proposed LED fixture can reach similar levels of illuminance on the road that HPS modes, however using almost 50% of electric power. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo para o projeto e a implementação de uma luminária de Iluminação Pública a base de LEDs, onde são apresentadas as características necessárias para que a luminária de LED proposta possa substituir os modelos tradicionais com lâmpadas de Vapor de Sódio de Alta Pressão (VSAP), que são usualmente utilizados no Brasil. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo detalhado e a implementação de um protótipo de uma luminária de LEDs que possa substituir as luminárias convencionais, mantendo as características fotométricas exigidas pelas normas vigentes no Brasil. Com isso, é possível uma redução significativa no consumo de energia elétrica, explorando as características dos LEDs como: alta eficiência energética, longa durabilidade, baixa depreciação luminosa e facilidade no direcionamento da luz. É apresentada uma análise elétrica e fotométrica de alguns modelos tradicionais bem como do protótipo proposto para permitir a comparação de resultados. No estudo é verificado que com a luminária de LED proposta pode-se atingir níveis de iluminação similares aos das luminárias com lâmpadas VSAP utilizando praticamente 50 % da potência elétrica.

O presente estudo aborda as possibilidades artísticas e expressivas da luz, a partir da realização de laboratórios, onde estímulos luminosos foram especialmente concebidos no sentido de afetar a percepção de um peformer e sua consequente criação de movimento. Assim, tanto o processo criativo do iluminador, enquanto criador do estímulo, quanto aquele do perfomer encontram-se aqui examinados. A reflexão que acompanhou todo o processo empírico esteve nutrida por aspectos do comportamento da luz dentro dos campos da ótica física e alguns princípios do pensamento fenomenológico de Merleau-Ponty. / The recent study discusses the artistic and expressive possibilities of light, based on laboratory experiments, where the stimulus of light were specially created in order to affect the perception of a performer and his movement creation. This way, both the scenic lighting creative process, as the creator of the stimulus, and the performer are here discussed. The reflexion that followed the entire empirical process, was nurtured by the aspects of the behavior of the light inside the field of optical physics and some principles of the phenomenological thought of Merleau-Ponty.

O presente estudo aborda as possibilidades artísticas e expressivas da luz, a partir da realização de laboratórios, onde estímulos luminosos foram especialmente concebidos no sentido de afetar a percepção de um peformer e sua consequente criação de movimento. Assim, tanto o processo criativo do iluminador, enquanto criador do estímulo, quanto aquele do perfomer encontram-se aqui examinados. A reflexão que acompanhou todo o processo empírico esteve nutrida por aspectos do comportamento da luz dentro dos campos da ótica física e alguns princípios do pensamento fenomenológico de Merleau-Ponty. / The recent study discusses the artistic and expressive possibilities of light, based on laboratory experiments, where the stimulus of light were specially created in order to affect the perception of a performer and his movement creation. This way, both the scenic lighting creative process, as the creator of the stimulus, and the performer are here discussed. The reflexion that followed the entire empirical process, was nurtured by the aspects of the behavior of the light inside the field of optical physics and some principles of the phenomenological thought of Merleau-Ponty.

Orientador: José Jobson de Andrade Arruda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T16:41:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Saes_AlexandreMacchione_D.pdf: 3217243 bytes, checksum: 40789ecff75de0734a2ae2b3ed0b77cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A presente tese discute o processo de introdução da energia elétrica nas cidades de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Salvador no início do século XX. A Proclamação da República marcou a fase inicial de modernização das empresas de serviços urbanos, em que a fusão de companhias e a incorporação de capitais estrangeiros possibilitaram a introdução dos serviços elétricos nas principais cidades brasileiras. Foi neste contexto que dois grupos rivais iniciaram uma intensa batalha no Brasil, partindo do Distrito Federal para os outros dois importantes centros econômicos de São Paulo e Salvador. Assim, de um lado do conflito estava o grupo nacional da Companhia Brasileira de Energia Elétrica (CBEE) e, de outro lado, o grupo canadense Light. Por meio da análise dos conflitos entre a Light e a CBEE procura-se compreender a dinâmica da incorporação de um dos principais frutos da Segunda Revolução Industrial numa economia periférica e em transição para o capitalismo. A falta de uma legislação federal para o setor de energia elétrica legou às Câmaras Municipais o poder concedente para os serviços de eletricidade, garantindo que as relações políticas entre vereadores e empresários tivessem decisivo papel nos pleitos para a instalação de tais serviços. Finalmente, o grande fluxo de capital estrangeiro para o país e a falta de uma regulamentação objetiva sobre os serviços possibilitou o desenvolvimento do setor e a adoção dos padrões de consumo dos países centrais, por meio dos preceitos da modernização, isso é, por uma rápida incorporação dos estilos de vida superiores, mas com a tendência a ampliação da desigualdade social / Abstract: This thesis discusses the introduction of electric power in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. The Brazilian Republic Proclamation (1889) established the beginning of the public services companies¿ modernization, which through the enterprises fusion and the arrival of foreign capital allowed the electric power introduction in the main cities of Brazil. Two rival groups, in this context, started an intense competition in the Brazilian market, from the Federal capital to the two important economic cities of São Paulo and Salvador. Thus, on the one hand of the conflict was the national enterprise Companhia Brasileira de Energia Elétrica (CBEE) and, on the other hand, the canadian company Light. Through out the analysis of the conflicts between Light and CBEE the thesis shows the dynamic process occurred to incorporate one of most important results from the Second Industrial Revolution in a peripherical economy in transition to the capitalism. The inexistence of a federal legislation to electric power services had transformed municipal decisions in deterministic guidelines for utility bids, making municipal lobbying a key instrument in utility concessions. Hence, the great influx of foreign capital to Brazil and the inexistence of an objective regulation for those services allowed the sector development and the adoption of the consumption patrons of central countries, through the modernization process, that is, by a rapidly superior way of life incorporation, nevertheless with a tendency of a social inequality increase / Doutorado / Historia Economica / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

O trabalho visa por meio de um conjunto de imagens fotográficas da Fundação Energia e Saneamento e de outras fontes correlatas do período analisar historicamente a construção da represa Guarapiranga (1906-1909) em Santo Amaro, ao sul da cidade de São Paulo, bem como discutir as alterações da paisagem e as técnicas de engenharia envolvidas no processo. Tratava-se de um empreendimento da canadense The São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company Ltd., companhia de força e luz a se instalar no Brasil, em 1899. Para tanto, apresenta-se também a história da ocupação do Estado e as demandas de água e energia na região, sobretudo em fins do XIX e começo do XX / The work aims at historically analyzing the construction of the Guarapiranga dam (1906-1909) in Santo Amaro, south of the city of São Paulo, through a series of photographic images of the Energy and Sanitation Foundation and other related sources. Besides, it intends to discuss the landscape changes promoted by and the engineering techniques employed in the process. It was an enterprise of the Canadian The São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company Ltd., company of force and light to be installed in Brazil, in 1899. For this, we also present the history of the State occupation and the demands of water and energy in the region, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Este estudo visa comprovar a tese de que é possível identificar estratégias de apropriação da luz natural consistentes com o sistema arquitetônico da Arquitetura Moderna que chamamos de Luz Moderna. Esta perspectiva enfoca a luz natural como um elemento de composição da arquitetura tanto quanto um fator técnico. Assim fica ampliado o foco sobre a apropriação da luz natural que deixa de estar submetida apenas aos critérios técnicos e passa a obedecer a todos os demais parâmetros da própria arquitetura seja o sistema construtivo, a forma, a estrutura, seja a restrição de custos ou da legislação. Para tanto foi realizado um levantamento cronológico da invenção e desenvolvimento da Luz Moderna, bem como um comparativo com a arquitetura produzida durante a década de 1990 que visa o reconhecimento de seus desdobramentos e suas influências. / This study holds the thesis that it is possible to identify lighting strategies that are part of the characteristics of Modern Architecture, so much so that we can call them Modern Daylighting. It deals with natural lighting as a consistent element of the architectural system instead of having a exclusively technical approach. We believe that daylighting design obey to broader parameters just as architecture itself. It answers, for instance, to the constructional system, to form and to structure as well as to law or money constraints. To do so, we organized a chronological view of the invention and development of Modern Daylighting and tried to confront it with works produced during the nineties in order to verify its influences nowadays.

The Mini-EUSO (Mini - Extreme Universe Space Observatory) is an instrument for observation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) from space. It is designed to observe Earth from the international space station (ISS) in the ultra-violet (UV), visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) light ranges. The UV sensor is the main sensor, designed and built by the EUSO collaboration. The visible and near-infrared sensors are secondary sensors. These are two cameras, FMVU-13S2C-CS and CMLN-13S2M-CV, from Point Grey Research Inc. The near-infrared light camera has a phosphor coating on the sensor to convert from near-infrared light to visible light, which is detectable by the camera's CCD. This thesis deals with the calibration and evaluation of the secondary sensors. This is done by first evaluating the bias and dark current for both cameras. After which a calibration is done using the light measurement sphere, located at the National Instituteof Polar Research (NIPR) in Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Japan. Due to the low sensitivity of the near-infrared light camera, an evaluation of its ability to see celestialobjects are also performed. It is found that the visible light camera has a high bias with values around 5 ADU (Analog-to-Digital unit), but almost non-existing dark current, with mean values below 1 ADU. The visible light camera has good sensitivity for all the colors: red, green and blue. However, it is most sensitive to green. Due to this, it is easy to saturate the pixels with too much light. Therefore, saturation intensity was also examined for the shutter times of the visible light camera. This is found to be between 900μWm-2sr-1 and 1·107μWm-2sr-1, depending on color and shutter time. The near-infrared light camera is the opposite; it has a low bias with values below 1 ADU and a high dark current. The values of the dark current for the near-infrared light camera are highly dependent on the temperature of the camera. Mean values are below 1 ADU for temperatures around 310K, but mean values of almost 2 ADU at temperatures around 338K. The sensitivity of the near-infrared light camera is very low, therefore, the only way to detect a difference between the light levels of the light measurement sphere was to use a high ADC amplication gain. With this it was found that there is a power-law behavior, values between 1.33 and 1.50, of the relationship between pixel values and light intensity. This is likely due to the phosphor coating used to convert to visible light. When trying to detect celestial objects, the faintest object detected was Venus with a magnitude of less than -4.

Abstract This study was carried out to investigate in vivo the changes of the human lens autofluorescence (AF) with aging and cataractogenesis. Measurements were performed in the blue-green AF range (495 nm/520 nm) using a fluorometer designed, built and now clinically tested in our department. 43 random eyes of 43 healthy volunteers aged 6-86 years, five of each decade, were studied for effects of aging and 84 eyes of 84 patients with cortical, nuclear, posterior subcapsular or mixed lens opacities were studied for differences of various cataract types. The results were compared with the back light scatter values obtained by the commercially available Interzeag Lens Opacity Meter 701. Also AF and back light scatter of the lens were measured from 122 smoking males aged 57 to 76 years who participated in a cancer prevention study. The results were compared with the widely used subjective lens opacities classification system, LOCS III. In addition data was collected from 30 randomly chosen eyes of as many subjects with varying degrees of yellow-brown lens coloration in an otherwise healthy eye. We studied the influence of lens yellowing expressed by means of lens AF on visibility of retinal nerve fiber layer in black-and-white images. Lens AF profile consists of anterior and posterior peaks and a central plateau. The height of the anterior peak was used as a measure of the maximum AF value. The square root of the ratio between the posterior and the anterior AF peaks was used for estimating the lens transmission. Our technique was highly reproducible. The coefficient of variation was 3.9% for maximum AF and 2.9% for the lens transmission index. Both the maximum AF and light scatter were exponentially increased with age (r = 0.95 and 0.94, respectively; p < 0.0001). According to the regression line of AF begins to increase in early childhood. It appears by extrapolation to be absent at birth. In contrast light scatter in the lens was present even in young children. The lens transmission for blue-green light, determined from the lens AF curve, was almost unchanging with age up to 60 years. Thereafter it decreased rapidly and the interindividual variation increased.In cataractous lenses the mean AF and scatter values differed statistically significantly from those of age matched healthy controls. The highest AF values were measured in nuclear cataracts where AF was also related to visual acuity and an increasing yellow-brown colour of the nucleus. About half of the total variation of the transmission index values could be accounted for by changes in nuclear colour as assessed by the LOCS III grading system. The transmission index provided a more precise prediction about nuclear colour and opalescence than age or light scatter did. In cortical cataracts the AF curve was low and flattened and the maximum AF value was significantly lower than in the age matched control eyes. The highest light scatter values were measured from cortical cataracts, but the correlation between LOCS III cortical grades and light scatter values was rather weak. Posterior subcapsular cataracts cannot be quantified either with AF or with light scatter measurements. Lens yellowing, expressed as lens AF, had an actual effect on retinal nerve fiber layer visibility. AF measurements provided a better prediction about the visibility score than age or visual acuity did. The results of the present study indicate that the lens autofluorescence measurement may be a useful additional tool together with a subjective grading system in the follow-up of optical changes occurring in the nuclear region of the lens.

This study took place at a private high school in the Kavango region with my 32 grade 10B learners as the research participants. Its objective was to investigate how the grade 10 learners make sense of concepts on refraction of light through exploring their cultural beliefs/everyday experiences about the rainbow. This research study was essentially triggered by my own classroom experience of teaching the topic on refraction of light. In order to achieve the goal of this research, a qualitative case study located within an interpretive paradigm was adopted. To gather data I used multiple data gathering techniques such as brainstorming session, learners conducting interviews in the community, practical activities and focus group interviews. This resulted in descriptive data that qualified to be analyzed in a qualitative way. The themes that emerged from the generated data were coded using upper letter cases and various colours. A methodological triangulation was employed by using multiple data generation techniques. Member checking during focus group interviews also ensured validity in this case study. The findings of this study revealed that the use of learners’ cultural beliefs/everyday experiences can be used to enhance learner engagement, meaning making and conceptual development during the science lessons. In addition, the ways in which practical activities are designed and presented to learners in the science classroom determine learners’ participation and conceptual attainment. Therefore, based on my research findings, I recommend that teachers need to be trained to be able to elicit and integrate learners’ cultural beliefs/everyday experiences in conjunction with hands-on practical activities which focus on conceptual development during their science lessons. However, although this study had many benefits, it also showed that it is not easy to close the gap between learners’ prior everyday knowledge and school science. This warrants further research.