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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Fingerprinting the effect of airborne particulate matter via in vitro toxicoproteomics

Vuong, Ngoc Quang January 2017 (has links)
It is a challenge to assess the toxicity of environmental air particulate matter (PM) because PM composition is complex and variable, due to source contribution and atmospheric transformation. The goal of this study is to establish an in vitro model that can fingerprint the cytotoxic effects of airborne PM and their associated toxicity mechanisms. For this purpose, the cytotoxic effects of different reference and environmental particles on A549 human lung epithelial cells were characterized using multiple endpoint assays (cytokine release, LDH release, BrdU incorporation, cellular ATP and resazurin reduction) and proteomic analyses (2D-GE and MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS). The results of this study demonstrated that proteomic analyses can distinguish the influences of different (carbon black and titanium dioxide) and similar (cristobalite and α-quartz) particles on various pathways in A549 cells (e.g., cell death and cell proliferation); and the cytotoxicity assays were capable of differentiating the phenotypic outcomes of the particles, which were complementary and supportive to pathway analyses. The ability of in vitro toxicoproteomics to differentiate the toxicity of environmental particles was tested on Ottawa urban dust (EHC-93) and its water-insoluble and soluble fractions. Findings from both cytotoxicity assays and proteomic analyses consistently indicated that the insoluble materials explained most of the toxic effects of the total PM. Interestingly, the toxic potency of EHC-93 total was not equal to the sum of its insoluble and soluble fractions, implying inter-component interactions between insoluble and soluble materials that may be reflected through synergistic or antagonistic in vitro responses. The insoluble and soluble fractions uniquely altered the expression patterns of the proteins involved in pathways such as cell death, cell proliferation and inflammation. For example, the insoluble and soluble fractions oppositely altered the expression of the proteins (e.g., TREM1, PDIA3, PKM and ENO1) involved in an inflammatory response pathway in A549 cells, and the insoluble fraction was more potent than the soluble fraction in increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and IL-8 from A549 cells. In essence, in vitro toxicoproteomics is a valuable tool in relating the physicochemical characteristics of ambient air particles to their biological reactivity through understanding their mechanisms of toxicity.
32

Characterization and Application of Dynamic in vitro Models of Human Airway

Patel, Hemangkumar J. 01 May 2011 (has links)
In recent years, respiratory diseases have emerged as a leading cause of mortality across the globe. In the United States alone respiratory diseases are the fourth leading cause of deaths annually. Moreover, with the rapid increase of industrialization and urbanization, the occurrences of respiratory diseases are expected to remain high with strong chances of increasing in the future. To ameliorate the epidemic of respiratory disease, it is first important to understand its underlying mechanisms. Respiratory research studies in animals have elucidated the chronological order of the pathological events and systemic responses inside the lung, but understanding the response of individual cell types inside the lung is necessary to outline the initiators and mediators of the pathological events. Many research studies have aimed to understand the behavior of individual cell types, from the lung, under different pathological conditions specific to the respiratory system. However, the cell culture systems used in most of these studies were limited by the absence of the dynamic cell growth environment present in actual lung tissues. The lung exists in a mechanically active environment, where different amounts of circumferential and longitudinal expansion and contraction occur during breathing movements. Thus, simulating the biomechanical environment in in vitro cell culture models may improve the cellular functionality and the outcome of the research studies. Moreover, the stimulation of biomechanical forces in in vitro cell cultures provides the advantage of mimicking the mechanical environment, related to different pathological conditions. In our study we used a dynamic in vitro cell culture system capable of implementing cyclic equibiaxial deformation in cell monolayers to stimulate different biomechanical environments similar to conditions inside the lung. The dynamic cell growth condition was used to determine the effects of ventilator-induced lung injury and nano-material/pollutant exposure in A549 cell cultures. Examples of such pollutants are diesel particulate matter, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Our results indicated that the dynamic cell growth condition specific to ventilator induced lung injury facilitated an increase in inflammatory and tissue remodeling activities in A549 cells. Under the nano-material/pollutant exposure assessment studies, the dynamic cell growth condition induced changes in inflammation and oxidative stress level which closely resembled those in in vivo studies.
33

Role of Substrate Stiffness on Migratory Properties and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Lung Cancer Cells

Subisak, Angel Dharshini January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
34

SALICYLATE ACTIVATES AMPK AND SYNERGIZES WITH METFORMIN TO REDUCE THE SURVIVAL OF PROSTATE AND LUNG CANCERS EX VIVO THROUGH INHIBITION OF DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS

O'Brien, Andrew 06 1900 (has links)
Background: Aspirin, the pro-drug of salicylate, is associated with reduced incidence of death from cancers and is commonly prescribed in combination with metformin in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Salicylate activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via Ser108 of the AMPK β1 subunit, a mechanism that is distinct from metformin, which increases AMP:ATP. Many cancers have high rates of fatty acid synthesis and AMPK inhibits this pathway through phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). It is unknown if targeting the AMPK-ACC-lipogenic pathway using salicylate and metformin may be effective for inhibiting cancer cell survival. Results: Salicylate suppresses clonogenic survival of prostate and lung cancer cells at therapeutic concentrations of aspirin. These clinically achievable concentrations of salicylate activated AMPK per the increasing phosphorylation of ACC and suppressing the activity of mTOR effectors kinase p70-S6 kinase and S6; effects that were enhanced with the addition of metformin and blunted in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFS) deficient in AMPK β1. MEF cells deficient in AMPK β1 were more resistant to salicylates inhibitory effect on proliferation. Supplementation of media with fatty acids and mevalonate reverses the suppressive effects on cell survival indicating the inhibition of de novo lipogenesis is likely important. Conclusions: Salicylate increases ACC phosphorylation, reduces phosphorylation of mTOR targets and inhibits de novo lipogenesis in prostate and lung cancer cells, with concentrations of salicylate achievable through the ingestion of Aspirin (0.25-1.0mM) these effects are blunted in AMPK β1 deficient cells. Effects on AMPK activity via ACC phosphorylation as well as reductions in mTOR signalling targets and de novo lipogenesis are enhanced when used in combination with metformin. Suppressive effects on prostate and lung cancer cell survival are ameliorated when media is supplemented with mevalonate and fatty acids. Pre-clinical studies evaluating the use of salicylates alone and with metformin to inhibit de novo lipogenesis and the growth of prostate and lung cancers are warranted. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
35

Mechanisms of induction of CCL20/MIP3-α in lung epithelial cells by Moraxella catarrhalis

Serrano Aybar, Pablo 12 November 2008 (has links)
No description available.
36

Apoptose induzida por estreptococos do grupo B em células epiteliais respiratórias A549 / Apoptosis induced by group B streptococci in respiratory epithelial cells A549

Andréia Ferreira Eduardo da Costa 15 August 2014 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Streptococcus agalactiae, ou Streptococcus do grupo B (GBS), é um importante patógeno oportunista que causa pneumonia, sepse e meningite em recém-nascidos e infecções em adultos imunocomprometidos. O pulmão aparentemente é o portal de entrada para o EGB na corrente sanguínea o que pode evoluir para uma septicemia. Os mecanismos de virulência relevantes envolve a habilidade do EGB em penetrar e sobreviver intracelularmente em células hospedeiras. Neste trabalho, foram analisados os mecanismos moleculares da apoptose epitelial induzida pelo EGB, e a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) em células epiteliais respiratórias A549 durante a infecção por EGB. Todas as amostras de EGB exibiram a capacidade de aderir e invadir células A549. A sobrevivência intracelular do EGB em células A549 ocorreu durante 24 h de incubação sem replicação do patógeno. No entanto, a amsotra 88641-V isolada de vagina não sobreviveu após 0,5 h de interação. O EGB promoveu a perda de viabilidade do epitélio durante a infecção. As alterações morfológicas em células A549 infectadas com o EGB incluem arredondamento celular, condensação nuclear, encolhimento celular e perda de contato célula-célula e célula-substrato. A dupla marcação AV/IP revelou que amostras de EGB sorotipo III induziram apoptose enquanto amostras do sorotipo V induziram morte celular semelhante a necrose em células A549. Caspase-3 foi ativada durante a apoptose induzida por EGB em células epiteliais. No entanto, a ativação de caspases-8 e -9 foi detectada apenas para a amostra 88641-V e as amostras EGB do sorotipo III, respectivamente. Experimentos comparativos de Immunoblotting revelaram que o EGB induziu um aumento da expressão Bim, uma proteína pró-apoptótica e diminuiu a expressão de Bcl-2 e Bcl-xL, proteínas anti-apoptóticas. As células A549 apresentaram perda de potencial de membrana mitocondrial Δψm e co-localização com o Bax. Ensaio de espectrometria de massa identificou a proteína PI-2a, uma proteína estrutural de pili, que exibe atividade carboxipepdidase. Descobrimos que os dois sorotipos (III e V) induziram a produção ROS e NO em células A549. Em conclusão, a apoptose induzida pelo EGB em células A549 é um mecanismo importante de virulência, resultando na destruição de tecidos, escape do sistema imune do hospedeiro com espalhamento bacteriano e, em consequência, a doença invasiva ou uma infecção sistémica. / Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and severe diseases in immunocompromised adults. The lung is the apparent portal of entry for GBS into the bloodstream, after which septicemia may ensue. A relevant virulence mechanism involves the ability of GBS to penetrate and to survive intracellularly within these host cells. In this work, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms of GBS-induced epithelial apoptosis, and nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by lung epithelial cell line A549 cells during infection with GBS. All GBS exhibited the ability to adhere and to invade A549 cells. The survival of GBS within A549 cells without replication was shown during 24 h incubation. However, the 88641-V strain isolated from vagina did not survive after 0.5 h of interaction. GBS promoted the loss of viability of the epithelium during infection. The morphological changes in A549 cells infected with GBS included cell rounding, nuclear condensation, cellular shrinkage and loss of cell-cell contact and cell-substrate. The double staining AV / IP revealed that GBS serotype III induced apoptosis while GBS serotype V induced like necrosis cell death in A549 cells. Caspase-3 was activated during GBS-induced endothelial apoptosis. However, activation of caspases-8 and -9 was detected only by GBS 88641-V and GBS-III, respectively. Comparative immunoblotting experiments revealed that GBS induced an increasing pro-apoptotic Bim expression and decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. A549 cells exhibited loss of mitochondrial membrane potential Δψm with Bax colocalization. Mass spectrometry assay identified protein PI-2a, a structural protein pili, which exhibit carboxipepdidase activity. We found that both serotypes (III and V) induced ROS and NO production in A549 cells. In conclusion, apoptosis of A549 cell induced by GBS is an important virulence mechanism resulting in tissue destruction, escape from the host immune system with bacterial spreading and, in consequence, invasive disease or systemic infection.
37

Apoptose induzida por estreptococos do grupo B em células epiteliais respiratórias A549 / Apoptosis induced by group B streptococci in respiratory epithelial cells A549

Andréia Ferreira Eduardo da Costa 15 August 2014 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Streptococcus agalactiae, ou Streptococcus do grupo B (GBS), é um importante patógeno oportunista que causa pneumonia, sepse e meningite em recém-nascidos e infecções em adultos imunocomprometidos. O pulmão aparentemente é o portal de entrada para o EGB na corrente sanguínea o que pode evoluir para uma septicemia. Os mecanismos de virulência relevantes envolve a habilidade do EGB em penetrar e sobreviver intracelularmente em células hospedeiras. Neste trabalho, foram analisados os mecanismos moleculares da apoptose epitelial induzida pelo EGB, e a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) em células epiteliais respiratórias A549 durante a infecção por EGB. Todas as amostras de EGB exibiram a capacidade de aderir e invadir células A549. A sobrevivência intracelular do EGB em células A549 ocorreu durante 24 h de incubação sem replicação do patógeno. No entanto, a amsotra 88641-V isolada de vagina não sobreviveu após 0,5 h de interação. O EGB promoveu a perda de viabilidade do epitélio durante a infecção. As alterações morfológicas em células A549 infectadas com o EGB incluem arredondamento celular, condensação nuclear, encolhimento celular e perda de contato célula-célula e célula-substrato. A dupla marcação AV/IP revelou que amostras de EGB sorotipo III induziram apoptose enquanto amostras do sorotipo V induziram morte celular semelhante a necrose em células A549. Caspase-3 foi ativada durante a apoptose induzida por EGB em células epiteliais. No entanto, a ativação de caspases-8 e -9 foi detectada apenas para a amostra 88641-V e as amostras EGB do sorotipo III, respectivamente. Experimentos comparativos de Immunoblotting revelaram que o EGB induziu um aumento da expressão Bim, uma proteína pró-apoptótica e diminuiu a expressão de Bcl-2 e Bcl-xL, proteínas anti-apoptóticas. As células A549 apresentaram perda de potencial de membrana mitocondrial Δψm e co-localização com o Bax. Ensaio de espectrometria de massa identificou a proteína PI-2a, uma proteína estrutural de pili, que exibe atividade carboxipepdidase. Descobrimos que os dois sorotipos (III e V) induziram a produção ROS e NO em células A549. Em conclusão, a apoptose induzida pelo EGB em células A549 é um mecanismo importante de virulência, resultando na destruição de tecidos, escape do sistema imune do hospedeiro com espalhamento bacteriano e, em consequência, a doença invasiva ou uma infecção sistémica. / Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and severe diseases in immunocompromised adults. The lung is the apparent portal of entry for GBS into the bloodstream, after which septicemia may ensue. A relevant virulence mechanism involves the ability of GBS to penetrate and to survive intracellularly within these host cells. In this work, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms of GBS-induced epithelial apoptosis, and nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by lung epithelial cell line A549 cells during infection with GBS. All GBS exhibited the ability to adhere and to invade A549 cells. The survival of GBS within A549 cells without replication was shown during 24 h incubation. However, the 88641-V strain isolated from vagina did not survive after 0.5 h of interaction. GBS promoted the loss of viability of the epithelium during infection. The morphological changes in A549 cells infected with GBS included cell rounding, nuclear condensation, cellular shrinkage and loss of cell-cell contact and cell-substrate. The double staining AV / IP revealed that GBS serotype III induced apoptosis while GBS serotype V induced like necrosis cell death in A549 cells. Caspase-3 was activated during GBS-induced endothelial apoptosis. However, activation of caspases-8 and -9 was detected only by GBS 88641-V and GBS-III, respectively. Comparative immunoblotting experiments revealed that GBS induced an increasing pro-apoptotic Bim expression and decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. A549 cells exhibited loss of mitochondrial membrane potential Δψm with Bax colocalization. Mass spectrometry assay identified protein PI-2a, a structural protein pili, which exhibit carboxipepdidase activity. We found that both serotypes (III and V) induced ROS and NO production in A549 cells. In conclusion, apoptosis of A549 cell induced by GBS is an important virulence mechanism resulting in tissue destruction, escape from the host immune system with bacterial spreading and, in consequence, invasive disease or systemic infection.
38

Avaliação da expressão de genes de resistência às múltiplas drogas (MDRs) e de metabolização em diferentes linhagens celulares tratadas com complexos metálicos de rutênio / Expression of multiple drug resistance gene (MDR) on different cell lines treated with ruthenium (III) complexes

Costa, Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova 21 February 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-12-11T16:01:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese -Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova Costa - 2013.pdf: 2101811 bytes, checksum: 1cf67584701df4c2df1009b299703f7b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-12-11T19:00:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese -Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova Costa - 2013.pdf: 2101811 bytes, checksum: 1cf67584701df4c2df1009b299703f7b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-11T19:00:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese -Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova Costa - 2013.pdf: 2101811 bytes, checksum: 1cf67584701df4c2df1009b299703f7b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Não consta resumo em outro idioma. / Foi com a descoberta da atividade antimitótica da cisplatina por Rosenberg na década se 1960 e 70, em seu célebre estudo com bactérias Escherichia coli, que surgiu o interesse em sintetizar e entender as bases moleculares responsáveis pelo mecanismo de ação biológica dos compostos metálicos, visto que a própria cisplatina foi inicialmente sintetizada por Peyrone nos idos de 1840. Os primeiros estudos envolvendo o uso de complexos metálicos de rutênio como agentes antitumorais foram realizados por Tochter no final dos anos 1980 (Dale et al., 1992). Àquela época, foi inferido que todos os compostos de rutênio apresentavam como mecanismo de ação, a sua ligação com o DNA, formando adutos e desencadeando processos celulares de natureza deletéria que, por fim, levariam a morte celular. É interessante lembrar que esse é o mesmo mecanismo de ação dos compostos de platina mais aceitos nos dias atuais. Sadler e Dyson (2003) estudando compostos de rutênio que continham cloro em sua estrutura, como o cloreto de cis-(dicloro)tetraaminorutênio(III) [cis-[RuCl2(NH3)4]Cl], observaram que estes compostos apresentavam mecanismos de ação biológica muito parecidos com os apresentados pela cisplatina [Pt(NH3)2Cl2], onde a hidrólise da ligação Ru–Cl pode ser fortemente influenciada pela natureza dos coligantes presentes na estrutura do rutenato, como grupamentos amino ou até mesmo pela presença de átomos de carbono. A alta concentração de cloretos no sangue permite a esses compostos metálicos, levados por proteínas séricas, chegar até as células e atravessar sua membrana celular e nuclear. Uma vez no interior do núcleo, a ligação Ru–Cl é hidrolisada, devido a queda abrupta da concentração de cloretos (que é cerca de 25 vezes menor), levando o composto a se ligar ao DNA, mais especificamente à posição N7 da base nitrogenada guanina. Por outro lado, compostos que não possuem cloro em sua estrutura, parecem apresentar mecanismos de ação diferentes ao padrão "ligação ao DNA". Sabe-se que compostos que apresentam carboxilatos em sua molécula, como a carboplatina, oxaliplatina e o próprio ditionato de cis-tetraammino(oxalato)rutênio(III) [Cis-[Ru(C2O2)(NH3)4]2(S2O6)], uma vez no interior das células, são hidrolisados muito mais lentamente do que os compostos ricos em cloretos, o que leva a um acúmulo desses compostos no citoplasma, diminuindo sua migração até o núcleo e, assim reduzindo a sua capacidade de se ligar ao DNA. Mas se o DNA não é o alvo desses compostos, então, quem poderia ser? Essa pergunta está sendo respondida com recentes estudos, que revelaram a interação desses compostos, ricos em carboxilatos, com uma miríade de proteínas e enzimas, que vão desde catepsinas, chegando até mesmo à Pgp (Melchart & Sadler, 2008). Estudos realizados por Dyson e colaboradores (2007), utilizando alguns inibidores da proteína Pgp, como fenoxazinas e antracenos, coordenados com compostos de rutênio, observaram que estes novos complexos não somente inibiram a ação da enzima, como também induziram morte celular, demonstrando uma multifuncionalidade. Seguindo essa linha de pensamento, acreditamos que a capacidade do composto ditionato de cistetraammino(oxalato)rutênio(III) em induzir apoptose nas células tumorais, assim como os baixos níveis de expressão de Pgp apresentados pelas células tratadas, corroboram os resultados previamente observados por outros grupos, utilizando compostos de rutênio similares. A resistência a fármacos mediada por Pgp é o mecanismo de MDR mais estudado atualmente. Apesar do desenvolvimento de novos agentes antitumorais, a MDR mediada pela Pgp protege as células de possíveis agentes citotóxicos, limitando a eficácia dos tratamentos quimioterápicos em pacientes com câncer. Atualmente, a extensa maioria dos inibidores da Pgp disponíveis estão associados a vários inconvenientes, que limitam o seu uso no reestabelecimento da eficácia da quimioterapia antineoplásica, após o aparecimento do fenótipo MDR. A procura de inibidores de Pgp alternativos, com um processo sintético exequível e efeitos secundários reduzidos, continua a ser um desafio para os químicos, farmacêuticos e pesquisadores. É nesse contexto que estão sendo desenvolvidos e estudados novos agentes antitumorais que possam agir como inibidores de Pgp, apresentando um efeito dual, ou até mesmo multifuncional, no tratamento clínico das neoplasias malignas. Muito tem se discutido que a próxima geração de fármacos antitumorais poderá ser formada por substâncias que se ligam a mais do que um único alvo terapêutico, o que poderia acelerar tratamento contra a doença, reduzindo o número e a concentração de fármacos que deveriam ser administrados, como os coquetéis atualmente utilizados, e até mesmo aumentando a adesão ao tratamento por parte do paciente. No presente trabalho, estudamos dois complexos de rutênio, o cloreto e o ditionato de rutênio(III), que se apresentam como promissores no possível desenvolvimento de um novo fármaco antitumoral. Essa promessa transparece no fato de ambos serem de síntese química relativamente simples (processo sintético exequível) e, principalmente, por apresentarem efeito biológico de interesse em células tumorais, como citotoxicidade e indução de morte celular, especialmente por apoptose. Pelo que foi observado nos resultados de nossa pesquisa, os complexos aqui estudados, podem constituir um modelo para o estudo de novos agentes anticancerígenos com concomitante capacidade de não induzir MDR. Esta característica se mostrou muito evidente sobre a linhagem leucêmica K-562, onde os níveis de expressão de MDR1, após o tratamento com os rutenatos, foram muito inferiores aos apresentados pelas células tumorais tratadas com o fármaco controle Cisplatina. Ainda, é importante pontuar que o composto ditionato de cistetraammino(oxalato)rutênio(III) apresentou efeito citotóxico em ambas as linhagens tumorais K-562 e A549, sem contudo induzir altos níveis de expressão de Pgp (MDR1), apresentados pelos fármacos platinados. Assim, estudos mais aprofundados sobre a estrutura e funcionamento biológico desses complexos de rutênio, representam um ponto de partida interessante para o desenvolvimento de fármacos multifuncionais e de efeito desejável, auxiliando na delineação de estudos clínicos dirigidos a grupos selecionados de pacientes que reúnam características genotípicas e fenotípicas preditivas de máxima resposta terapêutica com mínima toxicidade. Posteriormente, estes estudos podem levar às realizações de testes diagnósticos e farmacológicos mais eficazes que poderão ser estabelecidos como rotina voltada para uma melhor definição de tratamentos. Isso traria um maior sucesso no teste de novos medicamentos e reduziria os custos e riscos, minimizando o tempo gasto para aprovação de um novo medicamento e a sua disponibilização para a sociedade.
39

Optimization of the VITROCELL® Exposure System for In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Diesel Emissions at the Air-Liquid Interface

Greenan, Rebecca January 2015 (has links)
Relative to traditional methods, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures constitute a superior in vitro model for assessing the toxicological activity of complex aerosols. By removing the medium barrier, aerosols can be delivered to the cells at their apical surface. This project investigated the utility of the commercially available VITROCELL® exposure system for comparative toxicological assessment of complex aerosols (freshly-generated diluted diesel exhaust and simulated urban smog). The system setup was modified to improve control of aerosol properties (temperature and humidity) and cellular responses (dynamic range). Following optimization, cytotoxicity (WST-1 and LDH assays) and expression of selected genes involved in proinflammatory signalling and oxidative stress responses (via quantitative RT-PCR) were quantified following 1 hour aerosol exposures. The results showed only limited, variable responses following exposures to high concentrations of diesel exhaust. Lack of consistent and robust responses are likely due to poor deposition of particulate matter from the test aerosols.
40

Photoactivatable Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapeutics and Biosensing

Mathew, Mona 01 January 2014 (has links)
In photodynamic therapy a photosensitizer drug is administered and is irradiated with light. Upon absorption of light the photosensitizer goes into its triplet state and transfers energy or an electron to oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS react with biomolecules in cells leading to cell damage and cell death. PDT has interested many researchers because of its non-invasiveness as compared to surgery, it leaves little to no scars, it is time and cost effective, it has potential for targeted treatment, and can be repeated as needed. Different photosensitizers such as porphyrines, chlorophylls, and dyes have been used in PDT to treat various cancers, skin diseases, aging and sun-damaged skin. These second generation sensitizers have yielded reduced skin sensitivity and improved extinction coefficients (up to ~ 105 L mol-1 cm-1). While PDT based on small molecule photosensitizers has shown great promise, several problems remain unsolved. The main issues with current sensitizers are (i) hydrophobicity leading to aggregation in aqueous media resulting in reduced efficacy and potential toxicity, (ii) dark toxicity of photosensitizers, (iii) non-selectivity towards malignant tissue resulting in prolonged cutaneous photosensitivity and damage to healthy tissue, (iv) limited light absorption efficiency, and (v) a lack of understanding of where the photosensitizer ends up in the tissue. In this dissertation research program, these issues were addressed by the development of conducting polymer nanoparticles as a next generation of photosensitizers. This choice was motivated by the fact that conducting polymers have large extinction coefficients ( > 107 L mol-1 cm-1), are able to undergo intersystem crossing to the triplet state, and have triplet energies that are close to that of oxygen. It was therefore hypothesized that such polymers could be effective at generating ROS due to the large excitation rate that can be generated. Conducting polymer nanoparticles (CPNPs) composed of the conducting polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyl-oxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) were fabricated and studied in-vitro for their potential in PDT application. Although not fully selective, the nanoparticles exhibited a strong bias to the cancer cells. The formation of ROS was proven in-vitro by staining of the cells with CellROX Green Reagent, after which PDT results were quantified by MTT assays. Cell mortality was observed to scale with nanoparticle dosage and light dosage. Based on these promising results the MEH-PPV nanoparticles were developed further to allow for surface functionalization, with the aim of targeting these NPs to cancer cell lines. For this work targeting of cancers that overexpress folate receptors (FR) were considered. The functionalized nanoparticles (FNPs) were studied in OVCAR3 (ovarian cancer cell line) as FR+, MIA PaCa2 (pancreatic cell line) as FR-, and A549 (lung cancer cell line) having marginal FR expression. Complete selectivity of the FNPs towards the FR+ cell line was found. Quantification of PDT results by MTS assays and flow cytometry show that PDT treatment was fully selective to the FR+ cell line (OVCAR3). No cell mortality was observed for the other cell lines studied here within experimental error. Finally, the issue of confirming and quantifying small molecule drug delivery to diseased tissue was tackled by developing quantum dot (Qdot) biosensors with the aim of achieving fluorescence reporting of intracellular small molecule/drug delivery. For fluorescence reporting prior expertise in control of the fluorescence state of Qdots was employed, where redox active ligands can place the Qdot in a quenched OFF state. Ligand attachment was accomplished by disulfide linker chemistry. This chemistry is reversible in the presence of sulfur reducing biomolecules, resulting in Qdots in a brightly fluorescent ON state. Glutathione (GSH) is such a biomolecule that is present in the intracellular environment. Experimental in-vitro data shows that this design was successfully implemented.

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