Insynshandel är en vanligt förekommande företeelse på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Året 2015 genomfördes 9 996 insynstransaktioner av olika karaktär. Något som för många låter som en otillåten handling har enligt tidigare forskning visat sig vara hälsosamt för marknadseffektiviteten. Tidigare litteratur beskriver vikten av insynspersonens befattning för möjligheten att generera överavkastning. Olika befattningar har tillgång till olika information samtidigt som befattningar tillsätts efter individens kompetens. Detta är faktorer som antas påverka individens investeringsbeslut. Litteraturen diskuterar även skillnader mellan män och kvinnors förmåga att åstadkomma överavkastning. Man menar att kvinnor och män har olika arbetssätt vilket påverkar förmågan att vidhålla och utnyttja information. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka marknadens prissättning vid publicering av genomförda insynstransaktioner. Uppsatsen baseras på den svenska aktiemarknaden för att skapa en bättre förståelse för hur marknaden resonerar kring betydelsen för insynspersoners befattning och kön. En eventstudie genomförs för att studera en eventuell reaktion på marknaden vid publicering av insynstransaktioner. För att tolka och analysera eventstudiens resultat genomförs olika hypotestester samt en multipel regressions. Författarnas ansats är deduktiv och studien har utgått från en större mängd kvantitativ data som sedan testats mot teorin. Resultaten visar inga signifikanta skillnader i marknadens reaktion då män respektive kvinnors insynstransaktioner publiceras. Studien finner liknande resultat för insynspersonernas befattning. Slutsatsen är att den svenska aktiemarknaden inte värderar insynspersonens befattning eller kön i samband med insynshandel. Studien finner inte heller några signifikanta samband mellan ackumulerad abnormal avkastning, insynspersoners kön och befattning. Således förkastas uppsatsens två hypoteser. / Insider trading is a common occurrence in the Swedish stock market. In 2015, 9 996 transactions were carried out of different types. According to previous research, something that to many sounds like an unlawful act has proven to be healthy for market efficiency. Earlier literature describes the importance of the insider’s position for the ability to generate excess return. Various positions have access to different information while positions are being appointed according to the individual's competence. These are factors that are believed to affect the individual's investment decisions. The literature also discusses differences between men and women's ability to achieve excess returns. It is believed that women and men have different working methods, which affect the ability to maintain and utilize information. The purpose of this thesis is examining market pricing when publishing insider trades. The study is based on the Swedish stock market to provide a better understanding of how the market values the insider position and gender. An event study is being conducted to study a possible reaction to the market. In order to interpret and analyze the results of the event study, various hypothesis tests and a multiple regression are performed. The authors’ approach is deductive and the study has been based on a bigger amount of quantitative data that has then been tested against the theory. The results show no significant differences in the market response when men and women’s insider trades are being published. The study finds similar results for the insider’s position. The conclusion is that the Swedish stock market does not value the insider’s position or gender in conjunction with insider trading. The study also finds no significant correlation between accumulated abnormal returns and insiders’ gender and position. Thus, the essay's two hypotheses are rejected.

Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: The specific aim of this study was to measure the severity of dopamine receptor 1 (D1R)- and dopamine receptor 2 (D2R)-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) when administered with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 or opioid glycopeptide MMP-2200. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine to cause unilateral loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequent striatal dopamine loss. Levodopa (7 mg/kg; i.p.) injection for 21 consecutive days caused the rats to develop levodopa-induced dyskinesias, termed AIMs in this preclinical rat model. The rats were first primed with the D1R agonist SKF81297, then co-administered with MK-801 or MMP-2200 and AIMs scores were recorded to determine the severity of the dyskinesias. Then the same procedure was performed with the D2R agonist quinpirole. Main Results: MK-801 worsened D1R-induced limb, axial and orolingual (LAO) AIMs (p<0.05) whereas there was no change in locomotor AIM scores. MK-801 reduced D2R-induced LAO AIMs by 89% (p<0.001). However, MK-801 induced ipsiversive rotations, which is a parkinsonian symptom in this model. MMP-2200 had no effect on D1R-induced LAO AIMs but significantly reduced locomotor AIMs by 50% (p<0.05). MMP-2200 significantly decreased both D2R-induced LAO and locomotor AIMs by 40% and 90%, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusion: Both MK-801 and MMP-2200 had differential effects on the rodent direct and indirect striatofugal pathways with regards to AIMs. These results support that MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and MMP-2200, a mixed mu and delta opioid receptor agonist, modulate levodopa-induced dyskinesias through the dopaminergic and glutaminergic pathways.

Investors rely on secondary information sources, like cover stories, as market indicators due to time, information and resources constraints. However, studies in the US market gave mixed results about the potential use of cover stories while no publish research could be found in South Africa related to investors reaction to cover stories or whether an understanding of investment periods, company specific characteristics or bounded rational behaviour would yield superior abnormal returns from cover stories.In total, 1218 cover stories related to publicily listed companies were recorded from FinWeek and Financial Mail for the period 1985 to 2008 and categorised based on the Likert scale developed by Arnold et al. (2007). Event study methodology was used in the research.The research found evidence that investors did pay attention to very optimistic cover stories. Positive an neutral cover stories were contrarian indicators, while negative cover stories were momentum indicators of future company investment performances and the abnormal returns for an investment portfolio based on these cover story effects were optimised by short-selling cover story companies from healthcare, general retail and general mining industries and buying shares in control companies from the same industries and company sizes. The ability to earn long-term abnormal returns proofed weak form market inefficiency for the JSE. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Utdelningspolitiken har länge varit ett omdiskuterat och omstritt ämne och har på senare fått ett än större fokus då investerare söker efter alternativ till en stabil avkastning när räntemarknaden har blivit en mindre attraktiv plats för detta. Huruvida utdelningspolitik är något som företag kan använda sig av för att signalera till marknaden råder det inte konsensus om. Syftet med denna uppsats är att försöka ge ett svar på detta och se huruvida utdelningsförändringar påverkar företagets marknadsvärde. För att försöka besvara denna fråga har studien genomfört en eventstudie med marknadsmodellen som utgångspunkt. Studiens population består av samtliga företag som var noterade på Stockholmsbörsens Mid- och Largecap lista mellan åren 2010-2019. Urvalskriterierna som varit nödvändiga för studiens syfte resulterade i ett totalt urval om 136 observationer av avvikande utdelningsförändringar. Eventstudien visar att det förekommer en signifikant positiv abnormal avkastning vid tillkännagivandet av en höjd utdelningsnivå. Vid en sänkt utdelningsnivå förekommer dock ingen signifikant abnormal avkastning. Vidare kan studien statistiskt säkerställa att det föreligger skillnad mellan en höjd utdelning och en sänkt utdelning. Av resultaten att döma har slutsatsen av studien blivit att avvikande förändringar i företagets utdelningspolitik påverkar företagets värde vid höjning men inte vid sänkning. Således ger studiens resultat svaret att signalvärdet vid en höjd utdelning är effektivt och överensstämmer med teori och tidigare forskning, däremot påvisar sänkning inte ett starkt signalvärde, då marknaden av empirin att döma inte reagerar på denna information.

I grunden är aktiesplittar endast en kosmetisk förändring av hur företag uttrycker sitt marknadsvärde på eget kapital. Denna studie undersöker om abnormal avkastning uppkommer till följd av annonsering av aktiesplittar på den svenska aktiemarknaden och vad som kan förklara den potentiellt förekommande abnormala avkastningen. En eventstudie genomförs på 132 aktiesplittar under perioden 1996–2019 för att undersöka förekomsten av abnormal avkastning. Genom regressionsanalys undersöks om annonserad splitfaktor, företagsstorlek och B/M-kvot kan förklara abnormal avkastning. Resultaten från eventstudien fastställer att abnormal avkastning på annonseringsdagen och efterföljande handelsdag förekommer på Stockholmsbörsen. Vidare fastställer regressionsanalysen ett statistiskt signifikant negativt samband mellan företagsstorlek och abnormal avkastning respektive ett positivt samband mellan B/M-kvot och abnormal avkastning. Inget statistiskt säkerställt samband observeras mellan annonserad splitfaktor och abnormal avkastning. Studiens slutsats är att abnormal avkastning förekommer i samband med annonsering av aktiesplittar på Stockholmsbörsen och att företagsstorlek och graden av aktieundervärdering är två förklaringar av abnormal avkastning.

This study investigates the determinants of divestitures, the impact of divestitures on shortterm firm value and the determinants of divestiture returns in South Africa. The study is based on a sample of 46 non-financial firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) between 2000 and 2014. Logit regressions found CEO Turnover, a measure of corporate focus and Return on Assets (ROA), a measure of corporate efficiency, to be the only statistically significant determinants of divestitures in South Africa. However, Sales growth, Return on Equity (ROE), Debt to Total Assets (D-t-A), Debt to Equity (D-t-E), the current ratio, and the interest coverage ratio did not possess statistical significance as determinants of divestitures in South Africa. The study also investigated the impact of divestitures on short-term shareholder wealth and found that divestitures have a statistically significant positive impact on short-term firm value in South Africa. Finally, the study also investigated the determinants of divestiture returns. Cross-sectional regressions conducted on the full sample of divesting firms found that leverage has a statistically significant effect on divestiture returns in South Africa; however, firm size and efficiency do not have a statistically significant effect on divestiture returns. In order to further understand the determinants of divestiture returns in South Africa the study also separated the portfolio of divesting firms into subsamples. The study found that larger firms report superior abnormal returns than smaller firms, firms with lower levels of efficiency report superior abnormal returns than firms with higher levels of efficiency, and highly-levered firms report superior abnormal returns than lower-levered firms in South Africa.

Studien syftar till att undersöka om investerare anser att kvinnliga verkställande direktörer (VD) tillför värde till företaget genom att studera marknadsreaktionen när kvinnliga VD:ar tillkännages. Studien undersöker även om VD:ns erfarenheter och egenskaper, enligt Upper Echelons Theory, har en effekt på studerad marknadsreaktion. Studien avgränsas till den svenska marknaden där företag på Nasdaq Stockholm samt First North inkluderas, där urvalet består av 49 företag. Marknadens reaktion vid tillkännagivande av nya, kvinnliga VD:ar operationaliseras till den abnormala avkastningen vid eventdagen enligt marknadsmodellen, och tas fram för tio dagar innan tillkännagivandet till och med tio dagar efter. Resultatet visar att investerare är positivt inställda till kvinnliga VD:ar och anser de värdeskapande då signifikant positiv abnormal avkastning kan utläsas. Avseende antaganden om att VD:ns erfarenheter och egenskaper har effekt på marknadens reaktion finner studien inga signifikanta resultat och gör att hypoteserna varken kan förkastas eller accepteras.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第23472号 / 医科博第131号 / 新制||医科||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 滝田 順子, 教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 江藤 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Inter corporate asset sales provide a viable alternative to mergers and acquisitions to create shareholder value for both the buyer and seller companies. Intercorporate asset sales are defined as the sale of autonomous operational assets which does not entail a change in ownership control of the seller.Mergers and acquisitions research found greater value was created by cash funded transactions compared to equity funded transactions. Contrary to mergers and acquisitions, asset sale research found equity funded transactions created greater value compared to cash funded transactions. This research provides a deeper understanding of the effect the method of payment has on the value created when selling assets, enabling management of acquiring and divesting companies to realise their maximum value creation potential.The population consisted of intercorporate asset sale transactions announced and concluded for the 11 year period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2011. The exact population was not known, therefore judgmental sampling was used to identify companies. Only companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange All Share Index were considered for qualifying asset sale transactions. In total 112 companies were reviewed for asset sales yielding 214 qualifying transactions which were divided in sub samples of 43 equity buyers, 68 cash buyers, 30 equity sellers and 73 cash sellers.Based on the event study methodology the short term metric of abnormal share price returns and the medium term metric of abnormal operating financial performance were used to calculate and compare the value created by equity and cash funded transactions. Both metrics concluded that equity funded asset sales created greater value compared to cash funded asset sales.Inferences were made between asset sales and mergers and acquisitions and the researcher concluded by proposing a model to optimise shareholder value. Based on the accounting performance of the buyer and the intrinsic value of the asset or target, the model is used to select the optimum combination of corporate activity and the method of payment to unlock the optimum shareholder value. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions have been the subject of numerous studies over the years. The effect of the method of payment in M&A transactions has been studied in first world countries where information transfer is regarded as being highly efficient. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the method of payment to both acquirer and target companies post the announcement of M&A transactions within the context of emerging economies. South African JSE listed firms were used as a proxy for emerging market companies.Event study methodologies are only as sound as the statistical methodologies used to conduct the tests as well as the accuracy with which expected returns can be calculated. This being so, the aim of the research was to apply rigorous testing using various event study methodologies and making use of the literature to ensure that the findings were robust and the testing thorough. The various testing methodologies did not always provide the same findings further emphasising that the results are only as conclusive and robust as the methodologies used.Using the well substantiated event study methodology it was found that target companies do not significantly outperform acquirer firms. Although target companies showed a 12.5% increase over the longest event window being a 120 day window, whilst acquirers only reported 6.40% the difference was not found to be significant. The additional returns to target companies are likely due to the bid premium to stave off competition.Results indicate that acquirer companies using shares as the method of payment do send a negative signal to the market that their shares used as the currency of exchange in the M&A transaction is inflated. As a result acquirer companies using shares underperformed acquirer companies using cash as the method of payment.Finally target companies bought where cash was used as the method of payment outperform targets bought using shares as the method of payment. This is likely due to the capital gains tax implications in the year the M&A transaction takes place where cash is the method of payment.Although South Africa is regarded as being a less efficient market than first world economies with regards to information transfer, based on the study (which focused on large capitalisation companies with high trading volumes) South Africa does show similar results to those of first-world economies for acquirer cash against acquirer share returns as well as for target cash against target share returns, when looking at the method of payment as a market signal in M&A transactions. This research did not however find significantly higher positive returns for target companies against acquirer companies returns. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted