Magister Artium - MA / Media representations, embedded in reported media events, play a pivotal role in the propagation of beliefs, ideologies and establishing the status quo. The media events are given coverage by news reports on newsworthy topics, and in this case, politics. In this mini-dissertation, two particular media events, namely the Travel Ban instituted by President Donald Trump, and making Jerusalem the official capital of Israel, were analysed based on the different viewpoints writers portrayed on the same media events. Being contemporary political events related to the current President of America, it was evident that a standard news structure was common and spatial positioning of texts was a noticeable key feature of news report. The use of pronouns as the subject in headlines, including nominalisations, clause embedding and speech acts, clarified implicit and underlying meanings of the text. The linguistic choices made by the writers had a direct link to the text, which propagated Trump’s social and political ideologies positively and negatively based on these choices. The textual construct of four online news reports from four American-based newspapers presented both positive and negative revelations about Trump’s political aims. The stance of writers pronounced subjective views in three of the four the news reports. The contentious issue of Jerusalem proved to be sensitive one, in that the religious sensibilities played a major role in the dispute of Palestinian lands. The linguistic choices most utilised were non-cohesive use of grammar rules as opposed to other texts; linguistic techniques, such as the discourse of exclusion; and the choice of wording, particularly understood within the Political Discourse Analysis (PDA) framework.

La prolifération des données numériques a permis aux communautés de scientifiques et de praticiens de créer de nouvelles technologies basées sur les données pour mieux connaître les utilisateurs finaux et en particulier leur comportement. L’objectif est alors de fournir de meilleurs services et un meilleur support aux personnes dans leur expérience numérique. La majorité de ces technologies créées pour analyser le comportement humain utilisent très souvent des données de logs générées passivement au cours de l’interaction homme-machine. Une particularité de ces traces comportementales est qu’elles sont enregistrées et stockées selon une structure clairement définie. En revanche, les traces générées de manière proactive sont très peu structurées et représentent la grande majorité des données numériques existantes. De plus, les données non structurées se trouvent principalement sous forme de texte. À ce jour, malgré la prédominance des données textuelles et la pertinence des connaissances comportementales dans de nombreux domaines, les textes numériques sont encore insuffisamment étudiés en tant que traces du comportement humain pour révéler automatiquement des connaissances détaillées sur le comportement.L’objectif de recherche de cette thèse est de proposer une méthode indépendante du corpus pour exploiter automatiquement les communications asynchrones en tant que traces de comportement générées de manière proactive afin de découvrir des modèles de processus de conversations,axés sur des intentions de discours et des relations, toutes deux exhaustives et détaillées.Plusieurs contributions originales sont faites. Il y est menée la seule revue systématique existante à ce jour sur la modélisation automatique des conversations asynchrones avec des actes de langage. Une taxonomie des intentions de discours est dérivée de la linguistique pour modéliser la communication asynchrone. Comparée à toutes les taxonomies des travaux connexes,celle proposée est indépendante du corpus, à la fois plus détaillée et exhaustive dans le contexte donné, et son application par des non-experts est prouvée au travers d’expériences approfondies.Une méthode automatique, indépendante du corpus, pour annoter les énoncées de communication asynchrone avec la taxonomie des intentions de discours proposée, est conçue sur la base d’un apprentissage automatique supervisé. Pour cela, deux corpus "ground-truth" validés sont créés et trois groupes de caractéristiques (discours, contenu et conversation) sont conçus pour être utilisés par les classificateurs. En particulier, certaines des caractéristiques du discours sont nouvelles et définies en considérant des moyens linguistiques pour exprimer des intentions de discours,sans s’appuyer sur le contenu explicite du corpus, le domaine ou les spécificités des types de communication asynchrones. Une méthode automatique basée sur la fouille de processus est conçue pour générer des modèles de processus d’intentions de discours interdépendantes à partir de tours de parole, annotés avec plusieurs labels par phrase. Comme la fouille de processus repose sur des logs d’événements structurés et bien définis, un algorithme est proposé pour produire de tels logs d’événements à partir de conversations. Par ailleurs, d’autres solutions pour transformer les conversations annotées avec plusieurs labels par phrase en logs d’événements, ainsi que l’impact des différentes décisions sur les modèles comportementaux en sortie sont analysées afin d’alimenter de futures recherches.Des expériences et des validations qualitatives à la fois en médecine et en analyse conversationnelle montrent que la solution proposée donne des résultats fiables et pertinents. Cependant,des limitations sont également identifiées, elles devront être abordées dans de futurs travaux. / The proliferation of digital data has enabled scientific and practitioner communities to createnew data-driven technologies to learn about user behaviors in order to deliver better services and support to people in their digital experience. The majority of these technologies extensively derive value from data logs passively generated during the human-computer interaction. A particularity of these behavioral traces is that they are structured. However, the pro-actively generated text across Internet is highly unstructured and represents the overwhelming majority of behavioral traces. To date, despite its prevalence and the relevance of behavioral knowledge to many domains, such as recommender systems, cyber-security and social network analysis,the digital text is still insufficiently tackled as traces of human behavior to automatically reveal extensive insights into behavior.The main objective of this thesis is to propose a corpus-independent method to automatically exploit the asynchronous communication as pro-actively generated behavior traces in order to discover process models of conversations, centered on comprehensive speech intentions and relations. The solution is built in three iterations, following a design science approach.Multiple original contributions are made. The only systematic study to date on the automatic modeling of asynchronous communication with speech intentions is conducted. A speech intention taxonomy is derived from linguistics to model the asynchronous communication and, comparedto all taxonomies from the related works, it is corpus-independent, comprehensive—as in both finer-grained and exhaustive in the given context, and its application by non-experts is proven feasible through extensive experiments. A corpus-independent, automatic method to annotate utterances of asynchronous communication with the proposed speech intention taxonomy is designed based on supervised machine learning. For this, validated ground-truth corpora arecreated and groups of features—discourse, content and conversation-related, are engineered to be used by the classifiers. In particular, some of the discourse features are novel and defined by considering linguistic means to express speech intentions, without relying on the corpus explicit content, domain or on specificities of the asynchronous communication types. Then, an automatic method based on process mining is designed to generate process models of interrelated speech intentions from conversation turns, annotated with multiple speech intentions per sentence. As process mining relies on well-defined structured event logs, an algorithm to produce such logs from conversations is proposed. Additionally, an extensive design rationale on how conversations annotated with multiple labels per sentence could be transformed in event logs and what is the impact of different decisions on the output behavioral models is released to support future research. Experiments and qualitative validations in medicine and conversation analysis show that the proposed solution reveals reliable and relevant results, but also limitations are identified,to be addressed in future works.

1 Abstract Urgent and unrepeatable acts are an integral part of criminal proceedings and it would be difficult for law enforcement authorities to detect perpetrators of criminal offenses without them. Despite their characteristic of denying fundamental human rights, their implementation is in some cases essential for finding the material truth. This contradiction between the state's effort to maintain security on the one hand and the individual's right to a fair trial on the other poses a risk of possible misconduct for the entire criminal proceedings. The aim of this work was to point out that their implementation has a significant impact on the overall outcome of criminal proceedings considering their changing probative value, or even their absolute ineffectiveness. The individual acts were gradually incorporated into the Criminal Procedure Code from the most general legal boundaries to their present form. However, even today, it cannot be said with certainty that their legal regulation corresponds to the current needs. An analysis of the case law of individual urgent and / or unrepeatable acts shows that their completion by courts is necessary. From the available analysis, the following factors were found to affect the probative value: (i) insufficient reasoning of urgency or non-repeatability, but also...

Yiwen Zhan defends a new account of the pragmatics of assertion, according to which assertions are agents’ performative speech acts of commitment to truth. He explains how such a pragmatic approach can be fitted into Fregean context and account for the force–content relation, non-assertoric contents, context-sensitivity, constitutive norms, belief and the dynamics in discourse, and other related problems.

Mezinárodněprávní ochrana bezpečnosti civilního letectví Abstrakt Předmětem této diplomové práce je právní úprava ochrany bezpečnosti v civilním letectví. Čtenáři se snaží poskytnout ucelený pohled na tuto problematiku ze všech úrovní právní úpravy. Práce je rozdělena do 3 částí, které by měly poskytnout celkový náhled na tuto oblast právní úpravy. Vzhledem k povaze letecké dopravy je největší část této práce věnována právě mezinárodněprávní úpravě. První část práce zasvěcuje čtenáře do historie civilního letectví a leteckého práva. Stranou nezůstávají ani mezinárodní organizace, jak vládní, tak nevládní, které napomáhají se zvyšováním standardu bezpečnosti. V závěru této části je popsána situace z hlediska mezinárodního práva veřejného velmi ožehavá, a to je sestřelení civilního letounu státem, včetně postoje některých států, respektive jejich právních řádů. Druhá část se zaměřuje na konkrétní právní instrumenty upravující security bezpečnost civilního letectví. Tato kapitola patří také především mezinárodněprávní úpravě, respektive konkrétním meznárodním smlouvám, které byly v oblasti bezpečnosti civilního letectví přijaty. Autor se zde však zastavuje i u vztahu jednotlivých právních úprav a u problematiky recepce mezinárodních standardů a doporučení do vnitrostátního práva. Poslední kapitola se věnuje...

Termination of Employment after Civil Re-Codification Abstract The thesis deals with different means of termination of employment, which may occur either as an expression of the will of a party or both parties to an employment contract, i.e. the employee or the employer, or as a consequence of another kind of legal occurrence. The paper further researches the impact of the Civil Code, as a general civil law regulation, and amendments to the Labour Code implemented due the Civil Code coming into force on termination of employment and its consequences. Primary focus is on the application of the general regulation of ineffectiveness and voidability of termination as well as on interpretation of employment-related legal conduct under the Civil Code. The thesis also explores the influence of civil-law regulation of time limits and lapse of time on counting of time in labour law. The thesis reflects court decisions related to the Labour Code issued since 2014 when the Civil Code came into force. Following an overview of all means of termination of employment, the paper focuses on individual means of termination by the parties consisting in the unilateral or bilateral expression of will of the parties to an employment contract. These means include agreements to terminate employment, dismissal, summary dismissal...

Five Reform Acts passed over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries gradually increased the size of the British electorate. Negotiations over lowering property, rent, and lodging restrictions led to new Acts that slowly increased the number of Britons deemed worthy to vote. This dissertation examines the extent class and gender were relevant to those negotiations of British citizenship over the course of those five Acts. The project scrutinizes the language used in Parliamentary debates, political pamphlets, and political correspondence to reconstruct the constantly-changing conceptualization of the ideal citizen’s gendered identity in Britain and Europe. This project illuminates the rhetorical battles between the political elite and those who desired admittance to the franchise. The language surrounding those battles highlights the contradictory reasons why certain male and female populations were denied admittance. By examining all these Acts together, this project provides new insight into Parliamentary reform as a political event where the unfixed ideas of Victorian femininity and masculinity can be viewed and assessed in the context of political power.

Theoretical concept of legal acts of juristic person Abstract This diploma thesis aims to analyze the legal acts of juristic persons from a theoretical point of view and also what practical implications this concept brings. It is divided into three chapters, while the first chapter is divided into three subchapters and is devoted to basic concepts in law and their concept in connection with juristic person. The first subchapter deals with legal personality, especially the subjectivity of a juristic person. The second subchapter deals with legal acts and how legal acts differs from behavior. The third subchapter focuses on legal capacity. Particular emphasis is placed on the legal capacity of juristic persons and on whether it is possible to speak of legal capacity in their context. The second chapter is divided into two subchapters. The first subchapter concerns the development of the very concept of a juristic person. The second subchapter describes selected theories of juristic persons. These are theories of will, interest, combined and modern theories, with emphasis on the theory of fiction and organic theory. The conclusion of the second chapter consists of a treatise on how the theory of fiction and organic theory have been reflected in the Czech legal system over time. The third chapter deals with...

"The Mission of the Apostle Paul in Corinth and Its Historical Background". This thesis aims to present the figure of the Apostle Paul on the basis of biblical and historical reports are available. It describes his life, conversion and preaching Christianity on his mission trips, especially in Corinth. It deals with the life of people at the time and the arrangement of the ancient society. In particular, attention is focused on the historical aspect but also related missionary activities in Corinth. It pays attention to the context of his relationship to Judaism and other pagan cultures. Also included is a clear theological analysis of his letters to Corinth. The work is complemented by maps, archeological excavations from Corinth, showing the layout of the city and dwelling, where early Christians gathered. Attention is also paid to the Christian community in Corinth and everyday problems solved in the letters of the Apostle Paul.

To gain a better understanding of intercultural communication, it is relevant to study speech acts not only in different languages but also across different language varieties. Seeing as speech act studies are said to have suffered from Anglocentrism there is a necessity to include nonwestern cultures (Wierzbicka, 1985:145). The current study seeks to gain an understanding of the understudied speech act of congratulations in two different varieties of English (American and Indian). In addition, to gain further insights and move away from the aforementioned Anglocentrism, Peninsular Spanish will also be investigated. The questions that have guided this research are: 1) What type of congratulation strategies do the respondents report using? 2) To what extent do the variables of power and social distance seem to influence the congratulation performance? 3) To what extent are there similarities and differences between the respondents with respect to the reported congratulation strategies? To identify the strategies, a modified version of Elwood’s (2004) taxonomy on congratulations was used. Data was gathered through Discourse Completion Tests (DCT) completed by 90 respondents from North America, India and Spain offering congratulations in nine different situations. The results indicated that different strategies are applied by the groups depending on situation and/or variables. For instance, North Americans and Spaniards are more likely to express happiness and Indians are more likely to offer good wishes.