This study evaluates the court's approach towards the interpretation of administrative justice with specific reference to Roman v Williams 1997(2) SACR 754(C). Section 33 of the Constitution Act 108 of 1996 guarantees the right to administration justice. The elements of this right are lawfulness, reasonableness and procedurally fairness. Our courts are bound constitutionally to promote, develop, advance and protect the fundamental rights. This study provides the most effective approach towards the development of the fundamental right in our democratic society where the Bill of Rights binds legislature, executive and judiciary. / Administrative Law / LL.M. (Administrative Law)

The drama of Senkatana by S.M. Mofokeng is analysed by applying principles provided by speech act theory, using as basis the explication of the theory by Bach and Harnish (1979). The socio-cultural context in the play has as its starting point the realm of myth and legend. From here all categories of relationships within the protagonist/antagonist encounter unfold, as do opposing sets of contextual beliefs characters rely on; these are primarily responsible for the growing conflict in the drama. Enhancing the mythical character of the play is the absorbing role played by the diboni, acting as seers, as prophets and as additional 'authorial voice'. Their and those of other characters' speech acts reflect this and more; they operate in a substantiated sign-system which provides a framework for evaluating each semiotic act from locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions of meaning. Chapter 1 comprises a historical survey of studies on speech act theory, and includes a brief summary of the position of the theory in the field of semiotics. The micro speech act analysis of the play is facilitated by the division of the text into smaller action units (summarised in Addendum 1). Chapter 2, containing the greater part of the exposition, commences the narration of the folktale and offers a clear rendering of the epic rise of the hero. Chapter 3 portrays the rise and progress of the antagonists challenging the hero, coupled with intensifying anxiety among the protagonists. Chapter 4 provides a vivid overview of how the values of the hero triumph over those of the antagonist despite the physical slaying of the hero. Chapter 5 offers a graphic outline of how the macro speech act is accomplished in the play. It is shown how an investigation of the speech act profiles of characters, coupled with the evaluation of illocutionary tactics and illocutionary/perlocutionary dynamics, communicates significant information pertaining to characterisation. A graph illustrating the rise and fall of micro speech acts within the larger macro speech act is provided in Addendum 2. Suggestions are made regarding future research in literary texts. / African Languages / D.Lit. et Phil. (African Languages)

Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla fördjupade kunskaper om bedömningshandlingar i matematikklassrummet utifrån ett elevperspektiv och två frågeställningar ställdes: Vad kännetecknar de bedömningshandlingar som kommuniceras under matematiklektioner? Hur uppfattar elever de bedömningshandlingar de tar emot och ger under matematiklektioner utifrån sitt lärande och sin utveckling? Studien genomfördes i form av en fallstudie i en skolklass årskurs fyra. Klassrumsobservationer och elevintervjuer användes för insamling av empiriskt material. Resultatet visar att de bedömningshandlingar som kommuniceras i matematikklassrummet till stor del är handlingar som i forskning beskrivs som gynnsamma för lärandet. Några observationer och uppfattningar skiljer sig i resultatet. Det är tydligt att arbetet med normer och regler för kamratbedömning och kamratsamverkan i klassrummet kan utvecklas mer. Frågor används frekvent i klassrummet och en stor del av frågorna handlar om läs- och begreppsförståelse, vilket kan göra att de matematiska processerna kommer i skymundan. En avsaknad av tydliga mål och kriterier syns under lektionerna. Några elever uttrycker att de uppfattar eller sätter egna mål för undervisningen, något som kan ge dessa elever fördel i undervisningen. Utifrån denna studie kan tre områden ses som gynnsamma att reflektera över för utveckling i matematikklassrummet: Normer och regler för kamratsamverkan, vilka frågor som ställs och hur mål och kriterier kommuniceras.

Background: Suicidal individuals are vulnerable patients in need of a caring relationship. A caring relationship should be based on a real presence were the patient's needs are in focus. Yet research has shown that suicidal patients experience caring that exacerbate their suicidial problems and hopelessness. Aim: To describe the experiences of hope and hopelessness in suicidal patients and their encounter with health care. Methods: In a literature review, in accordance with Friberg (2012) eight scientific papers have used, analyzed and scrutinized to answer the purpose of a new whole. Results: Two main themes emerged in the results with related subcategories. Experiences of hopegiving acts with sub-themes: The significance of  a caring relationship, the significance of a strong social network and the significance of feelings of hopefulness. The second main theme that emerged was: Experiences of acts connected to hopelessness with subthemes: The significance of a non-confirmatory caring relationship and the significance of feelings of hopelessness. Discussions: It is found that suicidal patients experience care that lead to feelings of despair. Nursing theorist Rosemarie Rizzo Parse Human Becoming theory has been used as a basis for discussion in this literature review where a deepening of the results derived from the concept of a real presence. A real presence is all about the nurse's ability to share the lived situations of individuals and families in which hope can be expressed and shared. / Bakgrund: Självmordsnära individer är utsatta patienter i behov av en vårdande relation. En vårdande relation ska baseras på en verklig närvaro där patientens behov står i fokus. Forskning har dock visat att självmordsnära patienter upplever vårdande som förvärrar deras självmordsproblematik och hopplöshetskänslor. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelser av hopp och hopplöshet hos självmordsnära patienter och deras möte med vården. Metod: I en litteraturöversikt i enlighet med Friberg (2012) har åtta vetenskapliga artiklar använts, analyserats och granskats för att besvara syftet i en ny helhet. Resultat: Två huvudteman framkom i resultatet med tillhörande subkategorier. Upplevelser av hoppingivande handlingar med underteman: Betydelsen av en vårdande relation, betydelsen av ett starkt socialt nätverk och betydelsen av känslor av hoppfullhet. Det andra huvudtemat som framkom är: Upplevelser av handlingar förknippade med hopplöshet med underteman: Betydelsen av en icke-bekräftande vårdrelation och betydelsen av känslor av hopplöshet. Diskussion: Det framkommer att självmordsnära patienter upplever vård som leder till både känslor av hopp och hopplöshet. Omvårdnadsteoretikern Rosemarie Rizzo Parse Human becoming teori har använts som underlag för diskussionen i denna litteraturöversikt där en fördjupning av resultatet härletts till konceptet verklig närvaro. En verklig närvaro handlar om sjuksköterskans förmåga att dela levda situationer med individer och anhöriga i vilka hopp kan uttryckas och delas.

Relating statistical machine learning approaches to the automatic analysis of multiparty communicative events, such as meetings, is an ambitious research area. We have investigated automatic meeting segmentation both in terms of “Meeting Actions” and “Dialogue Acts”. Dialogue acts model the discourse structure at a fine grained level highlighting individual speaker intentions. Group meeting actions describe the same process at a coarse level, highlighting interactions between different meeting participants and showing overall group intentions. A framework based on probabilistic graphical models such as dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) has been investigated for both tasks. Our first set of experiments is concerned with the segmentation and structuring of meetings (recorded using multiple cameras and microphones) into sequences of group meeting actions such as monologue, discussion and presentation. We outline four families of multimodal features based on speaker turns, lexical transcription, prosody, and visual motion that are extracted from the raw audio and video recordings. We relate these lowlevel multimodal features to complex group behaviours proposing a multistreammodelling framework based on dynamic Bayesian networks. Later experiments are concerned with the automatic recognition of Dialogue Acts (DAs) in multiparty conversational speech. We present a joint generative approach based on a switching DBN for DA recognition in which segmentation and classification of DAs are carried out in parallel. This approach models a set of features, related to lexical content and prosody, and incorporates a weighted interpolated factored language model. In conjunction with this joint generative model, we have also investigated the use of a discriminative approach, based on conditional random fields, to perform a reclassification of the segmented DAs. The DBN based approach yielded significant improvements when applied both to the meeting action and the dialogue act recognition task. On both tasks, the DBN framework provided an effective factorisation of the state-space and a flexible infrastructure able to integrate a heterogeneous set of resources such as continuous and discrete multimodal features, and statistical language models. Although our experiments have been principally targeted on multiparty meetings; features, models, and methodologies developed in this thesis can be employed for a wide range of applications. Moreover both group meeting actions and DAs offer valuable insights about the current conversational context providing valuable cues and features for several related research areas such as speaker addressing and focus of attention modelling, automatic speech recognition and understanding, topic and decision detection.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This study deals with the international civil aviation safety purely in the sense of,,security" which means protection against acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation. The thesis is composed of ten chapters. Chapter two is introductory and defines basic notions as aircraft piracy or aviation terrorism. Chapter three characterises main forms of acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation as they were regarded in the past as well as in nowadays. Chapter four is concerned with legal sources of the International Aviation Law. Chapter five describes origins of the international repressive system and provides interpretation of the most important international antiterrorism conventions. Chapter six focuses on the exercise of juridiction and extradition under the Tokyo Convention from 1963, the Hague Convention from 1970 and the Montreal Convention from 1971. The classification of unlawful acts against the civil aviation based on the responsibility for such acts is the object of the chapter seven.Chapter eight is the overview of safety standards and recommendations which have been made by international organizations. Chapter nine is talking about the preventive system of the aviation and contains two parts. First part speaks about its general principles and second part is dealing with the...

La première partie résume l’histoire de la question « Luc et Paul » en trois phases : (1) l’histoire ancienne, (2) la recherche historicocritique, marquée par la construction du « paulinisme » dans le cadre de l’exégèse luthérienne allemande, (3) les quarante dernières années, qui voient un tournant méthodologique (délaissement des approches historiques au profit des approches synchroniques) et théologique (New Perspective sur Paul, lectures de Luc « le théologien »). La deuxième partie pose les bases herméneutiques. Le problème des présupposés théologiques n’invalide pas la question, mais invite à une herméneutique centrée sur le texte. Sémiotique de l’énonciation, approche narrative, pragmatique de la communication et psychanalyse orientent une lecture attentive à la lettre et une méthodologie sciemment éclectique.Sur la base d’un point de contact littéraire entre Luc et Paul, le verbe δικαιόω (« justifier »), la troisième partie analyse quelques textes du 3e évangile. Luc opère un déplacement par rapport au creuset du judaïsme hellénistique auquel il forge son récit. La justice (δικαιοσύνη, δικαιός) est dévoilée comme un des lieux imaginaires où l’humain prétend,à tort, s’identifier. La promesse (l’Évangile) est indépendante du statut éthique, sans que l’importance propédeutique de ce dernier soit niée. En ce sens, le discours lucanien peut être considéré comme une lecture légitime et féconde de la théologie paulinienne. Sans en être une transcription narrative systématique (même s’il lui emprunte quelques termes et motifs), l’évangile de Luc semble traversé par une sorte de « conversion » du langage, une rupture épistémologique analogue au « Christ crucifié » de Paul. / The first part synthesises the history of the issue « Luke and Paul » in three phases : (1) ancient history, (2) historical-critical research, marked by the construction of « Paulinism » within the framework of German Lutheran exegesis, (3) the last forty years, which have seen both a methodological (preference being given to a synchronic rather than historicalapproach) and a theological turn (New Perspective on Paul, reading of Luke « the theologian »). The second part lays hermeneutic bases. The problem of theological presuppositions does not invalidate the question, but encourages hermeneutics centred on the text. Semiotics of the enounciation, narrative approach, pragmatics of communication and psychoanalysis orient a reading focused on the text and a purposely eclectic methodology. On the basis of a point of literary contact between Luke and Paul, the verb δικαιόω (« justify »), the third part analyses some texts from the 3rd Gospel. Luke differs his recital with regards to the crucible of hellenistic judaism. Justice (δικαιοσύνη, δικαιός) is portrayed as one of theimaginary places to which human being claims, wrongly, to identify himself. The promise (the Good News) is independant of ethical status, without denying its importance as propaedeutics. In this sense, Luke’s writings may be considered a legitimate and fruitful reading of Pauline theology. Without being a systematic narrative transcription of it (even though he borrows some terms and motifs), the Gospel of Luke seems to contain a sort of « conversion » of the language, an epistemiological rupture analogue to the « crucified Christ » of Paul.

This thesis deals with the institute of Administrative Law called "measure of a general scope". It is a form of administrative activity, the general rules of which were adopted by Act No. 500/2004 Coll., The Administrative Code effective from 1. 1. 2006. During vacatio legis of The Administrative Code, the Act No. 127/2005 Coll., The Electronic Communication Act came into force. It was the first act, which empowered the administrative bodies to issue an act in the form of measure of general scope. The aim of the thesis is to clarify the position of other administrative measures and acts, to assess relevant legislation, to analyze case law, to draw attention to problematic areas and suggest possible solutions. The first chapter deals with the theory of abstract and concrete acts. This is necessary to understand the nature of measures of a general scope as an act that stands between laws and decisions. The second chapter is devoted to the nature of measures of a general scope in Czech law. The institute itself was adopted imperfectly and inconsistently by a negative definition. Therefore, the Supreme Administrative Court had to deal with the character of measures of a general scope. Nowadays, case law and jurisprudence agree on the definition of measures. There is a discrepancy, however, regarding...

[pt] Atualmente há, na área de ensino de língua estrangeira, a compreensão de que um bom usuário de uma LE deve desenvolver um conjunto de competências, tais como: gramatical, sociolingüística, discursiva e estratégica. A necessidade de se considerar todas essas competências advém do fato de que o sucesso em uma comunicação real e intercultural não pode ser garantido apenas com base no conhecimento lingüístico (Meyer, 2002). Procuramos investigar como elaboramos a emissão da opinião desfavorável, buscando verificar que elementos lingüísticos compõem-na e em que contextos emitimos tal tipo de opinião. Objetivamos, portanto, delinear um modelo de quadro que nos permita compreender as estratégias empregadas no ato de elaborar a opinião desfavorável. Foram fundamentais para esta pesquisa os conceitos advindos da Gramática sistêmicofuncional e referentes ao contexto, além de conceitos do campo da Pragmática. Os dados da pesquisa - obtidos após aplicação de um Discourse completion test - permitiram-nos identificar quatro categorias dentro das quais foram distribuídas as formas de elaboração do ato de emitir uma opinião desfavorável, a saber: 1. Opinião desfavorável direta; 2. Opinião desfavorável indireta; 3. Falsa opinião positiva; 4. Não manifestação de opinião. Além disso, foram identificadas formulações periféricas que, ao acompanharem as categorias listadas, têm como objetivos amenizar o impacto da opinião desfavorável e salvaguardar a face dos interlocutores. A pesquisa demonstrou que se faz necessário - no contexto de ensino de língua estrangeira - ter um conhecimento dos diferentes atos de fala, dentro dos quais inclui-se o ato de opinar desfavoravelmente a fim de que possamos nos comunicar adequadamente em situações reais de uso. / [en] Nowadays, in the field of foreign language (FL) teaching, it is understood that a good user of an FL should develop a group of competences such as grammatical, sociolinguistic, discoursive and strategic competences. The need to consider all of them derives from the fact that the success in a real intercultural communication cannot be assured through linguistic knowledge only (Meyer, 2002). This thesis investigates how an unfavourable opinion can be expressed and also which linguistic elements are used and in which contexts this kind of opinion is given. Our aim, thus, is to propose a model of table that provides an understanding of the strategies used in the act of stating an unfavourable opinion. The concepts from systemic functional Grammar related to the context, as well as those of Pragmatics, were paramount to this research. The data - gathered by means of a Discourse completion test - allowed us to identify four categories that classify the ways of giving an unfavourable opinion, namely: 1. direct unfavourable opinion; 2. indirect unfavourable opinion; 3. false positive opinion; 4. absence of opinion. Furthermore, peripheral formulations were identified. Coexisting with the categories listed above, they aim at diminishing the impact of an unfavourable opinion and preserving the interlocutors´ face. The research showed that - in the context of foreign language teaching - the knowledge of the different acts of speaking is necessary, including the act of stating an unfavourable opinion, so that proper communication can be established in real-life situations.