Thesis (LLM )--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the field of administrative law, the judiciary has traditionally exercised control over the administrative actions of the executive through judicial review. However, judicial review is neither the most effective nor the most efficient primary control mechanism for systemic administrative improvement. In a country faced with a task of =transformative constitutionalism‘, and hindered with scarce resources, there is good cause to limit judicial intervention as the first response to administrative disputes. The major theme of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of administrative tribunal reform in South Africa, using two other commonwealth countries, Australia and England, as a basis for comparison. Australia and England have been chosen for comparison because they share similar administrative law traditions and they can provide working models of coherent tribunal structures. The Australian tribunal system is well-established and consists of tribunals which fall under the control of the executive, while tribunals in England have recently undergone a significant transformation, and are now part of the independent judiciary. The South African government currently spends, indeed wastes, a significant amount of money on administrative law litigation. Due to the limitations of judicial review, even after the high costs of litigation and the long duration of court proceedings, the results achieved may still be unsatisfactory. Furthermore, judicial review is unsuited to giving effect to systemic administrative change and the improvement of initial decision-making. Australia and England have begun to move away from the traditional court model for the resolution of administrative disputes. Both have indicated a preference for the important role of tribunals in the administration of disputes. Tribunals have been shown to offer the advantage of being speedier, cheaper, more efficient, more participatory and more accessible than traditional courts, which contributes to tribunals being a more available resource for lay people or people without sophisticated legal knowledge, and provides wider access to remedies than courts. The English and Australian models indicate a few important trends which need to be applied universally to ensure a sustained tribunal reform and a system which provides a higher level of administrative redress than the over-burdened and institutionally inept courts currently do. These include co-operation among government departments and tribunals; open and accountable systemic change; the need for supervision and evaluation of the whole of administrative law by an independent and competent body; and ultimately a focus on the needs of users of state services. At the same time, there are arguments against administrative tribunal reform. These include the costs of reform; the ways to establish tribunals; and the level of independence shown by the tribunals. These arguments are especially relevant in the South African context, where the government faces huge social problems and a scarcity of resources. However, after an analysis of the valuable characteristics of tribunals and the role that they serve in the day to day administration of justice, it is difficult to see how these objections to tribunals can outweigh their potential importance in the administrative justice system. The need for sustained systematic reform in South Africa is one that cannot be ignored. Tribunals offer a valuable alternative to judicial review for the resolution of administrative disputes. Furthermore, the tribunal systems of Australia and England demonstrate how the effective creation and continued use of comprehensive tribunal structures contributes firstly to cost reduction and secondly to ease the administrative burden on courts who are not suited to cure large-scale administrative error. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die administratiefreg oefen die regsprekende gesag tradisioneel beheer uit oor die uitvoerende gesag deur middel van geregtelike hersiening. Geregtelike hersiening is egter nie die mees doeltreffende of effektiewe primêre beheermeganisme om sistemiese administratiewe verbetering teweeg te bring nie. In 'n land met die uitdagings van 'transformatiewe konstitusionalisme‘ en skaars hulpbronne, kan 'n goeie argument gevoer word dat geregtelike inmenging as die eerste antwoord op administratiewe dispute beperk moet word. Die deurlopende tema van hierdie tesis is 'n ondersoek na die lewensvatbaarheid van hervorming van administratiewe tribunale in Suid-Afrika, in vergelyking met die posisie in Australië en Engeland, waarvan beide ook, tesame met Suid-Afrika, deel vorm van die Statebond. Hierdie lande is gekies vir regsvergelykende studie aangesien hulle 'n administratiefregtelike tradisie met Suid-Afrika deel en beide werkende modelle van duidelike tribunale strukture daarstel. Die Australiese tribunale stelsel is goed gevestig en bestaan uit tribunale onder die beheer van die uitvoerende gesag, terwyl die tribunale stelsel in Engeland onlangs 'n beduidende hervorming ondergaan het en nou deel van die onafhanklike regsprekende gesag is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering mors aansienlike hoeveelhede geld op administratiefregtelike litigasie. Selfs na hoë koste en lang vertragings van litigasie mag die resultate steeds onbevredigend wees as gevolg van die beperkings inherent aan geregtelike hersiening. Tesame met hierdie oorwegings is geregtelike hersiening ook nie gerig op sistemiese administratiewe verandering en verbetering van aanvanklike besluitneming nie. Australië en Engeland het onlangs begin wegbeweeg van die tradisionele hof-gebaseerde model vir die oplossing van administratiewe dispute. Beide toon 'n voorkeur vir die belangrike rol wat tribunale in die administrasie van dispute kan speel Tribunale bied die bewese voordele om vinniger, goedkoper, meer doeltreffend, meer deelnemend en meer toeganklik te wees as tradisionele howe, sodat tribunale 'n meer beskikbare hulpbron is vir leke, oftewel, persone sonder gesofistikeerde regskennis en dus beter toegang tot remedies as tradisionele howe verskaf. Die Engelse en Australiese modelle dui op enkele belangrike tendense wat universeel toegepas moet word om volgehoue tribunale hervorming te verseker en om =n stelsel te skep wat 'n hoër vlak van administratiewe geregtigheid daarstel as wat oorlaaide en institusioneel onbekwame howe kan. Dit verwys bepaald na samewerking tussen staatsdepartemente en tibunale; deursigtige en verantwoordbare sistemiese veranderinge; die behoefte aan toesighouding en evaluasie van die hele administratiefreg deur 'n onafhanklike, bevoegde liggaam; en uiteindelik 'n fokus op die behoeftes van die gebruikers van staatsdienste. Daar is egter terselfdertyd ook argumente teen administratiewe tribunale hervorming. Hierdie argumente sluit in die koste van hervorming; die wyses waarop tribunale gevestig word; en die vlak van onafhanklikheid voorgehou deur tribunale. Hierdie argumente is veral relevant in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks waar die regering voor groot sosiale probleme te staan kom en daarby ingesluit, 'n tekort aan hulpbronne ook moet hanteer. Daarenteen is dit moeilik om in te sien hoe enige teenkanting en teenargumente met betrekking tot die vestiging van administratiewe tribunale swaarder kan weeg as die potensiële belang van sulke tribunale in die administratiewe geregtigheidstelsel, veral nadat 'n analise van die waardevolle karaktereienskappe van tribunale en die rol wat hulle speel in die dag-tot-dag administrasie van geregtigheid onderneem is. Die behoefte aan volhoubare sistemiese hervorming in Suid-Afrika kan nie geïgnoreer word nie. Tribunale bied 'n waardevolle alternatief tot geregtelike hersiening met die oog op die oplossing van administratiewe dispute. Tesame hiermee demonstreer die tribunale stelsels in Australië en Engeland hoe die doeltreffende vestiging en deurlopende gebruik van omvattende tribunale bydra, eerstens om kostes verbonde aan die oplossing van administratiewe dispute te verlaag en tweedens, om die administratiewe las op die howe, wat nie aangelê is daarvoor om grootskaalse administratiewe foute reg te stel nie, te verlig.

In this thesis, I hope to demonstrate that what I call the magic contest tradition, that is the episodes of competitive wonder-working that appear in a wide variety of apocryphal and non-canonical Christian texts, made an important contribution to the development of Christian thought during the second to the fifth centuries CE. This contribution was to articulate ‘the way’ to be a Christian in a world which was not isolated from the secular, and not insulated from the reality of the Roman empire. First, I demonstrate that a tradition of texts which feature magic contests exists within the broader scope of non-canonical Christian literature (looking at this literature across communities, regions and time periods). Second, I identify what the major features of the traditions are, e.g. what form the narratives take, what the form for a magic contest is, and what the principles used to build the magic contests are, and how these principles feature in the texts. The principles I identify are power, authority, ritual, and conversion, as well as their use as historical exempla. Third, I discuss what the texts did in the context of the time period, and for the communities that produced and read them: in other words, how did the this tradition work? I show that they served multiple purposes: as tests of faith, religious truth and ways to proclaim such; as constructors and markers of group identity (and the perilous task of identifying the insiders and those who should be outsiders); as calls to unity within the overarching diversity of the times and places, and a unified front for the ‘battle’ against evil. I suggest that the texts present a model for how one could decide what the ‘true faith’ was and how one could practice it in the turbulent environment that early Christians faced both before and after Constantine.

Tiriamoji problema Šiame darbe yra tiriama nusikalstamų veikų daugeto instituto problematika. Nusikalstamų veikų daugetas kaip baudžiamosios teisės institutas pasižymi tuo, kad savyje apjungia tiek nusikalstamų veikų kvalifikavimo, tiek ir baudžiamosios atsakomybės individualizavimo problemas. Su nusikalstamų veikų kvalifikavimo problemomis yra susiduriama tada, kai yra sprendžiami pavienės nusikalstamos veikos atribojimo nuo nusikalstamų veikų daugeto klausimai. Konstatavus nusikalstamų veikų daugeto egzistavimą, yra būtina pereiti prie kitos problemos sprendimo – baudžiamosios atsakomybės individualizavimo. Baudžiamosios atsakomybės individualizavimas priklauso nuo nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formos. Taigi vieningai teismų praktikai formuoti yra būtini vienodi ir aiškūs nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formų išskyrimo bei tarpusavio atribojimo kriterijai. Apibrėžus nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formas, yra būtina nustatyti ir jų įtaką asmens, padariusio nusikalstamas veikas, baudžiamajai atsakomybei. Žinoma, pagrindinė įtaka baudžiamajai atsakomybei pasireiškia per bausmių bendrinimo taisykles, tačiau reikia nepamiršti ir kitų aktualių klausimų (tokių kaip bausmės vykdymo atidėjimas, lygtinis atleidimas nuo laisvės atėmimo bausmės prieš terminą ir neatliktos laisvės atėmimo bausmės dalies pakeitimas švelnesne bausme, apkaltinamojo nuosprendžio priėmimo senatis ir t.t.), kurių sprendimas vienaip ar kitaip priklauso nuo nusikalstamų veikų daugeto buvimo. Ne gana to, kartais tenka... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research problem In the present doctoral dissertation, the problematic issues of the institute of multiple offences are analysed. Multiple offences as an institute of criminal law is characterised as involving the problems of both the qualification of criminal offences and the individualisation of criminal liability. The problems of the qualification of criminal offences are relevant, when questions of the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences are dealt with. When the existence of multiple offences is established, it is necessary to move on to the consideration of another problem—the individualisation of criminal liability. The individualisation of criminal liability depends on the form of multiple offences. Therefore, for the formation of a uniform case-law, homogeneous and clear criteria for the differentiation of the forms of multiple offences and their separation form each other are essential. When the forms of multiple offences are defined, it is necessary to evaluate their impact on the criminal liability of the person who committed the criminal act. Of course, the key influence on criminal liability manifests through the rules of the combination of sentences; however, one should not forget other topical issues (such as sentence suspension, release from a custodial sentence on parole and the replacement of the term not served of the custodial sentence with a more lenient penalty, statute of limitations of a judgement of conviction, etc.) the... [to full text]

Cette thèse, consacrée à l’expression de l’interdiction en russe moderne, étudie les différents types d’énoncés prohibitifs. L’acte de langage d’interdiction correspond à un énoncé performatif et contraignant incitant au non-accomplissement d’une action perçue comme indésirable par le locuteur. Cet énoncé crée, pour l’allocutaire, une obligation qui jusque-là n’existait pas. L’expression de l’interdiction se fait à différents niveaux de communication et par des moyens linguistiques de natures diverses : pragmatique, syntaxique ou lexicale. Outre les énoncés performatifs, l’interdiction peut être exprimée par des énoncés comportant une valeur illocutoire d’interdiction, y compris par des actes de langage indirects.Si les types d’énoncés prohibitifs sont nombreux, ils ne sont pas interchangeables. D’une part, ils ne peuvent être employés indifféremment dans n’importe quel contexte et ils relèvent de niveaux de langues différents. D’autre part, les disparités existant dans la force illocutoire des différents énoncés prohibitifs ont été mises en évidence. La force illocutoire d’un énoncé prohibitif résulte du choix du type d’énoncé retenu, mais aussi des moyens linguistiques qui peuvent être employés pour le moduler.Cette étude a permis d’établir une typologie des énoncés prohibitifs. Ces énoncés peuvent se répartir en trois catégories : les énoncés qui signifient l’interdiction par exception, les énoncés habituellement prohibitifs et les énoncés invariablement prohibitifs.S’y ajoute la question de l’évolution de la langue, notamment par un effet de contamination des langues européennes. Cette évolution se traduit par le recours moins fréquent aux tournures les plus catégoriques, ainsi que par l’introduction de formules de politesse de plus en plus fréquentes. / This thesis is dedicated to prohibitive commands in modern Russian and studies the various speech strategies expressing negative commands. Prohibitive speech acts correspond to compulsory and performative utterances urging the non-accomplishment of an action perceived as undesirable by the speaker. Due to this utterance, the addressee has no other option than compliance, which was not the case before.Prohibitive commands are expressed at various communication levels and by a wide range of linguistic means: pragmatic, syntactic or lexical.Besides performative utterances, prohibition can be expressed by utterances with a prohibitive illocutionary force, including indirect speech acts. Although negative commands can be expressed by various strategies, they are not interchangeable. On the one hand, any negative command cannot be used in all contexts and in addition, the registers are different.On the other hand, the disparities in the illocutionary force of command of the various prohibitive strategies could be established. The illocutionary force of a prohibitive command both results from the selected linguistic strategy, but also from the means of modulation that can be used.This study enabled us to establish a typology of negative commands. The latter can be displayed in three categories: utterances whose prohibitive meaning occurs exceptionally, usually prohibitive utterances and invariably prohibitive utterances. Furthermore, the evolution of the Russian language has to be taken into account, among others by a contamination effect from European languages. This evolution leads to a less frequent resort to the strongest prohibitive commands, as well as to the increasing use of politeness strategies.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

A presente dissertação objetiva contribuir para a compreensão do instituto da reclamação de não violação, previsto no art. XXIII:1(b) do Acordo General de Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) e art. 26:1 do Entendimento sobre Solução de Controvérsias (ESC) da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Parte-se da premissa de que a reclamação de não violação deve ser abordada à luz da sua contraparte, a reclamação de violação (art. XXIII:1(a) do GATT). O estudo é levado a cabo recorrendo-se a conceitos desenvolvidos em direito internacional geral. A reclamação de violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos internacionalmente ilícitos, enquanto a reclamação de não violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos não proibidos pelo direito internacional (do comércio). O contraste entre as duas reclamações manifesta-se, ademais, no que tange ao regramento respectivo, especialmente no que diz com os remédios jurídicos disponíveis. A investigação é completada pela análise da jurisprudência do GATT/OMC que cuidou da reclamação de não violação, essencial face à amplitude da terminologia do art. XXIII:1(b). Assim, examina-se a interpretação conferida ao art. XXIII:1, caput - benefício, princípio da expectativa legítima (implícito), anulação ou prejuízo e nexo de causalidade -; art. XXIII:1(b) - medida -; por fim, art. XXIII:2, que versa sobre remédios jurídicos. / The present dissertation seeks to contribute to the understanding of the non-violation complaint, regulated in GATT art. XXIII:1(b) and WTO's DSU art. 26:1. It departs from the premise that the non-violation complaint must be approached in light of its counterpart, the violation complaint (GATT art. XXIII:1(a)). The study is carried on with resort to concepts developed in general international law. The violation complaint leads to responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, whilst the non-violation complaint leads to liability for acts not prohibited by international (trade) law. The contrast between the two complaints is manifested, in addition, with regard to their respective disciplines, particularly the remedies available. The investigation is completed by the analysis of the GATT/WTO case-law which dealt with the non-violation complaint, essential in view of the breadth of the terminology contained in art. XXIII:1(b). In this sense, it is examined the interpretation of art. XXIII:1, caput - benefit, the principle of legitimate expectations (implicit), nullification or impairment, nexus of causality -; art. XXIII:1(b) - measure -; lastly, art. XXIII:2, which concerns itself of remedies.

A presente dissertação objetiva contribuir para a compreensão do instituto da reclamação de não violação, previsto no art. XXIII:1(b) do Acordo General de Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) e art. 26:1 do Entendimento sobre Solução de Controvérsias (ESC) da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Parte-se da premissa de que a reclamação de não violação deve ser abordada à luz da sua contraparte, a reclamação de violação (art. XXIII:1(a) do GATT). O estudo é levado a cabo recorrendo-se a conceitos desenvolvidos em direito internacional geral. A reclamação de violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos internacionalmente ilícitos, enquanto a reclamação de não violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos não proibidos pelo direito internacional (do comércio). O contraste entre as duas reclamações manifesta-se, ademais, no que tange ao regramento respectivo, especialmente no que diz com os remédios jurídicos disponíveis. A investigação é completada pela análise da jurisprudência do GATT/OMC que cuidou da reclamação de não violação, essencial face à amplitude da terminologia do art. XXIII:1(b). Assim, examina-se a interpretação conferida ao art. XXIII:1, caput - benefício, princípio da expectativa legítima (implícito), anulação ou prejuízo e nexo de causalidade -; art. XXIII:1(b) - medida -; por fim, art. XXIII:2, que versa sobre remédios jurídicos. / The present dissertation seeks to contribute to the understanding of the non-violation complaint, regulated in GATT art. XXIII:1(b) and WTO's DSU art. 26:1. It departs from the premise that the non-violation complaint must be approached in light of its counterpart, the violation complaint (GATT art. XXIII:1(a)). The study is carried on with resort to concepts developed in general international law. The violation complaint leads to responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, whilst the non-violation complaint leads to liability for acts not prohibited by international (trade) law. The contrast between the two complaints is manifested, in addition, with regard to their respective disciplines, particularly the remedies available. The investigation is completed by the analysis of the GATT/WTO case-law which dealt with the non-violation complaint, essential in view of the breadth of the terminology contained in art. XXIII:1(b). In this sense, it is examined the interpretation of art. XXIII:1, caput - benefit, the principle of legitimate expectations (implicit), nullification or impairment, nexus of causality -; art. XXIII:1(b) - measure -; lastly, art. XXIII:2, which concerns itself of remedies.

A presente dissertação objetiva contribuir para a compreensão do instituto da reclamação de não violação, previsto no art. XXIII:1(b) do Acordo General de Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) e art. 26:1 do Entendimento sobre Solução de Controvérsias (ESC) da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Parte-se da premissa de que a reclamação de não violação deve ser abordada à luz da sua contraparte, a reclamação de violação (art. XXIII:1(a) do GATT). O estudo é levado a cabo recorrendo-se a conceitos desenvolvidos em direito internacional geral. A reclamação de violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos internacionalmente ilícitos, enquanto a reclamação de não violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos não proibidos pelo direito internacional (do comércio). O contraste entre as duas reclamações manifesta-se, ademais, no que tange ao regramento respectivo, especialmente no que diz com os remédios jurídicos disponíveis. A investigação é completada pela análise da jurisprudência do GATT/OMC que cuidou da reclamação de não violação, essencial face à amplitude da terminologia do art. XXIII:1(b). Assim, examina-se a interpretação conferida ao art. XXIII:1, caput - benefício, princípio da expectativa legítima (implícito), anulação ou prejuízo e nexo de causalidade -; art. XXIII:1(b) - medida -; por fim, art. XXIII:2, que versa sobre remédios jurídicos. / The present dissertation seeks to contribute to the understanding of the non-violation complaint, regulated in GATT art. XXIII:1(b) and WTO's DSU art. 26:1. It departs from the premise that the non-violation complaint must be approached in light of its counterpart, the violation complaint (GATT art. XXIII:1(a)). The study is carried on with resort to concepts developed in general international law. The violation complaint leads to responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, whilst the non-violation complaint leads to liability for acts not prohibited by international (trade) law. The contrast between the two complaints is manifested, in addition, with regard to their respective disciplines, particularly the remedies available. The investigation is completed by the analysis of the GATT/WTO case-law which dealt with the non-violation complaint, essential in view of the breadth of the terminology contained in art. XXIII:1(b). In this sense, it is examined the interpretation of art. XXIII:1, caput - benefit, the principle of legitimate expectations (implicit), nullification or impairment, nexus of causality -; art. XXIII:1(b) - measure -; lastly, art. XXIII:2, which concerns itself of remedies.

Si le but final du procès consiste dans le prononcé du jugement, par lequel le juge dit le droit (jurisdictio), dissipant, l'incertitude juridique et promouvant ainsi la paix sociale, d'autres actes doivent également être réalisés pour l'accomplissement de la mission de juger dans des conditions satisfaisantes : ce sont les actes d'administration judiciaire, sujet de notre étude. Le concept français englobe les actes d'organisation juridictionnelle et les actes de gestion procédurale qui visent, respectivement, au bon fonctionnement des juridictions et au bon déroulement de l'instance. Malgré la portée de ce sujet, il reste peu exploré par les juristes et nous avons pu constater des hésitations quant à l'exacte qualification des actes du juge par la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Ceci n'est pas pourtant souhaitable dans la mesure où les actes judiciaires administratifs sont soumis, selon le droit positif français, à un régime différent de celui qui s'applique aux actes liés à l'activité juridictionnelle. En conséquence, ils ne sont pas assujettis en principe aux mêmes contraintes que les jugements et ne sont sujets à aucun recours. L'absence de voies de contestation liée à l'adoption d'un système souple dans un domaine où le chef de juridiction dispose de pouvoirs majeurs ouvre alors des questionnements légitimes sur Je respect des principes majeurs qui gouvernent le procès et la justice. Même si le droit brésilien ne connaît pas ladite notion française, l'administration de la justice brésilienne requiert, elle aussi, l'accomplissement d'actes judiciaires administratifs. Les similitudes pour ce qui concerne les actes de gestion procédurale et les différences significatives dans le domaine de l'organisation juridictionnelle justifient alors la méthode comparative de la présente étude qui vise à déterminer les particularités et les traits communs de ces deux systèmes juridiques et à identifier ce que chacun peut apprendre de l’autre dans un but constant de développement. / If the ultimate goal of the trial is in the judgment, by which the judge says the Jaw (jurisdictio), dispelling legal uncertainty and thus promoting social peace, other acts must also be made for the fulfillment of the mission of judging : these are the judicial administration acts, which are the subject of our study. The French concept includes the acts of judicial organization and the acts of procedural management, which provide, respectively, the proper functioning of the courts and the proper conduct of the proceedings. Despite the importance of the subject, it is little explored by jurists and we see some hesitation concerning the exact definition of the acts of the judge by scholars and in the jurisprudence. This is not desirable, however, because the judicial administration acts are subjected, according to the French law, to a different set of rules, so they are not in principle liable to the same constraints as judgments, and they cannot incur to any appeal. The Jack of ways of contesting, in addition with the adoption of a flexible system, where the head of the court has major powers in the subject, open legitimate questions concerning the respect of major principles governing the trial and the justice. Although Brazilian law does not have the French notion, the administration of Brazilian justice requires, too, the practice of judicial administration acts. The similarities related with the acts of procedural management and the significant differences in the acts of judicial organization justify the comparative method of this study, which proposes to determine the peculiarities and common features of these two legal systems and to identify what each one can learn from the other in a constant goal of development.

La « compétence ratione temporis » est une expression d’origine jurisprudentielle dont la signification varie selon le contexte dans lequel elle se trouve employée. Telle qu’elle apparaît dans les décisions des juridictions internationales, celle-ci désigne d’abord la durée de l’habilitation à exercer le pouvoir juridictionnel que l’on associe à la durée de validité de l’engagement juridictionnel de l’Etat. La compétence temporelle désigne également le domaine temporel d’exercice du pouvoir de juger, les Etats précisant bien souvent les catégories de litiges ratione temporis pour lesquels ils peuvent être attraits en justice. Sur la base de ce constat, la doctrine ne voit dans la compétence temporelle qu’une notion à contenu variable sans véritable utilité pour l’analyse du droit positif, et préfère parler soit de compétence personnelle dès lors qu’est en cause l’existence du consentement de l’Etat à se soumettre à la juridiction, soit de compétence matérielle pour envisager les catégories de différends dont le tribunal pourra connaître. L’étude de la jurisprudence internationale conduit toutefois à remettre en cause le bien-fondé d’une telle analyse. Si l’on peut voir dans la compétence temporelle un élément d’identification de la sphère de compétence du tribunal, et donc un aspect de sa compétence matérielle, la résolution pratique du problème de la durée de l’habilitation à juger ne peut être comprise en ayant recours au concept de compétence personnelle. Par la manière dont les juridictions appliquent l’engagement juridictionnel ratione temporis, celui-ci n’apparaît pas simplement comme l’acte par lequel les Etats consentent à se soumettre à la juridiction, mais d’abord comme le titre qui fonde l’action des justiciables. En cela, l’explication des solutions retenues par les juridictions internationales ne peut faire l’économie d’un concept propre à la durée de l’habilitation : celui de compétence ratione temporis. / "Jurisdiction ratione temporis" is an expression that derives from case law, the meaning of which varies depending on the context it is used in. As it appears in International court decisions, it is used to mean the time during which the court has the authority to exercise jurisdictional power which also relates to the time during which the State’s consent to jurisdiction is valid. Jurisdiction ratione temporis also means the time period during which the court has the power to judge as the States often specify categories of disputes for which they can be brought to justice as ratione temporis. On this basis, legal doctrine only sees temporal jurisdiction as a variable notion that is not particularly useful in analysing positive law, and prefers to refer to either jurisdiction ratione personae when there is an issue of whether the State has agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the court, or to jurisdiction ratione materiae for categories of disputes for which a court could have jurisdiction. Studies on International case law however call into question the justification of such an analysis. If we can consider that in temporal jurisdiction there is an element of identifying the jurisdictional sphere of the court and therefore an aspect of its jurisdiction ratione materiae, the problem of the time during which a court has jurisdiction cannot be practically solved by referring to the concept of jurisdiction ratione personae. Given the way in which courts apply the title of jurisdiction ratione temporis, this does not appear to be just an act by which the States agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the court but first of all as the very basis of the action. In this, the explanations of the solutions of the International courts cannot ignore a concept that is specific to the duration of authorisation, that of jurisdiction ratione temporis.