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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Lean Automation på Saab Automobile AB : ett hållbart och flexibelt produktionskoncept

Christensen, Tommy January 2011 (has links)
Ett nytt produktionskoncept på Saab Automobile AB – Lean Automation – är under implementering och utveckling. Inriktningen är att utveckla automationslösningar som stödjer principer och arbetsätt inom Lean Produktion. En gemensam nämnare är automation som byggs upp av enkel, standardiserad och modulariserad utrustning och som kan omkonfigureras av egen personal. Två pilotinstallationer har gjorts under 2010: Transport med enkel AGV (Lean AGV) samt Lean Automation Robot Cell (LARC). Dessa komponenter ingår i denna studie som inriktar sig på förändringar i det totala produktionssystemet med sikte på en konstant hög produktivitetsnivå även vid frekventa förändringar i volym och produktinnehåll. Studien pekar på vikten av att samla produktionspersonalen för att underlätta balansering, men även för att skapa en visuell process där fel snabbt kan upptäckas och åtgärdas. En effektiv balansering av robotar kräver en något annorlunda inriktning där fokus istället ligger på att distribuera arbetselementen på ett lämpligt sätt samt att utnyttja de sammanlagringseffekter som ett gemensamt flöde ger. Ett verktyg för att mer ändamålsenligt balansera det värdeskapande arbetet introduceras. Verktyget är avsett för såväl manuellt som robotiserat arbete En flödesorienterad metod att knyta samman delsammanbyggnader med huvudflöde presenteras. Metoden bygger på att ersätta gaffeltruckar och manuellt laddade magasin med ett enkelt AGV-flöde. Systemet förmedlar information om produktionsläget till personalen genom att lastbärarna utgör visuella "Kanban-kort". Genom detta visuella system, samt genom att lagkonceptet utnyttjas till att upprätthålla en billig och ändamålsenlig buffert, förebyggs materialbrister. Generella riktlinjer för konceptval av interna materialflöden presenteras och exemplifieras. Slutligen beskrivs hur flexibilitetslösningarna kan anpassas till nivån i förädlingskedjan och hur detta är kopplat till ett parallellt respektive seriellt flöde. / A new concept of production – Lean Automation – is being developed and implemented at Saab Automobile AB. The aim is to develop solutions for automation that supports the Lean Production principals and way of work. A basic idea is that automation should be build from simple, standardized and modular equipment and that it can be reconfigured by in house personnel. During 2010, two pilots have been installed: Transport using a simple AGV (Lean AGV) and Lean Automation Robot Cell (LARC). Those components are parts of this study that is aiming for a production system with an unchanged high level of productivity also during periods of frequent changes in volume and product scope. The study underlines the importance of gathering the production personnel to enable work balancing, but also to achieve a visual process where errors urgently can be discovered and resolved. The robots work balancing requires a somewhat different approach focusing on the distribution of work elements and taking advantage of the equalizing effect in a common production flow. A tool for an expedient balancing of value added work is introduced. The tool is intended for the balancing of both manual and robotized work. Further, a method to connect the sub assembly level to the main flow is presented. Fork lift trucks and manually loaded feeders is replaced by a simple flow of AGV’s. The system is conveying information about the state of production through the presence of empty carriers. Through this visual system, plus the use of the team concept to achieve a cheap and efficient buffer, shortage of material is prevented. For the selection of internal material flow systems, a set of general guidelines is proposed and exemplified. Finally, the adoption of different solutions for flexibility is linked to the level of assembly and this is also linked to the aspects of parallel versus serial production flow.
22

Evaluating Layouts for Automated Transport System using Simulation Approach

Rashid, Rizwan, Kaleem, Babur January 2009 (has links)
Industries such as trade, manufacturing and transportation have undergone significant changes due to the globalization concept. Sea ports play a very important role in building and strengthening the economies of countries worldwide. Due to the high rate of production, the work load has increased at the ports which resulted into financial as well as capacity problems. As a result of such problems, cost optimized and automated solutions are being developed and introduced at the ports. In the horizontal transport system of the sea ports, AGVs are one of those automated solutions used to transport containers from ships to yard and vice versa. Newer and more practices are being employed to make the efficient transportation of these AGVs. Numexia has recently introduced a new version of Cassette AGVs called Zero-Emission C-AGV. A conceptual model is developed for Zero-Emission C-AGVs and different layouts are evaluated using multi agent-based simulation. The greedy algorithm has been used for the efficient dispatching of jobs. The Simulation will carry out the dispatching of jobs for C-AGVs between quay area and yard using different layouts and scenarios for the unloading operation.
23

Evaluation of AGV-systems for material handling in production. A simulation study at the rear axle assembly at Scania / Utvärdering av AGV-system för materialhantering inom produktion. En simuleringsstudie i bakaxelmonteringen på Scania

Hedberg, Daniel, Hjärtquist, Viktor January 2021 (has links)
Scania är ett företag verksamt inom fordonsindustrin och är en tillverkare av lastbilar, bussar och motorer. Fordonsindustrin står inför en förändring och Scania vill vara drivande i utvecklingen. För att kunna vara det ställs krav på flexibilitet i produktionen och i denna studie har Scanias bakaxelmontering undersökts. I dagsläget används gaffeltruckar i stor utsträckning för att transportera artiklar mellan lager, plockområde och produktionslina, vilket begränsar utformningen av plockområdet. En introduktion av Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) möjliggör en mer flexibel utformning. Studien syftar till att utvärdera AGV:er som transportelement för lastbärare. För att göra det undersöks det hur tre olika typer av AGV:er påverkar tiden med artikelbrist vid produktionslinan relativt antal som används samt hur dessa utnyttjas. Vidare undersöks det hur olika egenskaper i ett AGV-system påverkar kötiden för transporter. Egenskaperna som undersöks är AGV:ernas hastighet, av- och pålastningstid, laddningstid och batteritid. Systemet som undersöks i studien är en del av ett produktionsområde efter en planerad ombyggnation och inga jämförelser kommer göras med systemet innan ombyggnation. En simuleringsmodell har tagits fram i ExtendSim och genom den har experiment utförts för att besvara syftet. I studien har två olika typer av experiment utförts, dels experiment där antalet AGV:er var den experimentella faktorn, dels experiment enligt faktordesign där AGV-systemets egenskaper var de experimentella faktorerna. Resultaten från experimenten visar att när antalet AGV:er ökar till en viss gräns, minskar tiden med brist vid produktionslinan och funktionen för dynamisk laddning kan utnyttjas i högre grad. Utöver detta visar resultatet från experimenten enligt faktordesign att batteritid är den enskilt viktigaste egenskapen enligt de förutsättningar experimenten utfördes under. Därefter var AGV:ernas genomsnittliga hastighet den viktigaste egenskapen följt av laddningstid och av- och pålastningstid. Slutsatsen är att när antalet AGV:er ökar, minskar tiden med brist för upp till sex AGV:er av typ 1 och typ 2 samt åtta AGV:er av typ 3. Utnyttjandegraden visar att när fler AGV:er används kan funktionen för dynamisk laddning utnyttjas i högre grad, vilket gör att de är tillgängliga i större utsträckning när transportbehov uppstår. Det har också visats att antalet AGV:er som används i systemet bör vara tillräckligt för att de aldrig ska underskrida den kritiska batterinivån. Jämförelser av den totala tiden med brist vid produktionslinan mellan olika typer av AGV:er visade att typ 1 var bättre än typ 3 när lika antal AGV:er användes. Mellan typ 2 och typ 3 kunde ingen skillnad påvisas när fler än fem AGV:er användes. När fem eller färre AGV:er användes var typ 3 bättre än typ 2. En jämförelse mellan typ 1 och typ 2 visade att typ 1 var bättre när upp till fem AGV:er användes, men att det för sex AGV:er inte gick att avgöra någon skillnad. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>
24

Sistema de localização para AGVs em ambientes semelhantes a armazéns inteligentes / Location system for AGVs in environments similar to smart warehouses

Moraga Galdames, Jorge Pablo 23 April 2012 (has links)
A demanda por mais flexibilidade nas fábricas e serviços originou um aumento no volume de operações internas de carga e descarga, devido à maior diversidade dos elementos transportados. Logo, na busca por um fluxo de materiais mais eficiente, as empresas passaram a investir em soluções tecnológicas, entre elas, o uso de Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), por conta do custo mais atrativo e do avanço em relação aos primeiros AGVs, que até então dependiam de uma infraestrutura adicional para suportar a navegação. Muitos AGVs modernos possuem movimentação livre e são orientados por sistemas que utilizam sensores para interpretar o ambiente, sendo assim, tornar os AGVs autônomos despertou o interesse de pesquisadores na área de robótica móvel para o desenvolvimento de sistemas capazes de auxiliar e coordenar a navegação. Novas técnicas de localização, tal como a localização baseada em marcadores reflexivos, e a construção de armazéns com layouts estruturados para a navegação viabilizaram o uso de AGVs autônomos, entretanto sua utilização em armazéns existentes ainda é um desafio. Neste contexto, o Laboratório de Robótica Móvel (LabRom) do Grupo de Mecatrônica da EESC/USP, através do projeto do Armazém Inteligente, tem pesquisado os problemas de: roteamento, gerenciamento das baterias, navegação e auto-localização. Robôs autônomos precisam de um sistema de auto-localização eficiente e preciso para navegar com segurança, o qual depende de um mapa e da interpretação do ambiente utilizando sensores embarcados. Para alcançar esse objetivo este trabalho propõe um Sistema de Auto-localização baseado no Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) como solução. O sistema, desenvolvido em linguagem C, interage com outros dois sistemas: roteamento e navegação e foi implementado em um armazém simulado utilizando o software Player/Stage, mostrando ser confiável no fornecimento de uma estimativa de localização baseada em odometria e landmarks com localização conhecida. O sistema foi novamente testado utilizando a odometria de um robô móvel Pioneer P3-AT e os valores de um sensor de medição laser 2D SICK LMS200 extraídos de um ambiente indoor real. Para este teste foi construído um feature-based map a partir de um desenho de planta baixa no formato CAD e utilizou-se o algoritmo de segmentação Iterative End-Point Fit (IEPF) para interpretar o ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que as vantagens oferecidas pelas características padronizadas de um ambiente indoor, semelhante a um armazém, podem viabilizar o uso do Sistema de Auto-localização em armazéns existentes. / The demand for more flexibility in factories and services led to an increase in the volume of internal operations of loading and unloading, due to the greater diversity of elements transported. Hence, in the search for a more efficient materials flow, companies went to invest in technology solutions, among them, the use of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), on account of the more attractive cost and improvement over the first AGVs, which hitherto depended of an additional infrastructure to support navigation. Many modern AGVs have free movement and are guided by systems that use sensors to interpret the environment, thus make AGVs autonomous aroused the interest of researchers in the mobile robotics field to development of systems able to assist and coordinate the navigation. New localization techniques, such as localization based on reflective markers, and the construction of warehouses with structured layouts for navigation did feasible the use of autonomous AGVs, however its use in existing warehouses is still a challenge. In this context, the Mobile Robotics Lab (LabRom) of the Mechatronics Group of EESC/USP, through the Intelligent Warehouse Project, has researched the problems: routing, battery management, navigation and self-localization. Autonomous robots need an efficient and accurate self-localization system to safely navigate, which depends on one map and of the interpretation of the environment using embedded sensors. To achieve this goal, this work proposes a Self-Localization System based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) as a solution. The system, developed in C language, interacts with two other systems: routing and navigation and was implemented in a simulated warehouse using the Player/Stage software, showing to be reliable in providing an estimative of localization based on odometry and landmarks with known localization. The system was again tested using the odometry of mobile robot Pioneer P3-AT and the values of a 2D Laser Rangefinder SICK LMS200 extracted from a real indoor environment. For this test was built a feature-based map from a floor plan design in CAD format and was used the segmentation algorithm Iterative End-Point Fit (IEPF) to interpret the environment. The results showed that the advantages offered by the standard features of indoor environment, like a warehouse, can enable the use of the Self-Localization System on the existing warehouses.
25

Sistema de localização para AGVs em ambientes semelhantes a armazéns inteligentes / Location system for AGVs in environments similar to smart warehouses

Jorge Pablo Moraga Galdames 23 April 2012 (has links)
A demanda por mais flexibilidade nas fábricas e serviços originou um aumento no volume de operações internas de carga e descarga, devido à maior diversidade dos elementos transportados. Logo, na busca por um fluxo de materiais mais eficiente, as empresas passaram a investir em soluções tecnológicas, entre elas, o uso de Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), por conta do custo mais atrativo e do avanço em relação aos primeiros AGVs, que até então dependiam de uma infraestrutura adicional para suportar a navegação. Muitos AGVs modernos possuem movimentação livre e são orientados por sistemas que utilizam sensores para interpretar o ambiente, sendo assim, tornar os AGVs autônomos despertou o interesse de pesquisadores na área de robótica móvel para o desenvolvimento de sistemas capazes de auxiliar e coordenar a navegação. Novas técnicas de localização, tal como a localização baseada em marcadores reflexivos, e a construção de armazéns com layouts estruturados para a navegação viabilizaram o uso de AGVs autônomos, entretanto sua utilização em armazéns existentes ainda é um desafio. Neste contexto, o Laboratório de Robótica Móvel (LabRom) do Grupo de Mecatrônica da EESC/USP, através do projeto do Armazém Inteligente, tem pesquisado os problemas de: roteamento, gerenciamento das baterias, navegação e auto-localização. Robôs autônomos precisam de um sistema de auto-localização eficiente e preciso para navegar com segurança, o qual depende de um mapa e da interpretação do ambiente utilizando sensores embarcados. Para alcançar esse objetivo este trabalho propõe um Sistema de Auto-localização baseado no Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) como solução. O sistema, desenvolvido em linguagem C, interage com outros dois sistemas: roteamento e navegação e foi implementado em um armazém simulado utilizando o software Player/Stage, mostrando ser confiável no fornecimento de uma estimativa de localização baseada em odometria e landmarks com localização conhecida. O sistema foi novamente testado utilizando a odometria de um robô móvel Pioneer P3-AT e os valores de um sensor de medição laser 2D SICK LMS200 extraídos de um ambiente indoor real. Para este teste foi construído um feature-based map a partir de um desenho de planta baixa no formato CAD e utilizou-se o algoritmo de segmentação Iterative End-Point Fit (IEPF) para interpretar o ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que as vantagens oferecidas pelas características padronizadas de um ambiente indoor, semelhante a um armazém, podem viabilizar o uso do Sistema de Auto-localização em armazéns existentes. / The demand for more flexibility in factories and services led to an increase in the volume of internal operations of loading and unloading, due to the greater diversity of elements transported. Hence, in the search for a more efficient materials flow, companies went to invest in technology solutions, among them, the use of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), on account of the more attractive cost and improvement over the first AGVs, which hitherto depended of an additional infrastructure to support navigation. Many modern AGVs have free movement and are guided by systems that use sensors to interpret the environment, thus make AGVs autonomous aroused the interest of researchers in the mobile robotics field to development of systems able to assist and coordinate the navigation. New localization techniques, such as localization based on reflective markers, and the construction of warehouses with structured layouts for navigation did feasible the use of autonomous AGVs, however its use in existing warehouses is still a challenge. In this context, the Mobile Robotics Lab (LabRom) of the Mechatronics Group of EESC/USP, through the Intelligent Warehouse Project, has researched the problems: routing, battery management, navigation and self-localization. Autonomous robots need an efficient and accurate self-localization system to safely navigate, which depends on one map and of the interpretation of the environment using embedded sensors. To achieve this goal, this work proposes a Self-Localization System based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) as a solution. The system, developed in C language, interacts with two other systems: routing and navigation and was implemented in a simulated warehouse using the Player/Stage software, showing to be reliable in providing an estimative of localization based on odometry and landmarks with known localization. The system was again tested using the odometry of mobile robot Pioneer P3-AT and the values of a 2D Laser Rangefinder SICK LMS200 extracted from a real indoor environment. For this test was built a feature-based map from a floor plan design in CAD format and was used the segmentation algorithm Iterative End-Point Fit (IEPF) to interpret the environment. The results showed that the advantages offered by the standard features of indoor environment, like a warehouse, can enable the use of the Self-Localization System on the existing warehouses.
26

Hållfasthetsanalys av infästningmellan AGV och motor : med hänsyn till femfaldig säkerhet mot brott / Strength analysis of attachmentbetween AGV and engine : with respect to fivefold safty factor againstfracture

Engman, Arvid, Johansson, Carljohan January 2012 (has links)
Automated Guided Vehicles, AGV:er, används i huvudsak som monteringsplattform inom tung fordonsindustri. En AGV kan användas vid montering av motorer, växellådor och chas-sin. AGV:n transporterar produkten genom en slinga i fabriken, där produkten monteras. Idag säljs AGV:n med ett löfte om femfaldig säkerhet mot brott för alla de ingående komponenter-na. AGV:n är konstruerad för att bära upp en last på maximalt 1800 kg, med säkerhetsfaktorn inkluderad. Lastens tyngdpunkt tillåts ligga en meter ut från infästningen som kopplar sam-man AGV:n med lasten. I arbetet illustreras lasten av en fiktiv motor, som väger 1800 kg med tyngdpunkten placerad en meter ut från infästningen. I detta arbete undersöks om konstruktionen av kopplingen, som kopplar samman motorn med AGV:n, lever upp till utlovad säkerhet. De delar som, i huvudsak, utgör kopplingen mellan AGV och motor är fixtur, kamskiva samt adapterplatta. Fixturen och kamskiva är monterade på AGV:n, adapterplattan monteras temporärt på motorn. Adapterplattan har tre klackar som sammanlänkar den med fixturen. För att avgöra hur väl kopplingen lever upp till femfaldig säkerhet mot brott, kartläggs de krafter som verkar i kopplingen. Dessa krafter ligger till grund för de FE-analyser som utreder kopplingens spänningsfördelning. Utifrån FE-analyser och analytiska beräkningar av kopp-lingen bestäms hållfasthetsegenskaperna. Kopplingens komponenter har, generellt, goda hållfasthetsegenskaper som lever upp till fem-faldig säkerhet mot brott. Resultaten visar att vissa komponenter har tiofaldig säkerhet mot brott vid belastning med den 1800 kg tunga motorn. Dock visar beräkningar av skruvför-banden i kopplingen på brister som bör åtgärdas. Skruvförbanden i fixturens klackar understi-ger de krav, som baseras på säkerhetsfaktorn. Under förstudien uppdagas det att fixturen, på vissa AGV:er, monterats med skruvar med lägre hållfasthetsklass än vad som står angivet på ritningsunderlaget. Detta medför en allvar-ligt sänkt säkerhet för kopplingen. Orsaken till att fel skruvar använts är inte känd. Ett arbets-sätt för att förhindra fel skruv vid montering bör finnas. I arbetet studeras Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrift ”AFS 2008:3 – Maskiner” vilken har legat till grund vid val av säkerhetsfaktor för konstruktionen. Utifrån studien av AFS 2008:3 genom-förs ett försök till att tolka den säkerhetsfaktor som gäller för kopplingen. Resultaten av denna rapport kan ligga till grund för ett fortsatt arbete, då en vidareutveckling av kopplingen blir aktuell. / Automated Guided Vehicles, AGV´s, are mainly used as a mounting platform in the heavy vehicle industry. An AGV is commonly used in the assembly process of; engines, gearboxes and chassis. The AGV transports the product through a predefined trail in the plant where the product is mounted. Today the AGV is being sold with a promise, from the manufacturer, that the construction is engineered with a safety factor five, against fracture, for any component in the AGV. It is engineered to support loads to a maximum of 1800 kg, with this safety factor included. The center of gravity is allowed to be one meter out from the mount that connects AGV with the supported load. This work investigates if the coupling, which connects the supported engine with the AGV, meets safety requirements. The coupling consists three main parts; fixture, cam-disk and an adapter plate. The fixture and cam-disk is mounted on the AGV, and the adapter plate is tem-porarily mounted on the engine. The adapter plate has three so called “heels” that links it with the fixture. To determine how well the coupling meets the safety requirements, the forces acting in the structure, while the AGV is loaded, is calculated. The work load is illustrated by a fictional engine, weighing 1800 kg with its center of gravity placed one meter out from the mount. These forces form the basis for the FE-analyzes, investigating the coupling strength proper-ties. Knowing the couplings strength properties, conclusions if the coupling meets the safety requirements can be adopted. The coupling component has, in general, good strength properties that meet the safety re-quirement of five-times security. The results show that some components have tenfold safety, while the AGV carries a load of 1800 kg. Calculations show that the screw connections of the fixture don’t meet the safety requirement and needs to be further investigated. The pilot study revealed that the fixture, for some AGVs, has been assembled with wrong screws. Instead of 10.9-screws, 8.8-screws were used. This leads to a serious consequence of reduced security for the construction. The cause of why fault screw was used is not known. One approach to prevent wrong screw is highlighted as suggestions for improvement. To understand why such a high security factor as five is chosen, the regulations “AFS 2008:3 – maskiner” that formed the basis for selecting the safety factor is studied. The study has been a basis for the conclusions for this work. The results of this survey may serve as a basis for further work, when further development of the coupling is relevant.
27

Underlagsrapport för tillämpning av AGV/AMR-system i en nyetablerad fabrik / Background report for the application of AGV/AMR systems in a newly established company

Ljungkvist, Emil, Nweder, Nour January 2022 (has links)
Många förändringar sker idag inom industrin och särskilt med tanke på omställning till industri 4.0. Dana Incorporated har genom Högskolan Väst efterfrågat en studie om automatiserade transporter i deras planerade fabrik i Åmål. Fabriken ska ligga i yttersta framkant gällande automation och effektivitet med industri 4.0 som mål. För att hitta rätt system behandlar denna rapport flera viktiga aspekter som behöver tas i beaktning vid övergång eller nyetablering av AGV/AMR truckar och robotar. Studier, intervjuer och fakta används i rapporten för att hitta rätt system i en föränderlig miljö där flexibilitet efterfrågas. Förstudierna om godsets förpackning, AGV/AMR-systemets modell och flexibilitet visar sig vara ytterst viktiga faktorer i studien. Det är stor skillnad mellan olika AGV/AMR-system i både pris och utförande, vilket gör att stora kostnader går att spara vid grundlig undersökning. Ju mer arbete och tid som läggs i förstudierna desto mer underlättar implementering och sparar på investeringskostnaden. Studien visar att ju längre tid det tar att implementera, blir kostnaden högre på grund av att företaget samtidigt belastas med operatörskostnader. Längre implementeringstid ger högre kostnad men innebär ett lägre risktagande. Att hitta den perfekta balansen mellan dessa två faktorer är svårt och tidskrävande. Det är ändå viktigt att ha vetskap om att både en för djärv och en för långsam satsning resulterar i onödiga kostnader. Strukturen och flexibilitet är andra delar som påverkar val av system. Inget AGV/AMR-system kan idag ha samma flexibilitet som en mänsklig truckförare. Organisationen måste därför struktureras till den flexibilitetsgrad som det tänkta systemet kan hantera. Vilken grad av vinst och resultat som ges genom det tänkta AGV/AMR-systemet grundas mycket genom kunskap om AGV/AMR-systemen som skulle passa företaget innan val av produkt. / Many changes are taking place today in the industry and especially with a view to conversion to industry 4.0. Through University West, Dana Incorporated has requested a study on automated transports in their planned factory in Åmål. The factory will be at the forefront of automation and efficiency with industry 4.0 as its goal. To find the right system, this report addresses several important aspects that need to be taken into account when transitioning or establishing new AGV / AMR trucks and robots. Studies, interviews and facts are used in the report to find the right system in a changing environment where flexibility is required. The feasibility studies on the packaging of the goods, the model and flexibility of the AGV / AMR system prove to be extremely important factors in the study. There is a big difference between different AGV / AMR systems in both price and design, which means that large costs can be saved during a thorough examination. The more work and time that is put into the feasibility studies, the easier it is to implement and save on the investment cost. The study shows that the longer the time implementation requires, the higher the cost due to contemporary operator costs. Longer implementation time results in higher costs but means lower risk-taking. Finding the perfect balance between these two factors is hard and time consuming. It´s still a good knowledge to know that both a too bold and a too slow investment results in unnecessary costs. The structure and flexibility are other parts that influence the choice of system. No AGV / AMR system today can have the same flexibility as a human truck driver. The organization must therefore be structured to the flexibility that is possible to handle for the selected system. The degree of profit and results given through the intended AGV / AMR system is largely based on knowledge before choosing a product.
28

Vývoj námořních přístavů od překladiště k logistickému centru na příkladu přístavů Bremen/Bremerhaven a Hamburk

Zachar, Viliam January 2006 (has links)
Práce se zaměřuje na vývoj Brémských přístavů a přístavu Hamburk od překladiště k logistickému centru a možnosti, které nabízejí svým zákazníkům. Identifikuje jejich přednosti, charakterizuje technickou vybavenost jejich terminálů a naznačuje možné tendence v budoucím vývoji obou přístavů.
29

Par?metros ruminais em vacas em alta produ??o leiteira alimentadas com dieta total. / The ruminal fermentation parameters in high yielding dairy cows fed total mixed ration.

Pelegrino, Stela Gomes 29 April 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Stela Gomes Pelegrino.pdf: 247744 bytes, checksum: edcaaef4e983d4522513a9fcb967acdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The search of better quality of the milk induces that changes and advances should be reached trought manipulation of de diet of the animals. The evaluation of the food absorption processes have been a very important in the investigation of the animal nutrition. The objective was to evaluate the on ruminal fermentation parameters in high yielding dairy cows fed total mixed ration (TMR). Eighteen Holstein cows in initial third of lactation were distributed to three groups. Cows were fed ad libitum thirty a day. The diet containing corn silage, barley, cottonseed and commercial ration, with forage:concentrate ratio of 45:55. Ruminal fluid was used for sampling at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours after first meal for determination of ammonia, pH and VFA. The daily average intakes of nutrients, coefficients digestibility and milk production was evaluated how index of the production. There was no effect for averages of molar ruminal concentration ammonia. Was different, 4 hour after fed for the parameters: pH, VFA, acetic, butyric acids evidencing intense ruminal fermentative activity. Total VFA and pH was different in 4 hour after fed. The values of the propionic acid had followed the same trend of the AGV but they had not presented significant difference, the relation acetate: propionato was remained above of 3, keeping adjusted the text of fat of milk. This study demonstrates that the use of total diet provided a ruminal environment with adequate conditions of fermentation without large oscillations, what it diminishes the incidence of metabolic riots in cows of high production. / As melhores mudan?as na produ??o do leite podem ser atingidas atrav?s da manipula??o da dieta dos animais. Avaliar os processos de absor??o de alimentos direcionados para a s?ntese do leite tem sido de grande import?ncia nas pesquisas de nutri??o animal O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os par?metros ruminais de vacas de alta produ??o alimentadas com dieta total. Dezoito animais da ra?a Holandesa, no primeiro ter?o de lacta??o, foram divididos em tr?s grupos, por ordem de pari??o. Os animais receberam dieta total ? vontade (ad libitum) tr?s vezes ao dia composta por silagem de milho, cevada ?mida, caro?o de algod?o e ra??o comercial, com a rela??o volumoso:concentrado de 45:55. Amostras de l?quido ruminal foram coletadas nos hor?rios de 0, 2, 4 e 6 horas, ap?s a alimenta??o, no per?odo da manh?, sendo utilizadas para determina??es das concentra??es de am?nia, pH e AGV do l?quido ruminal. Os valores de consumo m?dio di?rio, coeficiente de digestibilidade, produ??o de leite foram avaliados como indicadores da produ??o. N?o foi observado efeito significante nas concentra??es m?dias ruminais de am?nia. Na quarta hora ap?s a alimenta??o foi observada diferen?a significativa dos par?metros: pH, AGV total, ?cidos ac?tico e but?rico, evidenciando a intensa atividade fermentativa ruminal. Os valores m?dios de ?cido propi?nico seguiram a mesma tend?ncia dos AGV mas n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa, a rela??o acetato:propionato manteve-se acima de 3, mantendo adequado o teor de gordura do leite. Este trabalho demonstra que o uso de dieta total proporcionou um ambiente ruminal com condi??es adequadas de fermenta??o sem grandes oscila??es, o que diminui a incid?ncia de dist?rbios metab?licos em vacas de alta produ??o.
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Martins, Armindo Fernandes dos Santos January 2003 (has links)
Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (área de especialização de Informática Industrial), na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto. sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Francisco José de Oliveira Restivo

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