Abstract This essay is an analysis of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and it explores how identity and ideology always exist in a context of time. The American 1920s society was influenced by theories brought by Marxism, Albert Einstein and Freud. This era was highly influenced by cultural influencers, individuals such as Fitzgerald who became one of the greatest to mould and describe the era he lived in. When reviewing Fitzgerald’s text almost a century later, and at the verge of entering the 2020s, it becomes clear that some fundamental features of culture remain ever-present in the American culture. The multifaceted perspective presented to readers by Fitzgerald raises important questions regarding where the real is overruled and transformed by the ideal. The American 1920s was an era of contradictions which also is reflected in Fitzgerald’s ironic tone and in Gatsby’s smile. Fitzgerald offers an understanding which reaches as far as anyone would want to understand. Linchpins in this essay are the interaction between identity, ideology and social codes and the morality which drives actions and reactions and forms a link between the coexistence of contradictions. Social structures are part of history and the impact history possesses over culture, via nostalgia, is relevant for ideas today. Which clues do history and Fitzgerald’s text provide and store for us and can old ideas enlighten us to bring new solutions, or clarity, to apprehend anything about the future? There is a correspondence, a red thread, between eras such as the 1920s and the year of 2019 in the American society today, which explains why the ideas and ideals Fitzgerald portrayed as important parts of identity and culture a hundred years ago, also matter today.

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<p>  </p> <p>This thesis is motivated by the author’s observation that no systematic methodology is available to characterize and model mechanical behaviors of 3D printed parts in terms of their elastic modulus and critical loading capacities. Note that the more controlled and steadier printing process is, the easier the mechanical properties parts can be predicted. This research focuses on the methods for the prediction and validation of mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, and the focus is the responses of the printed parts subjected to tensile loads. The mathematic models are derived to characterize the mechanical properties of a part along three principal directions, and the models are validated experimentally by following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 testing standards. It is assumed that a unidirectional plane stress occurs to each lamina to (1) simplify a compliance matrix with a size 3 by 3 and (2) characterize the mechanical properties by the elastic modules and strengths in three principal directions. Two mathematical models are developed using the experimental data from the classical laminate theory and finite element analysis (FEA) by the SolidWorks. Both of the developed models are used to predict the ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the specimens that are printed by setting different raster angles on different layers. This thesis work aims to (1) gain a better understanding of the impact of printing parameters on the strengths of printed parts and (2) explore the feasibility of using the classical laminate theory to predict the mechanical properties of the parts printed with different raster angles and patterns. To validate the proposed mathematic models, parts by FDM are tested by following the ASTM testing standards; moreover, it testifies if the selected ASTM-D638 is suitable to test 3D printed parts by FDM. </p>

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les transformations économiques, sociales, politiques et idéologiques qui caractérisent le développement du néolibéralisme aux États-Unis, depuis l’essor du mouvement conservateur qui porta Ronald Reagan au pouvoir en 1980 jusqu’à la crise financière de 2008. Par néolibéralisme, on entend une idéologie qui postule la supériorité des forces du marché et du secteur privé sur l’intervention de l’État, un ensemble de politiques qui visent à libérer ces forces des entraves étatiques, et un mode de gouvernance qui s’inspire de la gestion des entreprises privées. À la lecture des nombreux ouvrages consacrés au néolibéralisme, on peut constater un morcellement des connaissances sur certains aspects particuliers du sujet, telles que ses dimensions idéologique, politique ou internationale ; il manque des études qui tentent de concevoir le néolibéralisme à la fois dans sa globalité et dans la spécificité de son développement aux États-Unis. Il nous est paru que la méthode dite « progressive-régressive » de Jean-Paul Sartre permettrait de faire la synthèse qui manque à la littérature actuelle. Bien que Sartre ait développé cette méthode dialectique à l’attention des chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales, ce cadre épistémologique cherche encore ses adeptes. En l’appliquant au néolibéralisme américain, nous espérons donc contribuer non seulement à la connaissance d’un grand sujet d’actualité, mais aussi au développement des méthodes de recherche dans le champ des études civilisationnistes. / This dissertation aims to study the economic, social, political and ideological transformations that have characterized the development of neoliberalism in the United States, from the rise of the conservative movement that brought Ronald Reagan to power in 1980 to the financial crisis of 2008. Neoliberalism can be defined as an ideology that claims the free market and the private sector to be superior to government intervention, as a package of economic policies that aim to liberate market forces from government constraints, and as a mode of governance based on corporate management practices. Although many studies have been published on neoliberalism, each of them tends to focus on a limited dimension of the subject, such as its ideological, political, or international dimension. Given this fragmentation, there is a lack of studies that attempt to understand the specific development of neoliberalism in the United States from a holistic point of view. In order to achieve this goal, Jean-Paul Sartre’s “progressive-regressive” method appears to be an effective approach. While Sartre developed this method as an epistemological tool for the humanities, few researchers have attempted to make use of it. By applying it to the study of American neoliberalism, this dissertation hopes to contribute not only to the knowledge a topical subject, but also to the development of new research methods in the field of civilizational studies.

Les séries familiales, qui connaissent un franc succès aux États-Unis depuis les années 1950, ne sont aujourd’hui toujours pas considérées comme un genre fictionnel à part entière. Ce travail de recherche s’attache à en dessiner les contours et à en définir les caractéristiques. Après avoir effectué un historique de la série familiale et de son évolution, il analyse les constantes sociologiques, culturelles et politiques de la famille télévisée contemporaine et la manière dont elle reflète les évolutions de la société américaine, à travers l’étude de quatre séries télévisées de 2000 à 2015 représentatives de sa diversité : Malcolm in the Middle, Gilmore Girls, Six Feet Under et Parenthood. / Family TV shows, hugely successful in the United States since the 1950s, are still not considered today a genre in it’s own right. This research work focuses on shaping its contours and defining its characteristics. After presenting a history of family TV shows and its evolution, it analyzes the sociological, cultural and political constants of the contemporary TV family, and the way it reflects the changes in American society, through the study of four TV shows from 2000 to 2015 representative of its diversity : Malcolm in the Middle, Gilmore Girls, Six Feet Under and Parenthood.

This diploma thesis is focused on the relation between values and politics in the western societies of Europe and The USA. It points out the status and role of religion in the society and compares the current secularization tendencies in Western Europe against the role of traditions in American society determined by civil religion. The study maps the influence of enlightenment on the forming of democracies, then the totalitarianisms of the 20th century and both the secularization and de-secularization in the last decades. It analyses the discussion about the role of values and civil society in secularized Europe. Finally, it describes the importance of religion for American citizens and its penetration of their entire lives both socially and culturally.

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The pamphleteers popularized the mythology of despotism by denouncing lettres de cachet and other supposed abuses of power that had little effect on most people. Historians like Funck-Brentano may be correct in arguing that the government was really moderate at this time, but it is important to show that radical propagandists were quite successful in convincing Frenchmen that thousands of innocent victims huddled miserably in <em >cachots for having inflamed the despotic passions of a minister. Moreover the prisons that were mythological for most Frenchmen had been terribly real for Brissot, Carra, Gorsas and many other writers, and this consideration also suggests the importance of the biographical approach. The Bastille may have been nearly empty, but it was a powerful symbol, effectively exploited by pamphleteers who dealt in symbols, declamation and distortions of political realities. They were highly successful in dominating public opinion, which exerted an influence on events that has been unappreciated in relation to the weak, irresolute rule of Louis XVI. The thesis attempts to develop this interprettion of the political importance of radical propaganda with reference to the scientific, financial and literary history of the period. It may seem weak on some ponts of these specialized fields, but it is hoped that it assimilates them successfully in its main attempt to contribute to an understanding of the last years of the Ancien Regime: its analysis of the character of radical propaganda in relation to the men who created it.

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