Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HaulissonJBC.pdf: 4077011 bytes, checksum: fcba1ed8fcdc3b273e8994b6775327be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work presents simulation results of an identification platform compatible with the INPE Brazilian Data Collection System, modeled with SystemC-AMS. SystemC-AMS that is a library of C++ classes dedicated to the simulation of heterogeneous systems, offering a powerful resource to describe models in digital, analog and RF domains, as well as mechanical and optic. The designed model was divided in four parts. The first block takes into account the satellite s orbit, necessary to correctly model the propagation channel, including Doppler effect, attenuation and thermal noise. The identification block detects the satellite presence. It is composed by low noise amplifier, band pass filter, power detector and logic comparator. The controller block is responsible for enabling the RF transmitter when the presence of the satellite is detected. The controller was modeled as a Petri net, due to the asynchronous nature of the system. The fourth block is the RF transmitter unit, which performs the modulation of the information in BPSK ?60o. This block is composed by oscillator, mixer, adder and amplifier. The whole system was simulated simultaneously. The results are being used to specify system components and to elaborate testbenchs for design verification / Este trabalho apresenta resultados de simula??o de uma plataforma de identifica??o compat?vel com o Sistema de Coleta de Dados Brasileiro do INPE, modelado com SystemC-AMS. SystemC-AMS, que ? uma biblioteca de classes C++ dedicada ? simula??o de sistemas heterog?neos, oferece um recurso poderoso para descrever modelos nos dom?nios digital, anal?gico e de RF, bem como sistemas mec?nicos e ?ticos. O modelo projetado foi dividido em quatro partes. O primeiro bloco leva em considera??o a ?rbita do sat?lite, necess?rio para modelar corretamente o canal, inclui o efeito Doppler, a atenua??o e o ru?do t?rmico. O bloco identifica??o que detecta a presen?a de sat?lite ? composto por um amplificador de baixo ru?do, filtro passa-banda, detector de pot?ncia e um comparador l?gico. O bloco controlador ? respons?vel por habilitar o transmissor RF, quando a presen?a do sat?lite ? detectada. O controlador foi modelado por uma rede de Petri, devido ? natureza ass?ncrona do sistema. O quarto bloco ? o transmissor, que realiza a modula??o da informa??o em BPSK ?60o. Este bloco ? composto por oscilador, misturadores, somador e amplificador. Todo o sistema foi simulado simultaneamente. Os resultados ser?o utilizados para especificar componentes de sistema e para a elabora??o de banco de testes para a verifica??o do projeto

Le Spectromètre Magnétique Alpha (AMS) est un détecteur de particules installé à bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale ; il enregistre des données depuis mai 2011. L'expérience a pour objectif d'identifier la nature des rayons cosmiques chargés et des photons et de mesurer leur flux dans la gamme d'énergie du GeV au TeV. Ces mesures permettent d'affiner les modèles de propagation de rayons cosmiques, d'effectuer une recherche indirecte de matière noire, et de chercher l'antimatière primordiale (anti-hélium). Dans ce mémoire, les données des premières années ont été utilisées pour mesurer les flux d'électrons et de leptons (électrons + positons) dans la gamme d'énergie de 0.5 GeV à 700 GeV. L'identification d'électrons nécessite une séparation électrons/protons de l'ordre de 104, obtenue par l'utilisation conjointe des estimateurs de différents sous-détecteurs d'AMS, en particulier du calorimètre électromagnétique (ECAL), du trajectomètre et du détecteur à radiation de transition (TRD). Dans cette analyse, les nombres d'électrons et de leptons sont estimés par un ajustement des distributions de l'estimateur du calorimètre et vérifiés en utilisant l'estimateur du TRD : 11 millions leptons ont été sélectionnés et analysés. Les incertitudes systématiques sont déterminées en variant les coupures de sélection et la procédure d'ajustement. L'acceptance géométrique du détecteur et les efficacités de sélection sont estimées grâce aux données de simulation. Les différences observées sur les échantillons de contrôle issus des données permettent de corriger la simulation. Les incertitudes systématiques associées à ces corrections sont établies en variant les échantillons de contrôle. Au total, à 100 GeV (resp. 700 GeV), l'incertitude statistique du flux de leptons est 2% (30%) et l'incertitude systématique est 3% (40%). Comme les flux se comportent globalement en loi de puissance en fonction de l'énergie, il est important de maitriser la calibration en énergie. Nous avons contrôlé in situ la mesure en énergie du calorimètre en comparant les électrons des données de vol et les données de tests en faisceaux, en utilisant en particulier la variable E/p ou p est la quantité de mouvement mesurée par le trajectomètre. Une deuxième méthode de calibration absolue à basse énergie, indépendante du trajectomètre, basée sur l'effet de la coupure géomagnétique a été développée. Deux modèles de prédiction de la coupure géomagnétique, l'approximation Störmer et le modèle IGRF, ont été testés et comparés. Ces deux méthodes ont permis de contrôler la calibration en énergie à 2% et de vérifier la stabilité des performances du calorimètre dans le temps. / The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a particle detector installed on the International Space Station; it starts to record data since May 2011. The experiment aims to identify the nature of charged cosmic rays and photons and measure their fluxes in the energy range of GeV to TeV. These measurements enable us to refine the cosmic ray propagation models, to perform indirect research of dark matter and to search for primordial antimatter (anti-helium). In this context, the data of the first years have been utilized to measure the electron flux and lepton flux (electron + positron) in the energy range of 0.5 GeV to 700 GeV. Identification of electrons requires an electrons / protons separation power of the order of 104, which is acquired by combining the information from different sub-detectors of AMS, in particular the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), the tracker and the transition radiation detector (TRD). In this analysis, the numbers of electrons and leptons are estimated by fitting the distribution of the ECAL estimator and are verified using the TRD estimator: 11 million leptons are selected and analyzed. The systematic uncertainties are determined by changing the selection cuts and the fit procedure. The geometric acceptance of the detector and the selection efficiency are estimated thanks to simulated data. The differences observed on the control samples from data allow to correct the simulation. The systematic uncertainty associated to this correction is estimated by varying the control samples. In total, at 100 GeV (resp. 700 GeV), the statistic uncertainty of the lepton flux is 2% (30%) and the systematic uncertainty is 3% (40%). As the flux generally follows a power law as a function of energy, it is important to control the energy calibration. We have controlled in-situ the measurement of energy in the ECAL by comparing the electrons from flight data and from test beams, using in particular the E/p variable where p is momentum measured by the tracker. A second method of absolute calibration at low energy, independent from the tracker, is developed based on the geomagnetic cutoff effect. Two models of geomagnetic cutoff prediction, the Störmer approximation and the IGRF model, have been tested and compared. These two methods allow to control the energy calibration to a precision of 2% and to verify the stability of the ECAL performance with time.

L’objectif de cette étude était de développer une nouvelle génération de catalyseurs, dits électrochimiques, capables d’abaisser la température de régénération des filtres à particules, et de diminuer les coûts du post-traitement des moteurs Diesel, en évitant notamment une surconsommation en carburant. Pour cela, un banc de mesure a été développé où de forts moyens analytiques pour les phases gazeuses (GC et analyseur de NOx), particulaires (spectromètre de masse à aérosols AMS) et de caractérisations physiques des aérosols (SMPS, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) ont été couplés. Le catalyseur électrochimique développé est composé d’un catalyseur oxyde de type pérovskite La0.5Sr0.23Ag0.27MnO3±δ (noté LSAM), en contact avec un électrolyte solide conducteur par les ions O2-, la zircone dopée à l’oxyde d’yttrium (YSZ). L’enduction de ce catalyseur électrochimique directement dans les canaux d’un filtre à particule (FAP) en céramique (SiC) a montré des performances permettant d’abaisser la température de régénération des FAP de 100°C voire de 260°C selon le flux de régénération. Ces performances sont le résultat d’un effet de synergie entre les phases de la pérovskite LSAM et du conducteur ionique YSZ / The aim of this study was to develop a new generation of catalysts, called electrochemical, which can lower the regeneration temperature of the particulate filter, and reduce post-treatment costs of Diesel engines, especially avoiding over-consumption of fuel. For this, a test bench has been developed where strong analytical analyzer for gas phases (GC and Nox analyzer), for particles (aerosol mass spectrometer AMS) and for physical characterization of aerosols (SMPS, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) have been coupled. The electrochemical catalyst developed is composed of a perovskite catalyst La0.5Sr0.23Ag0.27MnO3±δ (denoted LSAM), in contact with a solid electrolyte conductor by O2-ions, yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ). The coating of the electrochemical catalyst directly into the channels of a particulate filter (DPF) showed performance to lower the DPF regeneration temperature of 100°C or even 260°C depending of the regeneration flow. These performances are the result of a synergistic effect between the phases of the perovskite LSAM and YSZ ionic conductor

Syftet med studien var att jämföra motivation att studera mellan studenter på civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet på Karlstads universitet. Tre frågeställningar konstruerades: ”Finns det en skillnad mellan studenter som läser civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet med avseende på inre motivation?”, ”Finns det en skillnad mellan studenter som läser civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet med avseende på yttre motivation?” och ” Finns det en skillnad mellan studenter som läser civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet med avseende på amotivation?”. För att undersöka detta genomfördes oberoende t-test. Data samlades in via pappersenkäter från 119 deltagare varav 111 användes för analys. Av dessa 111 var 59 civilekonomstudenter och 52 förskollärarstudenter. Självskattningsinstrumentet Academic Motivation Scale användes för att mäta studiemotivation. Den oberoende variabeln var utbildningsprogram på Karlstads universitet med två nivåer, civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet. De tre motivationsperspektiven inre motivation, yttre motivation och amotivation samt undergrupperna att åstadkomma, förståelse, att stimuleras, yttre reglering, inåtvänd reglering och identifierad reglering utgjorde beroende variabler. Resultaten visade en signifikant skillnad mellan programmen för yttre motivation samt för undergrupperna yttre reglering, identifierad reglering, att stimuleras och förståelse. Detta visade att civilekonomstudenterna drivs mer av ett utsatt mål som de vill uppnå och är mer styrda av belöning och yttre krav än förskollärarstudenterna. Det visade även att förskollärarstudenterna värdesätter det egna valet att studera och har mer nyfikenhet och stimulerande konversationer med sina klasskamrater än civilekonomstudenterna. En ojämn könsfördelning mellan de två klasserna ska beaktas i slutsatsen. Civilekonomstudenterna hade en jämn könsfördelning och visade en signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och män med avseende på undergrupperna yttre reglering och att stimuleras. Detta visar att kvinnorna upplever en mer kontrollerad motivation än männen och männen visar mer engagemang i olika uppgifter än kvinnorna. Slutsatsen är att det finns en skillnad i studiemotivationen mellan studenterna i de valda utbildningsprogrammen men att den skillnaden är liten. Endast undergruppen yttre reglering hade en större spridning där civilekonomstudenterna skattade högre än 3 förskollärarstudenterna. Denna studie visar att ett beteende inte styrs av antingen inre eller yttre motivation. Motivationen kan variera i styrka och orientering. / The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in academic motivation in students attending two different college programs. Three specific research questions were constructed: “Is there a difference between students attending the economics program and the preschool teacher program with regard to internal motivation?”, “Is there a difference between students attending the economics program and the preschool teacher program with regard to extrinsic motivation?” and “Is there a difference between students attending the economics program and the preschool teacher program with regard to amotivation? To test this an independent t-test was conducted. A questionnaire was constructed to collect data from 119 participants, of which 111 were used for analysis. From the 111 participants there were 59 responses from students attending the economics program and 52 from the preschool teacher program. The self-assessment questionnaire Academic Motivation Scale was used to measure academic motivation. The independent variable was educational programs at Karlstad university with two conditions, the economics program and the preschool teacher program. The three motivational perspectives internal motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation including the subscales to accomplish, to know, to experience stimulation, external regulation, introjected regulation and identified regulation were the dependent variables. The results showed a significant difference between the two programs with regard to extrinsic motivation and the motivational subscales external regulation, identified regulation, to experience stimulation and to know. This showed that the students attending the economics program is more driven by an external goal they wish to achieve and are more affected by rewards and external demand than the students attending the preschool teacher program. It also showed that the preschool teacher students value their own choice to study and are more curious and have more stimulating conversations with their classmates than the economics students. An unequal gender distribution between the two college programs is to be considered in the conclusion. The students attending the economics program had an equal gender distribution and showed a significant difference between men and women with regards to external regulation and to experience stimulation. This shows that the women experience a more controlled motivation than the men and the men show more commitment in various tasks than the women. The conclusion is that there is a difference in academic motivation between the two college programs but that difference is small. Only the subscale external regulation had 5 more variance where the economics students showed a higher value then the preschool teacher student. This study showed that a behavior is not controlled by internal or extrinsic motivation. Motivation can vary in strength and orientation.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT We present new results of structural and magnetic (AMS) analyses of selected dikes of melasyenite, quartz melasyenite to melagranite porphyries accompanied by lamprophyres (minettes). The studied dike from the locality Nihošovice were dated by U-Pb method on zircons at 338 Ma. The asymmetric structural pattern of the studied dikes gives an excellent evidence for their emplacement and orientation of magmatic flow. The studied dikes were emplaced into: (i) Prevailing parts of the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (locality Malčice) and (ii) host high-grade metamorphic rocks of western part of the Moldanubian Zone (locality Nihošovice). Despite of the extensive area of occurrence, compositional variations and age of emplacement of these dikes are relatively narrow. Their geochemical and petrological compositions broadly correspond to ultrapotassic plutonic rocks (durbachites). The dikes are steeply dipping in trend ~NNW-SSE to ~W-E, with range in width between ~20 and ~25 meters. In general, our results show: (i) A relatively low degree of magnetic anisotropy (P= 1.012 - 1.152); (ii) Mostly oblate (planar) fabric, especially in marginal parts of the intrusive bodies (T= -0.091 - 0.941); (iii) Evidence for subhorizontal magmatic flow trajectory defined for a newtonian magma with typical...

This thesis concentrates on a detailed field and structural analysis of the Podolsko complex, Moldanubian unit, Bohemian Massif, complemented by a microstructural study and analysis of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). The Podolsko complex occupies the footwall of a major Variscan normal shear zone and is juxtaposed against the southern to southeastern margin of the Central Bohemian Plutonic complex. During the field work, more than 160 outcrops were examined, the AMS samples were taken at 25 stations, and samples for microstructural studies were taken from 12 localities. On the micro-scale, leucocratic migmatites contain abundant garnet grains which may represent relics of an earlier (ultra-)high preassure metamorphic phase. Retrogression is obvious in other samples of biotite migmatites of the Moldanubian Variegated unit. The retrogression is marked by the presence of sillimanite and chlorite. The main tectonometamorphic event in the Podolsko complex is extensive migmatization coeval with formation of pervasive flat-laying fabric. This is corroborated by the AMS study which indicates concordant steep to flat-laying magnetic and mesoscopic foliations striking NNW-SSE. The AMS also shows that the subhorizontal N-S to NNW-SSE trending magnetic lineations in the Podolsko complex correspond to those in the...

L'étude du comportement dynamique des substances actives pendant l'épandage de produits insecticides ménagers commerciaux dans les atmosphères intérieures nécessite le développement et l'adaptation de procédures analytiques de mesure en ligne ayant une résolution temporelle élevée. Un HS-PTR-MS et un HR-ToF-AMS ont par conséquent été utilisés pour mesurer les contaminants à la fois en phase gazeuse et particulaire. Les substances actives ciblées par cette étude appartiennent à la famille des pyréthrinoïdes, présentes dans différentes formulations commerciales du type diffuseurs électriques et sprays aérosols, qui ont été appliqués dans une pièce d'étude simulant une atmosphère réelle dans la maison expérimentale MARIA du Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment. Les résultats de ces mesures montrent des pics de concentration compris entre 1,5 et 8,5 µg.m-3, après 8 heures de branchement des diffuseurs électriques. Les pics de concentration des substances actives après l'application des sprays peuvent atteindre plusieurs dizaines de µg.m-3. La ventilation et la sédimentation des aérosols apparaissent comme des mécanismes majeurs d'élimination des polluants du compartiment air. Par ailleurs, une distribution importante des substances actives avec les surfaces de la pièce (murs, sol, plafond, particules en suspension et poussières) est observée. L'évaluation de l'exposition par inhalation aux produits insecticides étudiés montre qu'il n'existe a priori pas de risque pour la santé. Néanmoins, une évaluation intégrée, prenant en compte toutes les voies d'exposition est nécessaire avant de conclure à une absence de risque sanitaire. / The study of the dynamic behaviour of the active substances during the application of commercial household insecticide products in indoor atmospheres requires the development of the adaptation of on-line analytical procedures with high time resolution. A HS-PTR-MS and a HR-ToF-AMS have therefore been used to measure contaminants both in the gaseous and particulate phase. The active substances targeted by this study belong to the pyrethroids, which are present in different commercial formulations like electric vaporizers and sprays that were applied in a full-scale test room simulating a real atmosphere in the experimental house MARIA of the French scientific and technical centre for building. The results of these measurements show that peak concentrations during a 8h-emission of electric vaporizers range from 1,5 et 8,5 µg.m-3. The peak concentrations of active substances during spraying can reach several dozens of µg.m-3. Ventilation and deposition of aerosols are major elimination mechanisms of pollutants from the air compartment. Moreover, an important distribution of active substances with the surfaces of the room (walls, floor, ceiling, suspended particles and dust) is observed. The evaluation of inhalation exposure to the studied insecticide products show that adverse effects are not likely to occur. Nevertheless, to conclude that these products are safe, it is necessary to perform an integrated evaluation, taking into account all exposure routes.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade de adaptação do Implantador Iônico da Universidade de São Paulo para a técnica de Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), tendo em vista as baixas energias utilizadas por este acelerador de partículas. A técnica de AMS, amplamente utilizada para a análise de Carbono-14 no estudo de datação de fósseis, requer que algum componente do acelerador garanta a quebra de moléculas de massa 14, contaminantes no processo de medição dos átomos de carbono com massa 14. Com a utilização de energias da ordem de dezenas de keV no acelerador, o estudo do processo de quebra de moléculas para estas energias foi realizado através do projeto, construção e caracterização de um stripper gasoso. Para caracterizar o stripper implementado foram realizadas medidas de seção de choque para troca de carga do feixe e quebra molecular em função da pressão de gás injetado no stripper. Também investigou-se a influência do átomo utilizado como gás, através de três diferentes gases injetados no stripper: Hélio, Argônio e Xenônio. Alguns feixes posivos foram produzidos no Implantador para o estudo destas seções de choques: Ar+, Ar(2+), CO+, CO2(+) e O2(+). O projeto do stripper foi idealizado para minimizar a variação de pressão no interior do implantador, visando preservar as condições da fonte de íons. Curvas de perfil de pressão de gás dentro do tubo do stripper foram calculadas segundo as teorias da Tecnologia do Vácuo que permitiram tanto a estimativa desta variação quanto a quantidade de gás no interior do stripper. Também foram realizados estudos do perfil de pressão em stripper com outras geometrias (cônicas abertas e fechadas), buscando estimar a otimização da espessura do stripper em função da injeção de gás em sua base. Baseando-se nos resultados, foram apontadas mudanças necessárias no atual estágio de adaptação desse acelerador de partículas para que se torne possível a concepção de um sistema AMS em sua linha de pesquisa. / The present work aimed on studying the feasibility of adapting the Ion Implanter of University of Sao Paulo to the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry technique, taking into account the low energies employed by this type of particle accelerator. The AMS technique, largely applied to the Carbon-14 analysis for fossil dating, requires the breaking of molecules with mass 14 by some component in the accelerator, since these lead to interference on the Carbon-14 counting process. By employing energies on the level of keV in the accelerator, the study of the breaking process of the molecules for this energy was accomplished by means desiring, building and characterization of a gaseous stripper. In order to characterize the installed stripper, measurements were taken of the charge state exchange and molecular break up process as a function of the pressure of the gas injection into the stripper. The influence of the atom employed as gas was also investigated. The experiments were realized with the following different gases: Helium, Argon and Xenon. Some positive beams were produced on the implanter: Ar+, \\Ar(2+), CO+, CO2(+) and O2(+). The designed stripper was idealized to minimize the pressure variation on the inside of the implanter in order to preserve the conditions of the ion source. Pressure profiles of the gas inside the stripper were calculated according to the Vacuum Technology theory, which allowed estimating the quantity of gas inside the stripper. Studies on the pressure profile for different stripper geometries (open and closed conic forms) were also carried out to estimate the optimization of the stripper thickness as a function of the gas injection on its base. Based on the results, specifications for further work and changes on the current system were listed to make it possible to implement the AMS system.

This work presents the measurement of the deuterium flux, and the deuterium-to-hydrogen flux ratio from 0.6 to 10 GeV/n, using data collected between May 2011 and May 2015 by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02), a cosmic ray detector operating aboard the International Space Station (ISS) since May 2011. The isotope separation is performed by combining the measurements performed by the AMS-02 sub-detectors. In particular, the mass measurement is carried out by taking advantage of the precise momentum measurement provided by the silicon tracker and by the velocity measurement provided by the Cherenkov detector. The event counting method is performed using reference spectra of simulated signal and background events, where the agreement between data and Monte Carlo has been carefully checked and eventual differences have been mitigate by means of corrections based on the comparison between the resolution of the velocity and momentum as obtained from data and simulated vents. Production mechanisms, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays are not completely clear, therefore precise measurements of the flux and composition of these particles may help to understand these phenomena. In the conventional model, supernova remnants are the sources of cosmic rays in the GeV to TeV energy range. The so called primaries, such as 1H, 4He, e- and C are believed to be produced and accelerated at the sources, while secondaries, such as e+, 2H, 3He and B originate from the collisions of primary cosmic rays with the interstellar medium. Hence, secondaries carry information about the propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy, and, the measurement of their flux is used to constrain the parameters of cosmic ray propagation models; in particular, studying secondary-to-primary ratios is useful as it factors out the unknown source spectrum of the progenitor. One of such commonly studied ratios is the B/C ratio, but other ratios, such as 2H/1H and 3He/4He, can be used to probe a different A/Z regime and test the universality of the propagation mechanisms. / Este trabalho apresenta a medida do fluxo de deutério e da razão deutério sobre hidrogênio nos raios cósmicos, de 0.6 até 10 GeV/n, utilizando dados coletados entre maio de 2011 e maio de 2015 pelo Espectrômetro Magnético Alfa (AMS-02), um detecto de raios cósmicos instalado na Estação Espacial Internacional desde maio de 2011. A separação dos isótopos é feita através da combinação de medidas feitas pelos subdetectores do AMS-02. Em particular, a medida da massa é feita utilizando as medidas do momento fornecidas pelo tracker de silício e a velocidade medida pelo detector Cherenkov. A contagem de eventos é feita através da utilização de espectros de referência obtidos a partir de simulações de eventos de sinal e fundo, os quais foram utilizados para checar a concordância entre dados e simulações de Monte Carlo, corrigindo eventuais diferenças através de correções baseadas em comparações das resoluções de velocidade e momento obtidas nos dados e em simulações. Mecanismos de produção, aceleração e propagação dos raios cósmicos partículas não são completamente claros, portanto medidas precisas dos fluxos e composição dessas partículas podem auxiliar na compreensão desses fenômenos. Remanescentes de supernovas são as fontes de raios cósmicos com energias entre GeV e TeV. Acredita-se que os chamados raios cósmicos primários, tais como 1H, 4He, e- e C são produzidos e acelerados nas fontes, enquanto os secundários, tais como e+, 2H, 3He e B, têm origem na colisão dos raios cósmicos primários com o meio interestelar. Portanto, os secundários carregam informação sobre a propagação dos raios cósmicos na galáxia, sendo as medidas dos seus fluxos utilizada para restringir os parâmetros de modelos de propagação de raios cósmicos; em particular, estudar a razão entre secundários e primários é útil pois remove o desconhecido espectro da fonte da espécie progenitora. Uma das razões comumente utilizadas é B/C, mas outras, tais como 2H/1H e 3He/4He podem ser utilizadas para estudar outro regime de A/Z e testar a universalidade dos mecanismos de propagação.

Le réseau sans fil sur le corps humain ou « wireless body area network (WBAN) » est une nouvelle technologie de réseau sans fil dédié à la surveillance des paramètres physiologiques d’une personne. Le réseau est composé de dispositifs électroniques miniatures, appelés nœuds, disposés aux alentours ou à l’intérieur du corps humain. Chaque nœud est doté d’un ou plusieurs capteurs mesurant les paramètres physiologiques de la personne, comme l’électrocardiogramme ou bien la température du corps, et les caractéristiques de l’environnement qui l’entoure. Ces nœuds sont surtout soumis à une contrainte énergétique importante puisque la miniaturisation a réduit les dimensions de leurs batteries. Puisque les nœuds consomment la majorité de l’énergie pour transmettre les données, une solution pour diminuer leur consommation consisterait à compresser les données avant la transmission. Les méthodes classiques de compression ne sont pas adaptées pour le WBAN particulièrement à cause de la puissance de calcul requise et la consommation qui en résulterait. Dans cette thèse, pour contourner ces problèmes, nous utilisons une méthode à base de l’acquisition comprimée pour compresser et reconstruire les données provenant des nœuds. Nous proposons un encodeur simple et facile à mettre en œuvre pour compresser les signaux. Nous présentons aussi un algorithme permettant de réduire la complexité de la phase de reconstruction des signaux. Un travail collaboratif avec l’entreprise TEA (Technologie Ergonomie Appliquées) nous a permis de valider expérimentalement une version numérique de l’encodeur et l’algorithme de reconstruction. Nous avons aussi développé et validé une version analogique de l’encodeur en utilisant des composants standards. / A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a new class of wireless networks dedicated to monitor human physiological parameters. It consists of small electronic devices, also called nodes, attached to or implanted in the human body. Each node comprises one or many sensors which measure physiological signals, such as electrocardiogram or body heat, and the characteristics of the surrounding environment. These nodes are mainly subject to a significant energy constraint due to the fact that the miniaturization has reduced the size of their batteries. A solution to minimize the energy consumption would be to compress the sensed data before wirelessly transmitting them. Indeed, research has shown that most of the available energy are consumed by the wireless transmitter. Conventional compression methods are not suitable for WBANs because they involve a high computational power and increase the energy consumption. To overcome these limitations, we use compressed sensing (CS) to compress and recover the sensed data. We propose a simple and efficient encoder to compress the data. We also introduce a new algorithm to reduce the complexity of the recovery process. A partnership with TEA (Technologie Ergonomie Appliquées) company allowed us to experimentally evaluate the performance of the proposed method during which a numeric version of the encoder has been used. We also developed and validated an analog version of the encoder.