Orientador: Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_PollianeMoraisde_D.pdf: 2230005 bytes, checksum: a03e416e657adde52ad89b778975278c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este estudo investigou a função mastigatória, o paladar, a presença de compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSV) e a bioquímica salivar em sujeitos saudáveis (18-33 anos), e a indução de adipócitos em glândula salivar e suas implicações em modelo animal. Três estudos foram conduzidos, apresentados na forma de capítulos. Capítulo 1: Investigou a performance e habilidade mastigatória, paladar e a possível relação com gênero, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência de cintura (CC) e fluxo salivar estimulado (Stim) e não estimulado (Unst). Foram avaliados 171 indivíduos, (125? 46?). A performance mastigatória foi determinada pela capacidade de fragmentação do Optocal plus e habilidade mastigatória com o uso da escala visual analógica (EVA). O paladar foi verificado pela percepção dos quatro sabores primários. A estatística descritiva, teste de normalidade, correlação, comparação e modelos de regressão foram utilizados, sendo as variáveis dependentes a função mastigatória e o paladar e as independentes: gênero, idade, variáveis antropométricas e fluxo salivar. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, as variáveis independentes não predisseram o modelo para performance mastigatória. Com a habilidade mastigatória (HM) o modelo explicou 14% da variabilidade e para o paladar 5%. Os resultados indicaram que a performance não foi relacionada com parâmetros antropométricos e salivares em indivíduos jovens saudáveis. A habilidade foi relacionada com IMC, CC e gênero. O paladar foi fracamente relacionado ao IMC e CC. Capítulo 2: Verificou a bioquímica salivar e presença de CSV e a possível interferência do IMC, fluxo e pH stim/unst. Para a verificação dos CSV foram avaliados 71 voluntários (57? 14 ?), utilizando o aparelho Oral chromeTM. Foram determinadas as concentrações de proteína total, cálcio, fosfato, amilase e ureia em 171 voluntários (125? 46 ?), em saliva stim/unst. A bioquímica salivar foi semelhante em relação à antropometria. No entanto, as respectivas concentrações diferiram significativamente entre saliva Stim/Unst, com exceção da amilase. Os indivíduos apresentaram quantidades semelhantes de CSV em relação ao IMC. Em indivíduos com valores críticos de metilmercaptana (CH3SH) observou-se correlação significativa (r=0.51) com o pH (unst). Capítulo 3: Investigou o eventual aparecimento de adipócitos nas glândulas salivares em modelo animal (camundongos). A adipogênese foi realizada com dieta rica em gordura, e ainda via receptor de proliferadores de peroxissoma gamma (PPAR gama) com rosiglitazona. Western blot, histoquímica e imunoistoquímica foram utilizadas. Análise de microarray foi realizada para verificar o efeito da dieta. Anticorpos: fosfo-4E BP1 e tirosina hidroxilase marcaram a atividade de mTOR e nervos, respectivamente. O microarray mostrou um número significativo de alterações genéticas. Em relação à dieta observou-se baixa ou nenhuma expressão de fosfo 4E-BP1 e aumento na atividade de tirosina hidroxilase. Em camundongos tratados com rosiglitazona verificou-se ativação de mTOR e tirosina hidroxilase. Conclusão: Pelos resultados dos três capítulos concluiu-se que em indivíduos jovens e saudáveis a função mastigatória e paladar não foram influenciados pelo padrão salivar e foram fracamente relacionados ao antropométrico. A bioquímica salivar e presença de CSV foi semelhante em relação à antropometria. Observaram-se mudanças relacionadas à atividade do sistema nervoso em glândula salivar de camundongos devido à dieta rica em gordura ou ativação de PPAR gamma / Abstract: This study investigated masticatory function, the presence of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and salivary biochemistry in healthy subjects (18-33 years), and also the induction of adipocytes in the salivary gland and its implication in an animal model. Three studies were conducted, presented as chapters. Chapter 1: Investigated the performance and chewing ability, taste, and the possible relationship to gender, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and stimulated salivary flow (Stim) and unstimulated (Unst). 171 individuals (125? 46?) were evaluated. Masticatory performance was determined by the ability of fragmentation Optocal plus and chewing ability with the use of visual analogue scale (VAS). Taste was verified by the perception of the four primary flavors. Descriptive statistics, normality tests, correlation, comparison and multiple linear regression models were used. In multiple linear regression performance was not predict by the independent variables in the model. With chewing ability the model explained 14% of variability and 5% for the taste. The results indicated that masticatory performance was not related to anthropometric parameters and saliva in healthy young subjects. The ability was related to BMI, WC and Gender. Taste was weakly related to BMI and WC. Chapter 2: Verify the salivary biochemistry and presence of VSC and the possible influence of BMI, flow and pH (Stim)/(Unst). For the verification of VSC 71 volunteers (14 57? ?) were assessed using the Oral chromeTM device. The concentrations of: total protein, calcium, phosphate, urea and amylase were investigated in 171 volunteers (46 125? ?) in saliva (Stim) / (Unst). Biochemical salivary were similar in respect of anthropometry. However, the concentrations differed significantly between saliva (Stim)/(Unst), with the exception of amylase. The sample presented similar amounts of CSV in relation to BMI. In individuals with critical values of methylmercaptan (CH3SH) we observed a significant correlation (r = 0:51) with pH Unst. The results indicate that in healthy young subjects salivary biochemistry and VSC exhibit similar behaviour in relation to BMI. The (CH3SH) when greater than the normal limit concentration was correlated to pH Unst. Chapter 3: We investigated the possible appearance of adipocytes in the salivary glands in animal model (mice). Adipogenesis was performed with high-fat diet, and also via peroxisome proliferator-gamma (PPAR gamma) with rosiglitazone . Western blot, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used. Microarray analysis was performed to assess the effect of diet. Antibodies: phospho-4E-BP1 and tyrosine hydroxylase marked mTOR and nerves activity, respectively. The microarray showed a large number of genetic changes. Regarding diet was observed low or no expression of phospho-4E-BP1 and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity. In mice treated with rosiglitazone there was activation of mTOR and tyrosine hydroxylase. The results suggest that there are changes in salivary gland innervation before stimuli for adipogenesis. Conclusion: We concluded that in healthy young individuals masticatory function was not influenced by the salivary pattern and was weakly related to anthropometric. Salivary Biochemical and presence of CSV was similar in relation to anthropometry. There are alterations in the activity of the nervous system in the salivary glands of mice due high fat diet or activation of PPAR gamma / Doutorado / Anatomia / Doutora em Biologia Buco-Dental

Orientador: José Eduardo Corrente / Banca: Tânia Ruiz / Banca: Anderson Marliere Navarro / Resumo: Há algumas décadas, os padrões de crescimento populacional têm-se mostrado elevados no que se referem à população idosa. O aumento acentuado do número de idosos, particularmente nos países em desenvolvimento, trouxe consequências para a sociedade, necessitando, para o enfrentamento desse desafio, da identificação das causas determinantes das atuais condições de saúde e de vida dos idosos, e do conhecimento das múltiplas facetas que envolvem o processo do envelhecimento. Sendo assim, essa pesquisa visou verificar de existe associação entre a qualidade de vida e aspectos nutricionais em uma amostra de idosos do município de Botucatu-SP. Tratou-se de um estudo epidemiológico, transversal, populacional com indivíduos de 60 anos ou mais. Foi realizada uma entrevista domiciliar da qual participaram 96 idosos com média de idade de 75,11±7 anos, de maioria feminina (60%), de baixa escolaridade, maioria casada (62,11%) e aposentada (84,21%). Quando questionados sobre a qualidade de vida, 72,62% relataram viver com qualidade de vida, segundo classificação de Flanagan. Referente à autonomia nas atividades da vida diária (Índice de Katz), 100% referiu ser independente, já nas atividades instrumentais da vida diária (Escala de Lawton) 90,59% referiu ser independente. "Ser independente" foi o item que mais se relacionou com a qualidade de vida dos idosos. Quando ao estado nutricional, obteve-se 43,86% de excesso de peso. As medidas antropométricas diminuem com o avançar da idade, mesmo que nem sempre essa diminuição seja significativa. Não foi observada nenhuma associação significativa entre as medidas antropométricas e o estado nutricional com a qualidade de vida. O consumo de macronutrientes está de acordo com as recomendações, diferentemente do consumo de fibras que está abaixo. Quanto aos micronutrientes, cerca de metade nos nutrientes avaliados apresentam... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the last few decades, population growth patterns have shown high figures for older adults. The accentuated increase in the number of older individuals, particularly in developed countries, has brought consequences to society, and in order to face such challenge, it is necessary to identify the determinant causes of older persons' present health and life conditions. Knowledge concerning the multiple facets that involve the ageing process is also required. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating the existence of an association between quality of life and nutritional aspects in a sample of older residents in the city of Botucatu - SP, Brazil. It was an epidemiological, cross-sectional, population-based study on individuals aged 60 years or older. A home interview was conducted with 96 individuals at a mean age of 75.11±7 years. Most of them were females (60%), poorly educated, married (62,11%) and retired (84,21%). When questioned about their quality of life, 72.62% reported to be satisfied about it, according to Flanagan. As regards autonomy in their activities of daily living (Katz Index), 100% were classified as independent, and concerning instrumental activities of daily living (Lawton Index), 90.59% were classified as independent. "Being independent" was the item most often related to the older individuals' quality of life. As to nutritional status, it was found that 43,86% of the participants were overweight. Anthropometric measurements reduced as age advanced, even though such reduction was not always significant. No significant association between anthropometric measurements or nutritional status with quality of life was observed. The intake of nutrients was according to recommendations, differently from the intake of fibers, which was below recommended levels. As regards micronutrients, approximately half of the nutrients evaluated showed low intake inadequacy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / The incidence of non-communicable diseases is increasing worldwide, with South Africa being no exception. Non-communicable diseases are classified as non-infectious and are often referred to as lifestyle diseases as they are caused by common, modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet, obesity, tobacco use and lack of physical activity. Due to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity diseases such as fatty pancreas and fatty liver are becoming more common. Cardiovascular disease, and more specifically atherosclerosis is the underlying cause in most adult deaths. Disease pathogenesis starts in childhood and can be detected via Aortic intima-media thickness (IMT). The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis (DOHaD) proposes that exposures in-utero may result in persistent adaptations including alterations in metabolism.

Nearly every modern Olympic Games has brought astonished comments and criticism of the body sizes of female gymnasts. The comments from laypersons, scientists, journalists, and physicians too often imply that these diminutive athletes are unusually small and possibly unhealthy. Purpose: An extended and updated analysis of the sizes of U.S. female Olympic gymnasts including the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games. Methods: Official public records from the US Olympic Committee and USA Gymnastics of Olympic team members were assessed including height, mass, age, body-mass index (BMI) and team performance rankings. Sixteen Olympic teams with a total of 123 team positions including the alternates were assessed. Trend analyses were conducted using linear and polynomial models. Results: Analyses indicated that since 1956, height, mass, age, and BMI declined at first and then increased, with the exceptions of height and rank. Best regression fits were obtained via 2nd order polynomial equations. Height and rank showed a downward trend throughout the historical period. Conclusion: Female Olympic gymnasts were getting smaller through approximately the 1980s and early 1990s. An upward trend in size variables was then observed through 2008. The addition of the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games data showed that height shifted to a decline from a slight upward trend, and rank continued to decline throughout the historical period.

Hand Osteoarthritis (HOA) is the most common joint disease that affects the finger joints of older adults. Individuals with HOA have decreased handgrip strength and hand function. People with this condition have difficulties in grasping, gripping, twisting, and turning objects in daily living. As the disease advances structural changes such as loss of normal joint space, osteophyte formation, and bony nodules in people with HOA are common. Several investigators have examined the relationship between hand or body anthropometrics and handgrip strength and hand function in healthy diverse populations; however, no previous studies have investigated this association in people with HOA. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between body and hand anthropometrics with hand strength and function in people with HOA, encompassing 2 papers. The first manuscript in this thesis was to describe the relationship between body and hand anthropometric variables with hand strength in people with HOA. In addition, it sought to establish the relative contribution among those variables for hand grip and pinch strengths in people with HOA. The second manuscript in this thesis was to describe the relationship between body and hand anthropometric variables with hand function in people with HOA. Further, it examines how anthropometric and demographic factors in combination explain hand function and health status in people with HOA. Finally, the thesis addresses the implications for the studies, limitations, and conclusions. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Purpose: Race has rarely been the focus of biomechanics investigations, despite affecting the incidence of musculoskeletal injury and disease. Existing racial differences in movement mechanics could drive disease development and help identify factors contributing to racial health disparities. This study aimed to 1) Identify racial differences in walking, running, and landing mechanics between African Americans and white Americans and 2) Determine whether racial differences can be explained by anthropometric, strength, and health status factors. Methods: Venous blood samples, anthropometric measures, lower extremity strength, and a health status assessment were collected for 92 participants (18-30y) in an IRB approved study. After measuring self-selected walking speed, 3D motion capture and force plate data were recorded during 7 trials in the following conditions: regular walking (1.35m/s), fast walking (1.6m/s), running (3.2m/s), and drop vertical jump (31cm box height). Fundamental gait measures and running and landing measures associated with overuse and impact injury risk were extracted using Visual3D and custom Matlab scripts. Multivariate and post-hoc univariate ANOVA models were fit to determine main and interaction effects of gender and race (JMP Pro 15, α=0.05) after which data was separated by gender. Stepwise linear regression models evaluated whether anthropometric, strength, and health status factors explained racial effects. Results: Several racial differences in walking, running, and landing mechanics were observed in both men and women, but differed between genders. Effect sizes of observed racial differences indicate the potential for both statistical and clinical significance. Although several racial differences during all tasks were explained by anthropometric, strength, and health status factors in women, none were explained by these factors in men. In women, explanatory factors were a combination of innate and modifiable. Conclusion: Future steps should include the development of racially diverse databases and the identification of potential factors to target in interventions aimed at reducing racial health disparities. / Doctor of Philosophy / Purpose: Race has rarely been the focus of biomechanics studies, but several injuries and diseases occur at different incidence rates between racial groups. This study aimed to 1) Identify racial differences in walking, running, and landing between African Americans and white Americans and 2) Determine whether racial differences are explained by body proportion, strength, and health status factors. Methods: Blood samples, body proportion measures, lower extremity strength, and a health status assessment were collected for 92 participants (18-30 years old). Motion analysis data was recorded and analyzed during the following tasks: regular walking, fast walking, running, and drop vertical jump. Biomechanical measures were compared between racial groups and genders. When racial differences were found, we evaluated whether the differences could be explained by body proportion, strength, and health status factors. Results: Several racial differences were found during walking, running, and landing tasks in both men and women, but were dependent on gender. Several observed racial differences in women could be explained by body proportion, strength, and health status factors, but no racial differences could be explained in men. In women, some of the factors that explained racial differences were structural and could not be altered while others were potentially modifiable by exercise or were the product of social environment. Conclusion: Based on these findings, biomechanical data should be collected from racially diverse populations. Some factors able to explain racial differences could be targeted to reduce racial health disparities.

Tall women's satisfaction with Tall clothing was examined in regard to fit, style, and accessibility. In addition, anthropometric measurements (stature, neck to waist, waist to ankle, shoulder to wrist) of tall women were compared with reported fit problems with Tall clothing, with the measurements from commercial standard PS 42-70, and with two racial groups. Data were gathered from 75 women who were at least 5 feet 8 inches and between 18 and 54 years old. The subjects were satisfied with the overall fit of Tall clothing, but were dissatisfied with the style, and reported buying Misses' size for most clothing. The subjects rated style as more important than fit and were more satisfied with the overall style of Misses' clothing than with the style of Tall clothing. The subjects appeared to buy Misses' clothing despite their dissatisfaction with fit, in order to have the desired styles. The reported fit problems with Tall clothing were too short hiplines in skirts and too short hemlines in button-up blouses. When compared with the measurements for Tall in PS 42-70, the subjects' measurements were significantly larger. Comparisons of measurements between Black subjects and White subjects revealed no significant differences. Style appeared to be a major influence in tall women's dissatisfaction with and the purchase of Tall clothing. Therefore, manufacturers need to consider aesthetic qualities when developing garments for this market and should revise sizing systems to accommodate the fit needs of Tall women. / Master of Science

Thesis (M. Sc. (Dietectics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Introduction: Bodybuilders around Polokwane municipality are adhering to different dietary practices some of which are not evidence based. These practices may predispose these athletes to negative health outcomes sooner or later in life. The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric status and dietary intake of bodybuilders around Polokwane Municipality. Methodology: This was a descriptive analytical study where purposive sampling method was used to obtain 51 out of 65 registered bodybuilders within the training gyms around Polokwane. Weight and Height were measured to determine BMI. Four skinfold sites (triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailliac) were measured using caliper and non-stretchable tape to estimate total body fat percentage. Dietary information was collected using the 24 hour-recall collected for three different days which was validated by the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Results: of the 51 body builders, 94.1% were men and 5.8% women. Few athletes (15.7%) were using ergogenic agents such as powders (13.7%) and tablets (2%). Also, 64.7% of the athletes had normal body weight while 33.3% and 2.0% were overweight and obese respectively. Majority of the athletes (78.4%) had an acceptable body fat percentage. Dietary results showed that majority of the athletes consumed energy (98%) and carbohydrates (100%) below the ISSN bodybuilding recommendations. Conclusion: The dietary intake of the bodybuilding athletes around Polokwane municipality is below the ISSN (2010) bodybuilding recommendations; however, their anthropometric status and body composition is normal.

Anthropometric quantities are widely used in epidemiologic research as possible confounders, risk factors, or outcomes. 3D laser-based body scans (BS) allow evaluation of dozens of quantities in short time with minimal physical contact between observers and probands. The aim of this study was to compare BS with classical manual anthropometric (CA) assessments with respect to feasibility, reliability, and validity. We performed a study on 108 individuals with multiple measurements of BS and CA to estimate intra- and inter-rater reliabilities for both. We suggested BS equivalents of CA measurements and determined validity of BS considering CA the gold standard. Throughout the study, the overall concordance correlation coefficient (OCCC) was chosen as indicator of agreement. BS was slightly more time consuming but better accepted than CA. For CA, OCCCs for intra- and inter-rater reliability were greater than 0.8 for all nine quantities studied. For BS, 9 of 154 quantities showed reliabilities below 0.7. BS proxies for CA measurements showed good agreement (minimum OCCC > 0.77) after offset correction. Thigh length showed higher reliability in BS while upper arm length showed higher reliability in CA. Except for these issues, reliabilities of CA measurements and their BS equivalents were comparable.