This research started as a quest to understand better the ethics of doing Theatre for Development/Applied Theatre with under-served, marginalized and vulnerable populations especially in post-conflict zones in the Global South. As a theatre practitioner-researcher from Africa who has lived and worked in post-conflict zones, I was interested in fostering appropriate ethical protocols for arts-based practices for social engagement, advocacy and social justice. Thus, in this dissertation, I focus on two concepts in applied theatre practice: participation and ethics. I examine how participation can be re-conceptualized in applied theatre practice and focus on the ethics around conducting research among vulnerable populations especially on refugees and internally displaced persons. On participation, I use existing case studies from various fields to argue that participation in community engagement and socially-engaged art practices can become a tool to reposition voices on the margin to the centre in order to unsettle centres of power. However, for this to happen, participation needs to engage a communicative action that is both epistemic and ontic in its approach. An epistemic discourse provides a way of seeing the world while an ontic discourse provides people with a way of being in the world. The former is a ‘theoretical’ discursive practice that is fundamentally epistemological, and the latter is an ‘embodied’ praxis that is fundamentally ontological. I examine the famous Ngugi wa Thiongo’s Kamiriithu Community Theatre project in Kenya and Michael Balfour et al’s refugee project in Australia to foreground this new thinking on verb-oriented and noun-oriented notions of participation. On ethics, I raise a series of critical questions around interventionist or humanitarian performances. It is hoped that these questions will deepen discourses in applied theatre practice and further challenge practitioners to rethink why we do what we do. Using narrative inquiry, I glean lessons from my field research facilitating drama workshop among secondary school students who have been internally displaced due to an ongoing socio-political crisis in Nigeria. I also reflect on my other applied theatre experiences in Canada and Sudan. I propose an ethical practice that is built on relational interaction. In the context of working in post-conflict zones or in places of war, I argue that precarity becomes a determining factor in framing the ethics of practice. The questions around ethics are raised to also draw attention to decolonizing ethical practices. Finally, I articulate the connection between participation and ethics in that participation becomes a tactic to ensure that applied theatre researchers/practitioners conduct their work in ethical ways. This is because through participation, concerned communities can challenge unethical practices and transform the research to create outcomes that are beneficial. Thus, as an example of reflective practitioner research, the projects in this dissertation offer opportunities to examine critically how participation has been conceptualized and the need for a decolonizing understanding towards ethics in applied theatre practice especially in post-conflict zones. / Graduate

Comment se dire « intellectuelle » lorsque, comme Annie Ernaux, on porte la double illégitimité du transfuge de classe et du sujet féminin, pratiquement absent des figures d’intellectuels en France ? Pourtant, la conception d’Annie Ernaux de l’écriture comme un acte politique et ses prises de position fréquentes dans les médias français la rapprochent de la figure de l’intellectuel. Ce mémoire se propose ainsi de formuler dans un premier temps une définition de l’intellectuelle, à partir de laquelle il sera possible de penser l’engagement de l’auteure et sa présentation de soi dans l’espace public. Par l’étude de l’entretien L’écriture comme un couteau (2003), puis de l’autobiographie impersonnelle Les années (2008), il s’agira dans un second temps de montrer comment Annie Ernaux présente un ethos d’intellectuelle et de voir comment elle dépasse le modèle de l’intellectuelle « qui se mêle de ce qui ne le regarde pas » (Sartre, 1972), grâce à la variété de voix qu’elle adopte dans ses écrits : celles de l’autobiographe, de l’ethnologue, de l’auteure « impliquée », de la transfuge, de la « cheftaine » de famille, de la femme vieillissante. Si elle en dépasse le modèle, n’est-ce pas également parce qu’elle s’identifie d’abord à sa situation de transfuge de classe ? Traversée par les sentiments de culpabilité et de responsabilité propres au transfuge, l’auteure fait de sa position de l’entre-deux classes un moteur d’écriture, pour donner une voix aux dominés au sein de son œuvre auto-socio-biographique. L’analyse de L’écriture comme un couteau esquissera ainsi les bases conceptuelles de son ethos de transfuge intellectuelle, alors que dans Les années, l’étude des voix narratives au « on », au « nous » et au « elle » explorera l’entrelacement de l’intime au social, de l’expérience singulière à la mémoire collective. En somme, par l’attention accordée à l’ethos dans ces deux œuvres, ce mémoire se propose d’étudier comment Annie Ernaux se constitue comme une figure légitime de transfuge et d’intellectuelle au sein de l’espace public de son époque. / How can an author call himself an « intellectual », especially when one, such as Annie Ernaux, cumulates both the illegitimacy of a class-passer and a feminine subject? Yet, her vision of writing as a political activity and her positions in the media do assimilate her to the figure of the intellectual. This dissertation thereby aims to provide a definition of the intellectual woman, to which Annie Ernaux’s example contributes significantly. Studying the author interview L’écriture comme un couteau (2003) and her impersonal autobiography Les années (2008), I intend to show how Annie Ernaux displays the ethos of an intellectual and even moves beyond the model, while she embodies the figures of the autobiographer, the ethnologist, the "involved" writer, the class-passer, the head of family, and the aging woman. If she surpasses that model, isn’t it also because she primarily identifies herself as a class-passer? Driven by the class-passer’s sense of guilt and responsibility, Annie Ernaux uses the sensation of being in-between social classes to enable her writing. Therefore, her auto-socio-biographical works become a literary commitment to the dominated. The study of L’écriture comme un couteau will define the conceptual basis of Annie Ernaux’s ethos as an class-passer intellectual, while in Les années, the analysis of the narrative voices « on », « nous » and « elle » will explore how the intimate intricates itself to the social, the subjective experience to the collective memory. In other words, while studying the ethos in Annie Ernaux’s works, this dissertation examines how the author has shaped an image of herself as a legitimate class-passer intellectual within the public sphere of her time.

Shaaban Robert wrote three autobiographical texts at different times in his life. The first, which is lost, covered his childhood and had been written when he was 27; the second, which corresponds to the first part of this work, was written at the age of 37, covering the period 1936-1946. The last was completed in 1960, but covers the period 1946-1959. It must be emphasised that the poet’s life cannot be compartmentalised into separate, successive stages. Over and above a chronological division of events, the two sections of the book can be differentiated by the different periods when they were written and thus the different viewpoints on what happened throughout his life. Philippe Lejeune´s definition of an autobiography as ´a retrospective prose narrative made by a real person about their own existence, emphasising their indi¬vidual life and in particular the development of their personality´ (Lejeune 1996: 14), is a familiar one. This definition fits Shaaban Robert´s text perfectly and yet, in the Swahili context, such an endeavour could have encountered many obstacles.

Mgr. Klára Soukupová Autobiography in the Context of the Positioning Theory Abstract This doctoral thesis is a theoretical and an interpretative study that deals with the genre of autobiography, its position in the contemporary literary theory and problems related to an interpretation of autobiographical texts. Autobiography as a genre of non-fictional literature refers to real characters and events, but at the same time it is a literary work of art, a verbal construct in which the representation of reality is subject to the intentions of the author and to the rules of construction, that are close to the compositional techniques of fictional texts. The first part of the thesis concentrates on the theory of autobiography and its interdisciplinary context. It summarizes the development of theory of autobiography from the late 19th century to the present. Also, the concepts of the memory studies (especially the concept of collective memory) and the problem of distinguishing fiction and non-fiction (discussed in philosophy of history in 1970s and 1980s, fictional worlds theory, pragmatics of fiction, etc.) are taken into account. The theoretical chapter critically reflects P. Lejeune's definition of autobiography, based on the concept of the autobiographical pact. In relation with the problem of how to define...

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Dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, la médecine génésique et la psychiatrie s’intéressent à l’homosexualité, appelée inversion sexuelle à l’époque. Les médecins tentent de comprendre cette tare qui ronge la société. C’est pourquoi ils ont recueilli plusieurs témoignages provenant de ceux qu’ils considéraient comme « malades » pour valider leurs thèses scientifiques. Parmi plusieurs documents de nature autobiographique, le Roman d’un inverti-né (1889) et la Suite du roman d’un inverti-né (1896) sont particuliers, adressés sous l’impulsion de leur auteur à un romancier naturaliste, Émile Zola, et à un médecin, le Dr Laupts. Publiées dans des revues médicales (les Archives d’anthropologie criminelle) et dans un recueil (Tares et poisons), ces lettres ont été lues et analysées en tant que cas médical, autobiographie ou roman. Ces documents n’ont curieusement pas été encore lus comme appartenant au genre de la correspondance, important au XIXe siècle : c’est cet oubli révélateur que ce mémoire cherche à combler. Après un récapitulatif des différentes éditions (chapitre 1), les caractéristiques épistolaires seront examinées (chapitre 2). Les travaux de Brigitte Diaz (2002) et de Judith Lyon-Caen (2006) seront exploités pour souligner l’utilisation par l’auteur du Roman d’un inverti-né des codes épistolaires et de l’univers romanesque zolien. Enfin, l’analyse de l’histoire d’amour entre l’auteur des lettres et le sergent est au cœur du dernier chapitre qui accorde une attention particulière à la manière dont l’épistolier narre ce récit de l’amour entre hommes, en utilisant des codes érotiques et initiatiques. Ainsi, l’originalité du Roman d’un inverti-né et de la Suite du roman d’un inverti-né réside à la fois dans l’histoire particulière de sa publication, dans la nature ambivalente de son genre épistolaire et dans l’histoire d’amour, narrée à un médecin et un écrivain. C’est cette triple originalité qui est étudiée dans ce mémoire. / In the second half of the Nineteenth century, psychiatrists and doctors studied homosexuality, male and female inverts. They tried to understand this bane that afflicts society. Hence, they collected multiple testimonies from those they considered “sick” to validate their scientific theories. Amongst these numerous autobiographic documents, the Novel of an Invert (1889-1896) is the most peculiar. While most of these documents exist under the impulse of doctors and judges, this one was sent to naturalist novelist Émile Zola by a young man. Published in medical journals (the Archives d’anthropologie criminelle) and books (Tares et poisons), the literary genre of this text has been distorted; instead of being called letters, this text has been named novel, medical case, autobiography or confession. Peculiarly, these documents were never studied as a correspondence, an important genre in the Nineteenth century. After going through the different editions and modifications of these letters (chapter 1), we examine the epistolary characteristics of this text (chapter 2). To do so, we used Brigitte Diaz’s (2002) works, along with those of Judith Lyon-Caen (2006), underlining the use by the writer of both epistolary codes and the zolian universe. Finally, the last chapter focuses on the love story between the Italian and the sergeant, with a particular attention to the way the letter writer uses erotic and ritualistic codes to narrate the story. The Novel of the Invert’s originality resides in the peculiar publication history, in the ambivalence of its genre and in the narration of a love story to a novelist and a doctor. This thesis shall study this triple originality.

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