Tercera reunión del grupo de lectura Queer AVT Club. Se discutió el artículo de Judith Butler: "Gender in Translation: Beyond Monolingualism". La introducción estuvo a cargo de María Pérez L. de Heredia de la Universidad del País Vasco.

This thesis focuses on the transfer of Czech linguistic and cultural characteristics through English subtitles. Using four Oscar-nominated Czech films, it endeavours to explain to what extent English subtitles can influence and assist the understanding and artistic values of a Czech feature film when screened to a foreign audience. The paper is of a theoretical- empirical nature. Firstly, the parameters of audiovisual translation are described, together with the technical and linguistic features of subtitling, followed by a definition of culture-bound references categories. As part of the research, Western understanding and appreciation of Czech artistic heritage is summarised. The empirical part presents an analysis of culture- bound references transfer. Excerpts are taken from the Czech films The Wild Bees (Divoké včely), Up and Down (Horem pádem), Divided We Fall (Musíme si pomáhat) and I Served the King of England (Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále). The results of the analysis are contrasted with a survey on the reception of The Wild Bees film conducted with native speakers of English. Keywords audiovisual translation (AVT), subtitling, ideological and aesthetic reception, culture-bound references, Oscar, Czech feature film

The neuropeptides arginine-vasotocin (AVT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. During stress, the HPI axis is activated and cortisol is released into the blood. In addition to their role in the HPI axis, AVT and CRH also have behavioural effects. The roles of AVT and CRH in stress responses and agonistic behaviour were studied in this thesis, using two different models. In the first model, two strains of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) divergent in stress-induced release of cortisol were investigated. This was done by observing behaviour and stress responses under different conditions. These strains were found to have divergent stress coping strategies based on the observed behaviour and levels of plasma cortisol. This divergence in behaviour could be associated with the CRH system, since the mRNA levels of CRH differed between the strains during stress. However, no differences between strains were observed in AVT or its receptor expressions. In the second model, non-selected rainbow trout were paired and the effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of an active substance (AVT, CRH or the CRH related peptide Urotensin-I (UI)) on fights for dominance was investigated. One fish of the pair received the active substance icv and the other received saline icv. Fish receiving AVT became subordinate in accordance with the suggestion that AVT attenuates aggression in territorial vertebrates. Fish receiving CRH became subordinate whereas UI showed no effect on fights for dominance. Further, both CRH and UI induced an anxiety-related behaviour similar to non-ambulatory motor activity in rats. In addition, CRH appeared to affect the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. In this thesis, it is suggested that CRH is involved in the behavioural modulation of the stress coping strategies in teleost fish. Further, AVT and CRH seem to act inhibitory on aggressive behaviour.

This paper aims to study the results of dubbing from Japanese to Swedish using a pivot language. The author examines the Swedish dubbed version of the Japanese animated film Spirited Away by comparing it to the original version and finding differences in what in-formation is conveyed through the dialogue. Because the Swedish dubbed version has been translated using the English language script as a base, the English dubbed version is also examined. The findings are then presented, categorized and analysed according to where the changes have appeared and what they consist of. Finally, the results are dis-cussed and compared to previous findings in the field. The study finds how many lines of dialogue have been altered, and that the use of a pivot language has greatly increased the number of altered lines, although no proof was found of an increased amount of mistrans-lations. The increased amount of altered lines leads to the conclusion that the usage of a pivot language can be problematic.

The aims of this study were to examine a) whether the family-centered intervention method Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) has had an effect on the levels of empowerment of caregivers of children with CI; and b) whether the parents feeling most empowered have a continual habit of reading frequently with their child and have children who achieve higher scores on lexical-semantic tasks; c) whether the empowerment questionnaire “Att vara förälder” (“Being a parent”) is an appropriate assessment tool to evaluate intervention intending to empower the caregivers of children with hearing impairment. Vocabulary was used as a way to gauge the effectiveness of the method. Perceived empowerment of 23 parents was assessed with “Att vara förälder” (“Being a parent”) along with an informal conversation about the questionnaire. In addition, lexical-semantic ability of 11 children (age 5;1-11;8) was assessed with the BNT and the Semantic Feature Test for evaluation if the level of empowerment would affect vocabulary level. Overall the caregivers reported high levels of empowerment. Duration of intervention (range 6 months – 2 years or more) and levels of empowerment corresponded significantly positive. Further, a more active parent scored higher on empowerment than did the parent less active in intervention, as indicated by the self-reports. Qualitative data from the conversation revealed that many of the parents felt that the AVT intervention had helped them to feel more empowered. The results for lexical-semantic ability showed a large variability in the group, not significantly correlated to parents’ level of empowerment. The children older than eight years performed at stanine 5 and over on the BNT. The younger children did not score above stanine 4. In conclusion, the present study represents a first step towards applying empowerment as an instrument for the evaluation of family-centered intervention. Based on our results we argue that all children receiving a CI and their families would benefit from being provided with the possibility for prolonged intervention periods. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka a) om den familjebaserade interventionsmetoden Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) har haft effekt på känslan av empowerment hos föräldrar till barn med CI; och b) om de föräldrar med högst känsla av empowerment har som vana att ofta läsa för sina barn och har barn som presterar högt på testning av ordförråd; c) om enkäten ”Att vara förälder” är ett användbart verktyg för att utvärdera intervention som har som mål att öka känslan av empowerment hos vårdnadshavare till barn med hörselnedsättning. Bedömning av ordförråd användes som ett sätt att undersöka metodens effektivitet. 23 föräldrar fyllde i en empowerment-enkät ”Att vara förälder” och deltog sedan i ett informellt samtal med författarna till studien. Vidare bedömdes lexikal-semantisk förmåga hos 11 barn (ålder 5;1-11;8) med BNT och Särdragstestet med syfte att undersöka om nivån av empowerment påverkar ordförråd. Överlag hade vårdgivarna en hög känsla av empowerment. Interventions-längd (mellan 6 månader – 2 år eller mer) korrelerade signifikant positivt med empowerment. Därutöver framkom att den i interventionen mer aktiva föräldern erhöll ett högre resultat avseende empowerment, jämfört med den föräldern som varit mindre aktiv, enligt självskattningsdata. Kvalitativa data från det informella samtalet tydliggjorde att föräldrarna upplever att interventionen med AVT har förstärkt deras känsla av empowerment. Resultaten varierade stort vad gällde lexikal-semantisk förmåga, vilket inte korrelerade statistiskt med föräldrarnas nivå av empowerment. Barnen äldre än åtta år presterade stanine 5 eller över. De yngre barnen presterade inte över stanine 4. Sammanfattningsvis representerar denna studie ett första steg i ledet att implementera empowerment som ett utvärderingsinstrument i familjebaserad intervention. Baserat på resultaten i vår studie dras slutsatsen att alla barn som får CI skulle, tillsammans med sina familjer, gagnas av att få möjligheten till en långvarig familjebaserad interventionsinsats.

Although Portugal is traditionally a subtitling country, with regular exposure to English audiovisual materials, the population's foreign-language skills (English) appear as statistically low. This research seeks to evaluate translation, as an activity in the educational area, and its relevance to foreign-language development and learning; it aims specifically at evaluating the effectiveness of subtitling as a language-learning tool amongst learners in Portugal.The data resulted from three studies. The first two tested the understanding of content through exposure to subtitles. The third evaluated the production skills of EFL students, in a very specific area of language - idiomatic expressions-, via the use of the mother-tongue, after prior exposure to subtitled material.The findings from the 3 studies indicate that the presence of subtitles, interlingual or intralingual, always contribute towards viewers' comprehension of the content, even in culture-specific areas such as idioms. Putting the reader in the picture: screen translation and foreign-language learning Abstract Although Portugal is traditionally a subtitling country, with regular exposure to English audiovisual materials, the population's foreign-language skills (English) appear as statistically low. This research seeks to evaluate translation, as an activity in the educational area, and its relevance to foreign-language development and learning; it aims specifically at evaluating the effectiveness of subtitling as a language-learning tool amongst learners in Portugal. The data resulted from three studies. The first two tested the understanding of content through exposure to subtitles. The third evaluated the production skills of EFL students, in a very specific area of language - idiomatic expressions-, via the use of the mother-tongue, after prior exposure to subtitled material. The findings from the 3 studies indicate that the presence of subtitles, interlingual or intralingual, always contribute towards viewers' comprehension of the content, even in culture-specific areas such as idioms.

Hermaphroditism, associated with territoriality and dominance behavior, is common in the marine environment. Male sex-specific coloration patterns and behavior are particularly evident in species where males are territorial and guard harems of females such as wrasses and groupers. Protogynous hermaphrodites that change sex from female to male are good models to study sexual behavior and related changes in the brain due to their abilities to reorganize their sexual phenotype as adults. Two hormones produced in the brain and implicated in the process of sex-specific behavior and reproductive development are arginine vasotocin (AVT) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). While a wealth of data exists regarding these hormone systems separately, little is known about linkage between these two systems. Especially there is no data tracking these two systems together in any protogynous fish. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that coordinated interactions between AVT and GnRH facilitate the process of behavioral and gonadal sex change in the rock hind Epinephelus adscensionis. Four topics were addressed to investigate the relationship between behavior and reproduction: i) rock hind sex change, sexual characteristics and conditions causing sex change to occur in captivity were detailed as a basis for examining the AVT system and GnRH during this process, ii) the distribution of a vasotocin V1a type receptor identified in rock hind brain was examined for the first time in a fish species using a custom designed antibody then the receptor protein was co-localized with GnRH producing cells within the brain to confirm that a pathway exists for AVT action on GnRH, iii) levels of AVT, AVT receptors, and GnRH messenger RNA (mRNA) were compared between male and female rock hind phenotypes, and iv) female rock hind at early stages of sex change were compared for brain mRNA expression of AVT, AVT receptors, and GnRH to determine the order of hormonal change during the process of sexual inversion in this species. This study provides a better understanding of the relationship between sex-specific behavior and reproductive development via AVT and GnRH systems that are conserved in all vertebrates. / text

Reptiles are polyphyletic, and previous studies of renal anatomy and physiology in reptiles have covered a wide diversity of species of different phylogeny and habitat. To date, no study has examined the renal morphology and function of a group of closely related reptiles from different environments, yet this design has a number of advantages. Firstly, phylogenetic effects are reduced while adaptive specialisations in renal function or structure can be elucidated, and secondly, the variation in renal form and function between closely related species may be quantified in an effort to appreciate better the variation between more distantly related species. In this thesis, kidney morphology and renal function were studied in three Western Australian agamid lizards inhabiting environments differing in the availability of water. These key species were Pogona minor, Ctenophorus nuchalis and Ctenophorus salinarum. The renal anatomy of the three key lizards was characterised by determining glomerular diameter, volume density, surface area and number in each. Allometric relationships between kidney, colon and body mass were investigated in these and an additional 11 species of agamid lizard. Patterns of response to osmotic challenge were recorded by measuring renal variables such as urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate and fractional reabsorption of filtrate among the three key species, and concurrent measurements of circulating arginine vasotocin in P. minor and C. nuchalis allowed the response of this hormone to homeostatic imbalance in these species to be gauged. The gross morphology and the glomerular characteristics of the kidneys was remarkably similar between species. Glomerular number and other characters varied as a function of body size rather than species, contrasting with reports in the literature suggesting that a given species has a particular number of glomeruli. ... Thus, kidney morphology is constrained among species and the response of each species to osmotic perturbation is similar. However, the mechanisms underlying antidiuresis and the hormonal control of this process differ subtly between species, and there is some evidence to suggest that P. minor is more adapted to a mesic environment than the other two lizards examined in this study. The hypothesis that renal form and function reflect the environment in which a lizard lives therefore receives partial support, although the reptilian bauplan is able to mitigate many of the forces that could potentially lead to renal specialisation.

Toury’s first law of translation states that translation of all kinds entails standardisation and, moreover, that the more peripheral the status of a text is, the more standardised its translation will be. As such, the purpose of this essay was to investigate to what extent this holds true in the Swedish translations of the two US television hospital shows Scrubs and House M.D. Though they are both hospital shows, House M.D. – considering its unprecedented genre hybridity and unusual plot structure – is a less mainstream and, as such, more peripheral example of a hospital show than Scrubs, which is more mainstream and, consequently, has a more central position within this genre. The object of study concerned the genre-specific register shared by the two shows – i.e. the medical terminology – which was extracted together with its Swedish subtitles and analysed, mainly in terms of coupled pairs. The analysis consisted of identifying which translation strategies had been adopted in the transfer of terminology and, moreover, what these strategies had entailed in terms of semantic increase, decrease, or correspondence between the original texts and their translations. From this it was concluded that both texts were indeed standardised and, additionally, that House M.D. – as the more peripheral of the two texts – had undergone a more extensive standardisation than Scrubs – being the text holding a more central status.

Subtitling is a discipline within the Audiovisual Translation (AVT) field that requires some special techniques and strategies to channel the information from a multichannel and polisemiotic document into a written text within the screen. It’s a constrained translation that demands an additional effort to convey the content and the form of the source text into the target one. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether the model of the kernel sentences and clausal ranks of the generative-transformational grammar would work as a more systematic method to extract the essential information of the audiovisual text and organize it in more concise and reduced units of text, i. e., the subtitles. We will also analyse whether this linguistic approach will be enough to meet our objective or if, on the other hand, other extralinguistic aspects intervene. The texts we will be using for our study are Roy Andersson’s commentary on three deleted scenes of his film “Songs from the second floor” and the documentary Den lilla människans storhet, a behind-the-scenes or making-of on the same feature.