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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Efeito do clampeamento aórtico no estresse oxidativo e na função renal durante cirurgia aórtica minimamente invasiva estudo experimental em porcos /

Jaldin, Rodrigo Gibin. January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Winston Bonetti Yoshida / Coorientador: Ricardo de Alvarenga Yoshida / Resumo: Contexto: O clampeamento infrarrenal e trauma cirúrgico estão associados a alterações hemodinâmicas e oxidativas que podem comprometer a função renal pós-operatória. Ademais, a colite isquêmica é uma grave complicação da cirurgia da aorta abdominal. É possível que ocorram diferenças na fisiopatologia destas complicações associadas às diferentes modalidades de tratamento do aneurisma de aorta abdominal. Objetivo: Avaliar o estresse oxidativo, os distúrbios hemodinâmicos, lesão renal e as alterações histopatológicas em fragmentos de cólon esquerdo de porcos submetidos a modelo experimental de interrupção aguda de fluxo sanguíneo aórtico, comparando os diferentes acessos cirúrgicos: tradicional, endovascular ou videolaparoscópico. Material e Métodos: 30 porcos, fêmeas, com 15-30kg, foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos, sendo todos submetidos, sob anestesia geral inalatória, a interrupção de fluxo da aorta abdominal por 60 minutos, por diferentes técnicas: Grupo C (n=10), através de laparotomia transperitoneal; Grupo L (n=10), através da técnica totalmente laparoscópica; Grupo EV(n=10), através da via endovascular por insuflação de balão de oclusão de aorta. Foi feita monitorização intraoperatória de pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, balanço hídrico e coleta de amostras de sangue antes do procedimento e 60 minutos após a reperfusão. Os desfechos primários estudados foram: volume de sangramento, estresse oxidativo sistêmico (dosagens de Malondialdeido, Glutationa Reduzi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Context: Infrarenal aortic cross-campling and surgical trauma are associated with hemodynamic and oxidative alterations that may impair postoperative renal function. Furthermore, Colonic ischemia is a relatively uncommon but devastating complication of abdominal aortic surgery. Its occurrence and severity is related to operative and anesthetic trauma. Therefore, it is a known complication of all different modalities of treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Objective: To evaluate oxidative stress, hemodynamic disorders, renal injuries and histopathological changes in the left colon fragments of pigs subjected to the experimental model of acute aortic flow interruption, comparing the approaches by laparotomy, endovascular surgery and laparoscopic surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 female pigs weighing 15-30 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups, all of which were subjected, under general ihaling anesthesia, to a 60-minute interruption of abdominal aortic flow by means of different techniques: C Group (n=10), through transperitonial laparotomy; L Group (n=10), through a totally laparoscopic technique; EV Group (n=10), through the endovascular procedures by insufflating the occlusion balloon of the aorta. Blood pressure, heart beat, and water balance intraoperative monitoring was performed and blood samples were collected both before the procedure and 60 minutes after reperfusion. The primary outcomes studied were: bleeding volume, systemic oxidative stress (levels... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
12

Riskfaktorer och bukaorta aneurysm : en beskrivande och korrelerande studie av två årskullar 65-åriga män som genomgått screening av bukaorta.

Åsenlund, Ewa January 2011 (has links)
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka samband mellan bukaorta aneurysm hos 65-åriga män och riskfaktorer såsom rökning, BMI>25, kosttillskott, hypertoni, hyperlipidemi, ett stillasittande yrke samt hereditet. Kvantitativ ansats med deskriptiv och korrelativ design användes, 3854 65-åriga män från två årskullar som screenats för AAA ingick och uppgifter hämtades från ett dataregister. Resultat: Antalet personer med bukaorta aneurysm var 2,4 %, 65 % var/hade varit rökare, 67 % hade övervikt, 49 % stillasittande arbete, 41 % hypertoni, 25 % hyperlipidemi, 17 % åt kosttillskott och 4 % hade hereditet. Rökning, hypertoni och hyperlipidemi visade signifikant samband med och ökade risken för att utveckla AAA. Störst riskfaktor var rökning. Övriga riskfaktorer visade inte signifikant betydelse. Riskfaktorerna tillsammans förklarade variationen i AAA med 5 %. Konklusion: Tidigare kända riskfaktorers betydelse bekräftades för uppkomst av AAA. För män med AAA ses ett behov av hälsoförebyggande insatser. Sjuksköterskan har ansvar för och kunskaper om preventiva åtgärder, kan och bör därför användas som stöd till män med nyupptäckt AAA.
13

Anestesia para aneurismectomia de aorta abdominal infra-renal: experiência com 104 casos consecutivos no HCFMRP-USP / Anesthesia for aneurysmectomy of the infrarenal abdominal aorta: experience with 104 consecutive cases at HCFMRP-USP.

Breno José Santiago Bezerra de Lima 07 February 2006 (has links)
Introdução. A morbi-mortalidade durante e após anestesia para aneurismectomia de aorta abdominal é alta, pois esta doença acomete pacientes após a sétima década de vida e que possuem várias doenças concomitantes. Objetivos. Analisar e discutir as condutas anestésicas utilizadas nos períodos pré e intra-operatório no Serviço de Anestesiologia do HCFMRP-USP. Casuística e Método. Foram analisados os prontuários de 104 pacientes submetidos à aneurismectomia de aorta no tocante às condutas utilizadas pelos anestesiologistas para a condução destes casos. Resultados. Apenas um paciente possuía menos de 40 anos de idade, 76,80% estavam na sétima ou oitava década de vida e 88,46% eram do sexo masculino. A hipertensão arterial acometeu 70,19% dos pacientes e 26,92% possuíam coronariopatia. Pacientes com obesidade foram a minoria (26,92%). O ecocardiograma pré-operatório demonstrou que a grande maioria dos pacientes apresentava função ventricular normal. A cirurgia foi realizada em regime de urgência em 7,69% dos casos. A anestesia geral exclusiva foi realizada em 17 pacientes e associada com a peridural em 57 pacientes, com a raquianestesia em 11 e com a raqui-peri combinadas em 19. O tempo cirúrgico variou de 120 a 510 minutos enquanto que o tempo de clampeamento aórtico variou de 30 a 165 minutos. Houve um óbito no período intra-operatório e a causa foi choque hipovolêmico e 10 óbitos até o vigésimo dia pós-operatório. Sessenta e seis pacientes receberam concentrado de papa de hemácias durante o período intra-operatório, mas só em 43,27% desses casos a indicação esteve suportada por exame laboratorial. Oitenta pacientes foram extubados ainda na sala de cirurgia, enquanto que os demais (23) permaneceram intubados no período pós-operatório e 19 necessitaram de suporte ventilatório que teve tempo que variou de 3 a 96 horas com média de 42,31 horas. Apenas quatro pacientes fizeram pós-operatório imediato no Centro de Terapia Intensiva enquanto que os demais permaneceram na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica. Conclusão. Não existe um protocolo único para a realização de anestesia para aneurismectomia de aorta no HCFMRP-USP e a técnica anestésica utilizada não influenciou o morbi-mortalidade. / Introduction. The morbidity and mortality during and after anesthesia for aneurysmectomy of the abdominal aorta are high since this disease affects patients after the seventh decade of life who have several concomitant diseases. Objectives. To analyze and discuss the anesthetic conducts used during the preoperative and intra-operative periods at the Service of Anesthesiology of HCFMRP-USP. Cases and Method. The medical records of 104 patients submitted to aneurysmectomy of the aorta were analyzed regarding the conducts used by the anesthesiologists for the management of these cases. Results. Only one patient was less than 40 years old, 76.80% were in he seventh or eighth decade of life, and 88.46% were male. Arterial hypertension was present in 70.19% of the patients and 26.92% had coronary artery disease. Obese patients were a minority (26.92%). The preoperative echocardiogram demonstrated that most patients had normal ventricular function. Surgery was performed on an emergency basis in 7.69% of cases. Seventeen patients received exclusive general anesthesia, while general anesthesia was associated with peridural anesthesia in 57, with rachi-anesthesia in 11 and with combined rachi-peridural anesthesia in 19. Surgical time ranged from 120 to 510 minutes and time of aortic clamping ranged from 30 to 165 minutes. One death occurred intra-operatively due to hypovolemic shock and 10 patients died up to the 20th postoperative day. Sixty-six patients received a red blood cell concentrate intra-operatively, but this indication was supported by a laboratory exam in only 43.27% of these cases. Eighty patients were extubated while still in the operating room while the remaining 23 continued to be intubated during the postoperative period and 19 required ventilatory support lasting 3 to 96 hours (mean duration: 42.31 hours). Only four patients spent the immediate postoperative period in the Intensive Care Unit, while the remaining ones stayed in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room. Conclusion. There is no single protocol for the application of anesthesia for aneurysmectomy of the aorta at HCFMRP-USP and the anesthetic technique used did not influence morbidity-mortality.
14

Implante experimental de substituto arterial de polidimetilsiloxano com reforço de tecido de poliéster em coelhos / Experimental implant of arterial substitute of polydimethylsiloxane reinforced with polyester fabric in rabbits

Laila Massad Ribas 21 August 2013 (has links)
O presente estudo avaliou próteses vasculares de pequeno calibre feitas de polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) com reforço de poliéster implantadas em aorta de coelhos através de fluoroscopia. Os objetivos do estudo foram: (1) analisar tubo de PDMS com reforço de poliéster implantado em aorta de coelhos como possível material para prótese vascular, (2) avaliar a patência das próteses através de fluoroscopia, (3) avaliar a condição de implante cirúrgico; (4) avaliar o comportamento macroscópico biológico do implante e (5) analisar o modelo experimental proposto. Próteses vasculares de PDMS foram implantadas na aorta infrarrenal de 64 coelhos cedidos pelo biotério da Faculdade de Medicina da Univesidade de São Paulo. Os exames de fluoroscopia foram realizados em até 150 dias após implantação cirúrgica. As próteses de PDMS foram classificadas em ocluídas e patentes, sendo essas sub-classificadas em diferentes graus de estenose. O tempo de clampeamento da aorta foi aferido durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos. De maneira amostral peças foram encaminhadas para microscopia eletrônica para verificação de endotelização das próteses. As análises estatísticas foram feitas através de teste t-Studant, teste ANOVA e Kaplan-Meier. Dos 64 animais que receberam a prótese, trinta (46,88%) apresentaram boa evolução clínica, vinte e três (35,94%) morreram e onze (17,18%) apresentaram paraplegia de membros posteriores. A patência das próteses em 30 dias foi de 87% (±6,7), em 60 dias foi de 73% (±9,3), em 90 dias foi de 57% (±11) e em 120 dias foi de 48% (±12). Cinquenta por cento (oito) das próteses patente não apresentaram nenhum grau de estenose, 35,5% (seis) apresentaram cinquenta por cento ou menos de estenose e 12,5% (dois) apresentaram estenose entre cinquenta e setenta por cento. Nenhum animal apresentou estenose maior que 70%. O tempo médio de clampeamento da aorta foi de 52 minutos. Não houve diferença significante nem na associação entre tempo de clampeamento da aorta e a evolução clínica dos animais (p=0,67) nem na associação entre o tempo de clampeamento e a patência das próteses (t=1,35; p=0,18). As peças encaminhadas para microscopia apresentaram crescimento endotelial a partir do vaso nativo em direção à prótese de PDMS. Foi possível concluir com este estudo que o PDMS demonstrou-se um material adequado para futuras pesquisas no ramo de próteses vasculares e que o uso da fluoroscopia na avaliação dessas próteses foi de fundamental importância na determinação da patência dos implantes / The present study evaluated small caliber vascular prostheses made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with polyester reinforcement implanted in the aorta of rabbits by fluoroscopy. The study objectives were: (1) analyze PDMS tube with polyester reinforcement implanted in the aorta of rabbits as possible material for vascular prosthesis, (2) assess the patency of the prosthesis through fluoroscopy, (3) assess the condition of surgical implant (4) evaluate the macroscopic behavior of biological implant and (5) analyze the proposed experimental model. Vascular prostheses were implanted in PDMS infrarenal aorta of 64 rabbits assigned by the animal house of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo. Fluoroscopic examinations were performed within 150 days after surgical implantation. The prosthesis of PDMS were classified into occluded and patents, these being sub-classified into different degrees of stenosis. The time of aortic clamping was measured during surgical procedures. Sample pieces were sent for electron microscopy to check endothelialization of prostheses. Statistical analyzes were performed using t-test Studant, ANOVA and Kaplan-Meier. Of the 64 animals that received the prosthesis, thirty (46.88%) showed clinical improvement, twenty-three (35.94%) died and eleven (17.18%) had paraplegia of hind limbs. The patency of the prosthesis in 30 days was 87% (± 6.7), at 60 days was 73% (± 9.3), at 90 days was 57% (± 11) and at 120 days was 48 % (± 12). Fifty percent (eight) of the prosthesis patent did not present any degree of stenosis, 35.5% (six) had fifty percent or less of stenosis and 12.5% (two) had stenosis between fifty and seventy percent. No animal showed stenosis greater than 70%. The mean aortic clamping was 52 minutes. There was no significant difference in the association between duration of aortic clamping and clinical evolution of animals (p = 0.67) nor the association between clamping time and patency of the prosthesis (t = 1.35, p = 0.18). The parts sent for microscopy showed endothelial growth from the native vessel toward the prosthesis PDMS. It can be concluded from this study that the PDMS proved to be a suitable material for future research in the field of vascular prostheses and the use of fluoroscopy in the evaluation of these prostheses was of fundamental importance in determining the patency of the implants
15

Modélisation de la compliance de l'aorte dans le cas de pathologies de type anévrisme / The compliance modelling of the pathology aorta of the type of aneurism

Wang, Yufei 06 November 2015 (has links)
L’Anévrisme de l’Aorte Abdominale (AAA) est une pathologie qui est définie par une dilatation localisée et permanente de l’artère et qui concerne plus de 8.8% des personnes âgées. Actuellement, lorsqu’un patient présente une dilatation de l’aorte impliquant l’éventualité d’une intervention chirurgicale en raison du risque de rupture, la décision thérapeutique est prise en fonction du rapport des diamètres de l’artère au niveau de l’anévrisme et à proximité de celui-ci. Pour déterminer ces diamètres, il est généralement procédé à un examen par imagerie médicale (Echographie, Tomographie, IRM,..). On constate cependant que le diagnostic ne peut pas se contenter d’une mesure dimensionnelle simple face aux risques induits: d’une part, passé une certaine excroissance, le risque de rupture peut atteindre 50% mais d’autre part plus de 5% des interventions chirurgicales provoquent le décès du patient. D’autres paramètres de mesure comme la compliance de l’artère, peuvent être à la base de la décision d’une intervention chirurgicale. La compliance correspond à une définition précise utilisée par les cardiologues : c’est une grandeur qui permet de caractériser l’aptitude à la déformation, décrivant la capacité de l'aorte à se distendre sous l'influence de la pression sanguine. De notre point de vue cette notion est insuffisante car, généralement, dans le cas d’un anévrisme, la rupture est très localisée du fait de la complexité de la forme de celui-ci. Il est donc nécessaire d’étendre sa définition à une grandeur localisée non pas au niveau d’une section mais à un endroit précis de la paroi. Les moyens de diagnostics seront d’autant plus fiables qu’ils pourront détecter la compliance localisée. De point de vue mécanique, la détermination de la compliance se transforme donc en la mesure de l'élasticité pariétale aortique localisée. L’élasticité n’est pas un paramètre mesurable directement. Donc, la problématique revient à la détermination de la déformation locale de la paroi aortique sous la sollicitation hémodynamique. La résolution de ce problème reste complexe. En effet, les sollicitations mécaniques dépendent de l’écoulement du sang, des organes environnants l’artère, des propriétés matérielles de l’artère et de la géométrie de l’anévrisme qui sont spécifiques à chaque patient. A l’heure actuelle, beaucoup de travaux numériques et expérimentaux sont effectués mais peu d’études ont permis de bien corréler les techniques d’imageries médicales pour l’aide au diagnostic. C’est dans ce contexte que se situent les travaux de ma thèse, réalisée en collaboration, à la fois avec le CHU de Dijon où ont été effectuées toutes les expérimentations à l’aide d’IRM, le laboratoire GMedTech, GMIT (Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology) en Irlande qui nous a fourni les répliques ainsi que leur savoir-faire dans le domaine cardio-vasculaire et le Laboratoire DRIVE situé à Nevers où ont été menées les mesures d’écoulement par PIV. Les travaux, menés sur des fantômes de diverses formes in vitro, ont pour finalité, d’une part, de construire une méthodologie métrologique pour aider les médecins à comprendre et à valider les mesures d’IRM à l’aide d’autres dispositifs de mesure, d’autre part, de permettre d’améliorer les méthodes de diagnostic des pathologies de type d’anévrisme de l’aorte abdominale. Le principe de ces travaux est donc de mettre en place une modélisation expérimentale in Vitro dans un cadre métrologique d’intercomparaison par divers moyens de mesure et de corréler leurs résultats au long d’un cycle reproduisant les conditions hémodynamiques de mesure, mais aussi de confronter ces résultats à de modélisations numériques. Pour prendre en compte le problème dans sa globalité, non seulement l’évolution de la déformation, représentant l’élasticité de l’aorte, a dû être étudiée mais aussi l’évolution du flux sollicitant la paroi (…). / The Abdominal Aorta Aneurysm (AAA) is a pathology that is defined by a localized and permanent dilation of the artery and which involves over 8.8% of the seniors. Currently, when a patient has a dilatation of the aorta leading to a surgery because of the rupture risk, the therapeutic decision is made depending on the diameter of the aneurysm. To determine this diameter, it is usually conducted an examination by medical imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI...). However, it notes that the diagnosis can’t be satisfied with a single dimensional measurement face to induced risks: first of all, when the diameter exceed a certain growth, the risk of rupture can reach 50% but more than 5% of surgical procedures may cause the patient's death. Other metrics such as compliance of the artery can be used for the decision for surgery. Compliance corresponds to a precise definition by cardiologists: this is a quantity that characterizes the deformability, describing the ability of aorta to distend under the influence of blood pressure. From our point of view, this concept is insufficient because, generally, in the case of an aneurysm, rupture is highly localized because of the complexity of the shape. It is therefore necessary to extend its definition in a quantity not localized at a section or a specific location but to the whole wall. Diagnostics methods will be more reliable if they can determine localized compliance. From a mechanical standpoint, determining compliance is thus transformed into the measurement of localized parietal elasticity of aorta. The elasticity is not a directly measurable parameter. Therefore, the problem comes down to determining the local strain of the aortic wall in the hemodynamic condition. Solving this problem is complex. Indeed, the mechanical stresses are dependent on the flow of blood, the artery surrounding organs, the material properties of the artery and the geometry of the aneurysm which are specific to each patient. At present, many numerical and experimental works is done but few studies have well correlated medical imaging techniques for the diagnostic aid. It is in this context that are my thesis in collaboration both with the Dijon University Hospital where were performed all experiments using MRI and GMedTech laboratory GMIT (Galway- Mayo Institute of Technology) in Ireland who provided the replicas and their expertise in the cardiovascular area. This work, conducted on various form of phantoms in Vitro, are intended, first to build a metrological methodology to help doctors understand and validate MRI measurements using other devices measurement, on the other hand, to improve the methods of diagnosing the abdominal aortic aneurysm. The principle of this work is to develop experimental modeling in vitro in a metrology framework and correlate the results from different measurement techniques and numerical modeling throughout a cycle reproducing the hemodynamic conditions. To consider the problem as a whole, not only the evolution of deformation representing the elasticity of the aorta should be studied, but also the evolution of soliciting flow. Therefore, in this thesis, several devices such as stereovision, Particle image velocimetry (PIV), MRI kinetic sequence but also the flow 2D and 4D were employed. Various numerical models were established to not only correlate the results with those obtained experimentally, therefore, to improve the credibility of our study, but also to be part of the aid protocol to the diagnosis that we have proposed. In the end, all the results from different experimental and numerical models have led to propose a validated and feasible diagnosis protocol based on MRI sequences. The application of this protocol on a realistic AAA complex phantom showed its feasibility. We can therefore say that the feasibility of the proposed protocol is demonstrated and that based on MRI (…).
16

Novel Approach to Junctional Bleeding: Tourniquet Device Proposal for Battlefield Hemorrhage Control

Cabaniss, Kyle W 01 March 2013 (has links) (PDF)
This study investigated possible solutions to the current wartime problem of junctional hemorrhaging, or massive traumatic hemorrhaging in non-tourinquetable areas such as the neck, groin, or armpit. Junctional hemorrhaging has been identified as a major contributor to potentially survivable deaths seen on the battlefield today and therefore is a priority for the U.S. armed and coalition forces (Kragh et al., 2011a; Bozeman, 2011). Common tourniquets today are standard issue and carried by soldiers in the military, but are limited to distal extremity trauma. As the battlefield has changes however, trauma has transformed from commonly seen gunshot wounds to more extreme trauma such as dismounted complex blast injuries which typically includes loss of one or more appendages. These newly found situations render the traditional tourniquet ineffective. Thus, the development of a new tourniquet to control hemorrhaging from regions such as the neck, armpit, and groin has been deemed necessary. The development of a new tourniquet for hemorrhage control included market research, preliminary testing to determine design restraints, design ideation, finite element analysis, manufacturing a prototype, and prototype testing. Research and comparisons were done of the strengths and weaknesses of tourniquets already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Next, design limitations were found using preliminary testing on a blood-flow replicate model developed by Tracey Cheung. The results from this testing provided a framework for designing a new tourniquet. A new approach to control junction hemorrhaging was then designed, built, and tested on the Cheung model. To verify the design, simplified models were analyzed using finite element analysis. The prototype was then tested and compared against the FDA approved tourniquets, listing the advantages and possible shortcomings.
17

Projeto e construção de um equipamento biaxial para a caracterização mecânica de tecidos biológicos tubulares. / Project and manufacturing of a biaxial equipment for the mechanical characterization of tubulst-shaped biological tissues.

Sabia, Paulo Henrique Brossi 18 November 2014 (has links)
Com a evolução da medicina e o consequente envelhecimento da população, o aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) se tornou uma doença cada vez mais presente, sobretudo em homens. A falta de conhecimento detalhado do comportamento mecânico do tecido aórtico abdominal é o principal gargalo no refinamento do critério para a recomendação de cirurgia corretiva, resultando, ainda hoje, no óbito decorrente da ruptura desses aneurismas. O entendimento do comportamento mecânico desse tecido permitirá o refinamento do critério atual, salvando mais vidas. Esse entendimento pode ser obtido através da Mecânica do Contínuo, utilizando dados experimentais de ensaios mecânicos para avaliar e descrever o comportamento do material. Para que isso ocorra, é necessário que o teste seja feito em dois eixos independentes. No presente trabalho, foram escolhidos os eixos longitudinal e circunferencial para a realização de testes mecânicos, levando em consideração aspectos de metodologias já utilizadas, seus pontos fortes e deficiências. São apresentados o projeto, a construção e e a calibração de um equipamento para ensaios biaxiais de tecidos biológicos tubulares, extraídos de cadáveres, e testados até a ruptura, com a possibilidade de realização de ensaios de pré-condicionamento. Tubos de látex foram utilizados na calibração do equipamento, de cuja utilização é esperada grande contribuição na ampliação do conhecimento da probabilidade de ruptura de AAAs e em uma melhor compreensão do comportamento do tecido da uretra peniana. / The evolution of Medicine has enabled humans to live longer. With that, the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has grown, especially among males. The lack of detailed knowledge on the mechanical behavior of the abdominal aortic tissue is the main bottleneck in the improvement of the criterion for recommending corrective surgery. Therefore, many patients still die from the rupture of those aneurysms. Better understanding of the tissues mechanical behavior will allow the refinement of todays criterion, thus saving more lives. This understanding can be obtained from Continuum Mechanics, using mechanical test experimental data to evaluate and describe the behavior of the material. The data has to come from tests performed in two independet axes. This Masters thesis presents the project, manufacturing and calibration of an apparatus for the test of cylindrical biological tissues in two directions, longitudinal and circumferential. Aspects of pre-existent tests and methods and their positive and negative sides were taken into account. The specimens will come from cadavers, and it will be possible to pre-condition them, as well as to test them to the rupture. Latex tubes were used in the calibration of the apparatus, whose utilization is expected to improve the knowledge on AAA rupture probability, as well as to improve the comprehension of the penile urethral tissues behavior.
18

Biomecânica da aorta torácica e abdominal: estudo em cadáveres / Biomechanical properties of the thoracic and abdominal aorta: an autopsy study

Ninomiya, Otavio Henrique 26 March 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento endovascular das doenças da aorta é modalidade consagrada atualmente, sendo realizado em indivíduos jovens e idosos, tanto na aorta torácica quanto na abdominal. Esta terapia baseia-se numa interação adequada entre a endoprótese e a parede aórtica. Neste sentido, o conhecimento do comportamento biomecânico da aorta é fundamental. A aorta humana é uma estrutura complexa, com comportamento biomecânico diferente de acordo com a idade, a região e a presença de doenças. Estudos com biomecânica da aorta humana não aneurismática são escassos. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os parâmetros biomecânicos de falência e as características histológicas da aorta torácica e abdominal humana, correlacionando-os com idade e gênero. MÉTODO: Testes destrutivos uniaxiais de espécimes removidos de 26 aortas frescas de cadáveres foram realizados num aparelho de tração universal. Os parâmetros biomecânicos de falência avaliados foram: força, tensão, estresse, deformação e energia de deformação. Foi realizado estudo histológico do tecido aórtico para quantificação de fibras colágenas, musculares e elásticas. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados os testes biomecânicos válidos de 153 espécimes, sendo 95 da aorta torácica e 58 da aorta abdominal. Na comparação entre aorta torácica e abdominal, realizada por análise de variância, foi observado que diâmetro (30,45 versus 23,99 mm; p < 0,001), espessura (1,69 versus 1,44 mm; p < 0,001), força máxima (6,18 versus 4,85 N; p = 0,001), tensão de falência (19,88 versus 14,53 N/cm; p = 0,001), deformação de falência (0,66 versus 0,49; p = 0,003) e a percentagem de fibras elásticas (19,39 versus 14,06 %; p = 0,011) foram maiores, com significância, na aorta torácica. As correlações de Spearman entre idade e força máxima, estresse de falência, tensão de falência, deformação de falência e energia de deformação foram negativas e significativas na aorta torácica e abdominal. As aortas do sexo masculino, através do teste t de Student, apresentaram maior força máxima e tensão de falência. Não houve diferença na composição histológica entre os gêneros. CONCLUSÕES: A aorta torácica é mais resistente e elástica que a aorta abdominal. O conteúdo de fibras elásticas é maior na aorta torácica. Os idosos apresentam aortas menos resistentes e mais rígidas que os jovens. A aorta do sexo masculino é mais resistente / INTRODUCTION: The endovascular repair of aortic diseases is currently widely performed among young and elderly patients, in both the thoracic and abdominal aorta. This treatment is based on an appropriate interaction between the stent graft and the aortic wall. Thus, it is essential to understand the biomechanical behavior of the aorta. The human aorta is a complex vessel with different biomechanical behaviors according to age, location and diseases. There are few biomechanical studies of the human nonaneurysmal aorta. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the biomechanical properties and histological composition of the human aorta according to age and gender. METHODS: Twenty-six human aortas were harvested whole from fresh cadavers during their autopsies. Each aorta was cut into strips for mechanical testing. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on a tensile-testing machine. The failure load, failure stress, failure tension, failure strain and strain energy were calculated. A histological study was performed to measure the amount of collagen, elastin and smooth muscle cells in the aortic wall. RESULTS: A total of 153 strips were studied (95 from the thoracic aorta and 58 from the abdominal aorta). The diameter (30.45 versus 23.99 mm; p < 0.001), thickness (1.69 versus 1.44 mm; p < 0.001), failure load (6.18 versus 4.85 N; p = 0.001), failure tension (19.88 versus 14.53 N/cm; p = 0.001), failure strain (0.66 versus 0.49; p = 0.003) and elastin amount (19.39 versus 14.06 %; p = 0.011) were all significantly higher for the thoracic aorta than for the abdominal aorta. There was a significant negative Spearman\'s correlation between age and failure load, failure stress, failure tension, failure strain and strain energy. Male aortas had a higher failure load and failure tension than female aortas. No difference in the histological composition was found between the genders. CONCLUSIONS: The thoracic aorta has a higher strength and elasticity than the abdominal aorta. The elastin amount is higher in the thoracic aorta than in the abdominal aorta. The elderly have weaker and stiffer aortas than the young. Male aortas have a higher strength than female aortas
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Projeto e construção de um equipamento biaxial para a caracterização mecânica de tecidos biológicos tubulares. / Project and manufacturing of a biaxial equipment for the mechanical characterization of tubulst-shaped biological tissues.

Paulo Henrique Brossi Sabia 18 November 2014 (has links)
Com a evolução da medicina e o consequente envelhecimento da população, o aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) se tornou uma doença cada vez mais presente, sobretudo em homens. A falta de conhecimento detalhado do comportamento mecânico do tecido aórtico abdominal é o principal gargalo no refinamento do critério para a recomendação de cirurgia corretiva, resultando, ainda hoje, no óbito decorrente da ruptura desses aneurismas. O entendimento do comportamento mecânico desse tecido permitirá o refinamento do critério atual, salvando mais vidas. Esse entendimento pode ser obtido através da Mecânica do Contínuo, utilizando dados experimentais de ensaios mecânicos para avaliar e descrever o comportamento do material. Para que isso ocorra, é necessário que o teste seja feito em dois eixos independentes. No presente trabalho, foram escolhidos os eixos longitudinal e circunferencial para a realização de testes mecânicos, levando em consideração aspectos de metodologias já utilizadas, seus pontos fortes e deficiências. São apresentados o projeto, a construção e e a calibração de um equipamento para ensaios biaxiais de tecidos biológicos tubulares, extraídos de cadáveres, e testados até a ruptura, com a possibilidade de realização de ensaios de pré-condicionamento. Tubos de látex foram utilizados na calibração do equipamento, de cuja utilização é esperada grande contribuição na ampliação do conhecimento da probabilidade de ruptura de AAAs e em uma melhor compreensão do comportamento do tecido da uretra peniana. / The evolution of Medicine has enabled humans to live longer. With that, the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has grown, especially among males. The lack of detailed knowledge on the mechanical behavior of the abdominal aortic tissue is the main bottleneck in the improvement of the criterion for recommending corrective surgery. Therefore, many patients still die from the rupture of those aneurysms. Better understanding of the tissues mechanical behavior will allow the refinement of todays criterion, thus saving more lives. This understanding can be obtained from Continuum Mechanics, using mechanical test experimental data to evaluate and describe the behavior of the material. The data has to come from tests performed in two independet axes. This Masters thesis presents the project, manufacturing and calibration of an apparatus for the test of cylindrical biological tissues in two directions, longitudinal and circumferential. Aspects of pre-existent tests and methods and their positive and negative sides were taken into account. The specimens will come from cadavers, and it will be possible to pre-condition them, as well as to test them to the rupture. Latex tubes were used in the calibration of the apparatus, whose utilization is expected to improve the knowledge on AAA rupture probability, as well as to improve the comprehension of the penile urethral tissues behavior.
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Biomecânica da aorta torácica e abdominal: estudo em cadáveres / Biomechanical properties of the thoracic and abdominal aorta: an autopsy study

Otavio Henrique Ninomiya 26 March 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento endovascular das doenças da aorta é modalidade consagrada atualmente, sendo realizado em indivíduos jovens e idosos, tanto na aorta torácica quanto na abdominal. Esta terapia baseia-se numa interação adequada entre a endoprótese e a parede aórtica. Neste sentido, o conhecimento do comportamento biomecânico da aorta é fundamental. A aorta humana é uma estrutura complexa, com comportamento biomecânico diferente de acordo com a idade, a região e a presença de doenças. Estudos com biomecânica da aorta humana não aneurismática são escassos. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os parâmetros biomecânicos de falência e as características histológicas da aorta torácica e abdominal humana, correlacionando-os com idade e gênero. MÉTODO: Testes destrutivos uniaxiais de espécimes removidos de 26 aortas frescas de cadáveres foram realizados num aparelho de tração universal. Os parâmetros biomecânicos de falência avaliados foram: força, tensão, estresse, deformação e energia de deformação. Foi realizado estudo histológico do tecido aórtico para quantificação de fibras colágenas, musculares e elásticas. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados os testes biomecânicos válidos de 153 espécimes, sendo 95 da aorta torácica e 58 da aorta abdominal. Na comparação entre aorta torácica e abdominal, realizada por análise de variância, foi observado que diâmetro (30,45 versus 23,99 mm; p < 0,001), espessura (1,69 versus 1,44 mm; p < 0,001), força máxima (6,18 versus 4,85 N; p = 0,001), tensão de falência (19,88 versus 14,53 N/cm; p = 0,001), deformação de falência (0,66 versus 0,49; p = 0,003) e a percentagem de fibras elásticas (19,39 versus 14,06 %; p = 0,011) foram maiores, com significância, na aorta torácica. As correlações de Spearman entre idade e força máxima, estresse de falência, tensão de falência, deformação de falência e energia de deformação foram negativas e significativas na aorta torácica e abdominal. As aortas do sexo masculino, através do teste t de Student, apresentaram maior força máxima e tensão de falência. Não houve diferença na composição histológica entre os gêneros. CONCLUSÕES: A aorta torácica é mais resistente e elástica que a aorta abdominal. O conteúdo de fibras elásticas é maior na aorta torácica. Os idosos apresentam aortas menos resistentes e mais rígidas que os jovens. A aorta do sexo masculino é mais resistente / INTRODUCTION: The endovascular repair of aortic diseases is currently widely performed among young and elderly patients, in both the thoracic and abdominal aorta. This treatment is based on an appropriate interaction between the stent graft and the aortic wall. Thus, it is essential to understand the biomechanical behavior of the aorta. The human aorta is a complex vessel with different biomechanical behaviors according to age, location and diseases. There are few biomechanical studies of the human nonaneurysmal aorta. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the biomechanical properties and histological composition of the human aorta according to age and gender. METHODS: Twenty-six human aortas were harvested whole from fresh cadavers during their autopsies. Each aorta was cut into strips for mechanical testing. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on a tensile-testing machine. The failure load, failure stress, failure tension, failure strain and strain energy were calculated. A histological study was performed to measure the amount of collagen, elastin and smooth muscle cells in the aortic wall. RESULTS: A total of 153 strips were studied (95 from the thoracic aorta and 58 from the abdominal aorta). The diameter (30.45 versus 23.99 mm; p < 0.001), thickness (1.69 versus 1.44 mm; p < 0.001), failure load (6.18 versus 4.85 N; p = 0.001), failure tension (19.88 versus 14.53 N/cm; p = 0.001), failure strain (0.66 versus 0.49; p = 0.003) and elastin amount (19.39 versus 14.06 %; p = 0.011) were all significantly higher for the thoracic aorta than for the abdominal aorta. There was a significant negative Spearman\'s correlation between age and failure load, failure stress, failure tension, failure strain and strain energy. Male aortas had a higher failure load and failure tension than female aortas. No difference in the histological composition was found between the genders. CONCLUSIONS: The thoracic aorta has a higher strength and elasticity than the abdominal aorta. The elastin amount is higher in the thoracic aorta than in the abdominal aorta. The elderly have weaker and stiffer aortas than the young. Male aortas have a higher strength than female aortas

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