The possibility that there are clients who are battered presenting themselves for vocational services without the battering relationship being identified or addressed was explored. Implications were drawn as to the influence early identification will have upon the formulation and successful completion of the Individualized Written Rehabilitation Plan.

Thesis (M.A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / This dissertation examines different modes of female subversion in the novel, The Madonna of Excelsior (2002) by Zakes Mda. Using feminist theory, the study explores how women in the novel transgress apartheid laws and how they use existing discriminatory laws to their own advantage. In addition, it illustrates how these women rise above those existing laws to establish their own subjectivity and independence. The Madonna of Excelsior is a novel set in apartheid South Africa where laws prohibiting sexual relationships between whites and blacks were in effect. Niki, the main character in the novel, transgresses these laws by having sexual intercourse with white men, one of whom eventually fathers her baby. Niki gives birth to Popi who is ostracised by the Mahlatswetsa community because of her mixed racial identity. In spite of growing up in a prejudiced community, Popi works hard and becomes an important member of the town council later on when apartheid gives way to black rule. Popi subverts apartheid and the prejudice of her community by accepting herself as a coloured person, by being active in the political affairs of the Mahlatswetsa community, by engaging with the community through her service at the library and during funerals, and by reconciling with Tjaart Cronje, her half-brother. Popi’s mother, Niki, also subverts apartheid’s discriminatory laws by having sexual relationships with Afrikaner men such as Johannes Smit and Stephanus Cronje. Through these affairs, she exposes the hypocrisy of the Afrikaners and the unfairness of their laws. However, Niki’s subversion goes beyond the use of sex and the body. In her marriage with Pule, she suffers wife battering and marital infidelity. In this instance, Niki subverts traditional expectations of women by leaving Pule and establishing an independent life for herself and her children. In giving birth to Popi and raising her as a coloured child, Niki exposes the double standards of Afrikaner morality. She subverts viii the judgmental attitude of the Mahlatswetsa community by withdrawing from the community and resorting to bee-keeping. In this isolated space, she finds healing. Other female characters in the novel, such as Maria, Mampe and The Seller of Songs, also subvert the apartheid system and their communities through their sexual escapades with white men and their service to the community. On her part, Cecilia Mapeta subverts apartheid by her direct rejection of illicit sex with white men and her pursuit of education. In contrast to her, Maria and Mampe use mainly sex and the body to ensure their survival in a racist South Africa. The Seller of Songs, like Popi, uses her service to the community to subvert its prejudice. In their different circumstances, the women characters in this novel employ different subversive strategies, all of which work ultimately to their advantage. On the whole, this study argues that female subversion in Zakes Mda’s The Madonna of Excelsior is effected through various media, including sex and the body, racial differentiation, education, silence, community engagement, political activity, and family reconciliation.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The main aim of this study is to examine women’s abuse with special reference to Xitsonga folklore, Khale ka Makwangala by F. Rikhotso. This study also shows characters who are abused and those who cause this abuse. The first chapter reveals the general outline of the study, the problem statement, the aim, the importance and its methodology. The most important terms of the study have been explained in this chapter so as to reveal what is expected to be analyzed. Some of the definitions of the Constitution have been given. Chapter two gives short summary of the folklore Khale ka Makwangala by F. Rikhotso which has been examined together with the history of their authors. The definitions of the word human rights have been included and defined in this chapter. In this chapter, other folklores which have been selected for analysis have been analysed. Chapter three explains, defines and analyses the themes of selected folklores. The definitions of themes have been given in this chapter. These definitions make it easier to understand what themes are. Chapter four deals with the general summary of this mini-dissertation. The recommendations and findings for further research have been indicated in this chapter.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor är ett globalt samhällsproblem vilket leder till negativa konsekvenser för både den fysiska och psykiska hälsan. Inom hälso- och sjukvård är våld mot kvinnor ett problem som inte alltid uppmärksammas och är svårt att upptäcka. Det finns många orsaker bakom kvinnans val att inte tala om våld. Inom sjukvården kommer vårdpersonal att stöta på våldsutsatta kvinnor. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att visa respekt, medkänsla och säkerställa kvalitén i vården. Studien är gjord för att belysa våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser i mötet med vårdpersonal. Syfte: Att undersöka hur våldsutsatta kvinnor upplever mötet med vårdpersonal. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt där 11 vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån 6 teman som beskriver kvinnornas upplevelser: 1) Vårdpersonalens förhållningssätt – empati, respekt och förtroende, 2) Identifiering av våldet – att tala och få frågan om våld, 3) Individen i fokus – upplevelser av att bli sedd, hörd och prioriterad, 4) Efter avslöjandet – hjälp, stöd och information, 5) Negativa känslor – skuld och skam, 6) Integritet, självbestämmande och sekretess. Resultatet visade att kvinnorna hade både positiva och negativa upplevelser i mötet med vården. Empati, respekt och förtroende låg till grund för att mötet skulle upplevas positivt. Det framkom däremot att kvinnorna upplevde att sjuksköterskorna var stressade och oengagerade samt misslyckades med att bidra till en trygg miljö för kvinnorna att tala om våldet. Det blev tydligt att kvinnorna i mötet med vårdpersonal många gånger inte fick det stöd och den hjälp de var i behov av. Slutsats: För att möjliggöra att kvinnorna kände sig bekväma och trygga med att tala om våldet så behövde vårdpersonalen ha ett empatiskt bemötande. De behövde skapa en säker miljö samt ge kvinnorna den tid som behövdes för att tala om sin situation. Det var nödvändigt att vårdpersonal hade kunskap om hur våldsutsatta kvinnor skulle bemötas för att kunna känna sig trygga att delge deras upplevelser av våldet. / Background: Violence against women is a public health problem which leads to negative consequences for both physical and psychological health. In healthcare, violence against women is a problem that is not always noticed and is difficult to detect and there are many reasons why women may not talk about violence. In their profession, healthcare staff will encounter women that are exposed to violence. It is the nurse’s responsibility to show respect, compassion, and ensure the quality of care given. The study is made to shed light on abused women’s experiences of encounters with healthcare professionals.  Aim: To explore how women that are exposed to violence experience encounters with healthcare staff. Method: The study is a literature review where 11 scientific articles have been analyzed. Results: The results are presented based on 6 themes that describe the women’s experience: 1) The healthcare professional’s approach – empathy, respect and trust, 2) Identification of the violence – to be asked and to talk about violence, 3) The individual in focus – experiences of being seen, heard, and prioritized, 4) After disclosure – help, support, and information, 5) Negative feelings – guilt and shame, 6) Integrity, self-determination, and confidentiality. The results showed that women had both positive and negative experiences in the encounter with healthcare professionals. Empathy, respect, and trust were important for a positive experience. Women felt that nurses were stressed, uninvolved, and could not contribute to a safe environment where they could talk about violence. It became clear that the women often did not receive the support and help they needed in the meeting with healthcare professionals. Conclusion: To enable the women to feel comfortable and safe talking about the violence, the healthcare professionals needed to be empathetic. They needed to create a safe environment and give women the time they needed to talk about their situation. It was important that healthcare professionals were aware of how women exposed to violence needed to be treated in order for them to feel safe sharing their experiences of violence.

Bakgrund: Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem. Våldet leder till förödande konsekvenser både för kvinnan och för samhället. Trots global kännedom, ny lagstiftning och satsningar för att höja den befintliga kunskapsnivån visar tidigare forskning att vårdpersonal saknar kompetens och verktyg i hur de ska möta våldsutsatta kvinnor i vården. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur våldsutsatta kvinnor upplever mötet med vårdpersonal i hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte valdes en allmän litteraturöversikt som design för att kartlägga, identifiera och skapa en beskrivande översikt.   Resultat: Huvudresultatet visar att majoriteten av kvinnorna hade negativa upplevelser av mötet med hälso- och sjukvården. Med syftet som utgångspunkt framkom tre teman ur resultatet; upplevelsen av att inte bli sedd, upplevelsen av att bli skuldbelagd, förminskad och dömd och att inte uppleva av autonomi, integritet och trygghet.  Slutsats: Kvinnor som är utsatta för våld behöver bemötas empatiskt och respektfullt för att våga berätta om våldet. Vårdpersonal är dåligt rustade för att möta dessa kvinnor. Resultatet talar för att bemötandet av våldsutsatta kvinnor är ett problem som hälso- och sjukvården inte kan eller bör blunda för. Att stötta kvinnor att ta sig ur våldet reducerar på längre sikt inte bara konsekvenser för kvinnornas hälsa utan minskar även belastningen på vården samt samhällsekonomiskt. / Background: Men's violence against women is a global health problem. The violence leads to devastating consequences for both women and the society. Despite global awareness, new legislation, and initiatives to raise the existing level of knowledge earlier research shows that healthcare professionals lack competence and tools in how to meet abused women. Aim: The aim was to describe how women exposed to violence experience the encounter with healthcare professionals in the health care system. Methods: To answer the aim of the study a general literature review was chosen in order to map, identify and create a descriptive overview.  Result: The main result shows that the majority of the women had negative experiences from the encounter with the health care system. Three themes emerged from the result based on the aim of the study. They were; the experience of not being seen, the experience of being blamed, diminished and judged and not to experience autonomy, integrity and security. Conclusion: Women that are victims of violence need to be treated in an empathetic and respectful way in order to dare to talk about the violence. Health care professionals are ill-equipped to meet these women. The results suggest that the treatment of women exposed to violence is a problem that the health service cannot or should not turn a blind eye to. Supporting women to get out of violence can in the long run not only reduces consequences for women's health but also reduces the burden on the health care system and socio-economic.

Background: In 2018, 22,400 sexual offenses were reported in Sweden, of wich 96% of them were against women. The Council of Europe had started in 2014 and the Convention on the Prevention and Control of Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. At the same, the Swedish Higher Education Ordinance (SFS 2017: 857 and 2018: 1135) made a change and from 1 July 2018, it became a requirement for nures to have knowledge of women who are subjected to violence. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe nurse´s experiences of meeting abused women. Method: A descriptive literature study. The result is based on 11 scientific articles which were reviewed and analyzed. The articles are both of quantitative and qualitative approach. Main Results: Knowledge and guidelines are essential for nurses in providing care for sexually, mentally and physically abused women. If the nurses received adequate education, knowledge of resources in the hospital but also in society, it resulted in a safer care and environment for the women and the nurses, they felt mor secure in asking and talking about partner violence.  Conclusion: The nurse´s encounter with violent subjwomen aroused many strong feelings, and they were affected both during working hours and in private life. More training and knowledge in the subject are required for the nurses to be able to meet and care for women who are subjected to violence in a professional manner, which means more quality assured care.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor sker världen över och mörkertalet är stort. Detta kan innefatta fysisk, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Detta är även ett folkhälsoproblem då det leder till sämre hälsa hos de som blir utsatta för någon typ av våld. Sjuksköterskor har en betydande roll att identifiera och fånga upp dessa kvinnor.  Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors kunskap gällande identifiering av våldsutsatta kvinnor. Metod: Metoden var en litteraturöversikt som utfördes i överensstämmelse med Fribergs metod. I databaserna PubMed och Cinahl Complete identifierades tio vetenskapliga artiklar vilka svarade på syftet. De valda artiklarna analyserades i två huvudteman och fyra subteman.  Resultat:  Litteraturöversikten resulterade i två huvudteman. Det första temat var: Sjuksköterskans kunskap och kunskapsutveckling med subteman: Brist på kunskap och utbildning kring våld samt Användning av olika screeningverktyg. Det andra temat var: Sjuksköterskans beredskap i vårdmötet med subteman: Att skapa en trygg och tillförlitlig relation och Att ställa frågor om våld. Resultatet diskuterades med Phil Barkers tidvattenmodell som referensram. Sammanfattning: Litteraturöversikten visade att ökad kunskap kring subjektiva och objektiva tecken för våldsutsatta kvinnor behövs för att kunna identifiera kvinnorna i tid. Kunskap om bemötande av våldsutsatta kvinnor och att ställa frågor om våld är betydande för att sjuksköterskan ska känna sig förberedd och kunna ge kvinnor adekvat vård. Sjuksköterskors kunskap om de riktlinjer, policys, vårdprogram samt screeningverktyg som finns är av betydelse för att vidta rätt åtgärder till de våldsutsatta kvinnorna. / Background: Violence against women is happening all over the world and the number of blacks is high. This can include physical, mental and sexual violence. This is also a public health problem as it leads to poorer health of those who are exposed to some type of violence. Nurses have a significant role to play in identifying and capturing these women.  Aim: The purpose was to examine nurses' knowledge regarding the identification of women exposed to violence. Method: The method was a literature review that was performed in accordance with Friberg's method. In the databases PubMed and Cinahl Complete, ten scientific articles were identified which answered the purpose. The selected articles were analyzed in two main themes and four sub-themes. Results: The literature review resulted in two main themes. The first theme was: The nurse's knowledge and knowledge development with sub-themes: Lack of knowledge and education about violence and Use of various screening tools. The second theme was: The nurse's preparedness in the care meeting with sub-themes: Creating a safe and reliable relationship and Asking questions about violence. The results were discussed with Phil Barker's tidal model as a frame of reference. Conclusion: The literature review showed that increased knowledge about subjective and objective signs for women exposed to violence is needed to be able to identify women in time. Having knowledge about treating women exposed to violence and asking questions about violence is important for the nurse to feel prepared and able to provide women with adequate care. Nurses' knowledge of the guidelines, policies, care programs and screening tools that are available is important for taking the right measures for the women exposed to violence.

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Abused women are frequent users of health care services. Yet, battered women often do not identify the health care delivery system as a resource. The present study surveyed 155 female associate and baccalaureate degree nursing students from three mid-Atlantic universities in order to examine how selected personal and relationship variables affected their attitudes toward battered women. It was hypothesized that those students who had an early exposure to family violence combined with high levels of egalitarianism and perceived control over life events would be more sympathetic toward battered women than those who did not. Instruments used to measure the chosen variables included the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale, the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Family Violence Scale, the Perceived Control Scale, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife-Beating. Data were collected via anonymous self-report questionnaires and analyzed through the use of correlation and hierarchical regression procedures. Nursing students with more egalitarian sex role beliefs and perception of control over their life events were more sympathetic to battered wives than those students with more traditional sex role attitudes and less perceived control over their life. Sex role egalitarianism was found to be the best predictor of attitudes toward victims of domestic violence. Contrary to expectations, there appeared to be little relationship between the level of violence experienced by students in their families of origin or in their current relationships and sympathy for battered wives. Findings from this study will add to the current nursing knowledge base regarding attitudes of one group of health care professionals toward victims of domestic violence by exploring those attitudes and by identifying which of the chosen variables was most predictive of those attitudes. Implications for nursing education include an examination of the impact of gender issues on personal and professional behavior as well as the importance of empowering nursing students through the use of a competency based practice model. / Ed. D.