This study aims to explore the visual knowledge organization of Aby Warburg’s Bilderatlas Mnemosyne by tracing some of the essential lines in his thinking and relating these to the conceptualization and realization of the atlas project. The image atlas – which at the time of Warburg’s death in 1929 remained unfinished – can be described as a synoptical and experimental didactic instrument, a monumental work in progress conceived to guide art historical thought, which in Warburg’s research expands into a pluridisciplinary field of ”kulturwissenschaftlicher Bildgeschichte”. Within its historical context the Mnemosyne atlas can be seen as an object of critical knowledge that, in presenting art history as an open and mobile visual structure, evades the universalistic aims of encyclopaedic projects. Drawing upon Foucault’s archaeological examination of the humanities in The Order of Things and Agamben’s reflection on method – and specifically on the notion of the paradigm – in The Signature of All Things, I argue that the Mnemosyne atlas with its non-linear arrangement and associative technique should be read in its relation to a pre-encyclopaedic knowledge culture where similarity, kinship and analogy, rather than division, taxonomy and binarity, rule the organization of the world and its objects. This allows us to better understand the scientific foundations of the atlas and to perceive its ongoing compilation of documents as a systematic procedure. Lastly, the study also emphazises the vicinity between Warburg’s image atlas and his library, both in the physical space of his research institute in Hamburg and as a mode of thought.

Esta tese tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão de um espaço público aberto com o intuito de despertar novos modos de olhar e compreender a cidade a partir da imagem. Imagem esta, que amplia o universo do conhecimento sobre o lugar, enquanto dimensão simbólica trans-histórica, cuja articulação com outras imagens constrói referências de memória. Esta pesquisa pauta-se em dois momentos: um primeiro, onde a percepção atua como protagonista do processo de reconhecimento da cidade por meio da deambulação, que resultou no recorte espacial e na escolha de um espaço público aberto presente no eixo monumental da cidade de Maringá-PR; e um segundo momento, onde utiliza-se a associação de imagens como deflagrador de novas possibilidades de compreensão do espaço urbano. Nesse sentido, adota-se aproximações metodológicas de Aby Warburg (1866-1929), hoje reconhecido como o pai da iconologia moderna. Historiador das artes, desenvolveu um Atlas de imagens - Mnemosyne - uma História de Arte sem palavras. As aproximações metodológicas deste processo propõem apresentar um ensaio Mnemosyne. Uma ferramenta perceptiva de falar de imagens por imagens, utilizando apenas painéis, com combinações imagéticas feitas entre elas, dispensando o uso da linguagem escrita; e as relações estabelecidas entre as imagens se articulam e produzem modos de leitura de forma a não revelar as suas inter-relações. Desta forma, os leitores que tiverem acesso a estes painéis, possam criar novos vínculos e levantar discussões, sem estabelecer conexões fechadas. Isso permite que novos resultados de leituras, a cada novo contato do leitor, sejam estabelecidos, permitindo novas experiências e novas leituras por meio do painel de imagens. As relações visuais existentes no painel atlas não se estruturam apenas por leituras históricas, se organizam de forma a estabelecer descobertas e discussões por meio das imagens, não sendo apenas um modo de transmitir informações. O painel atlas permite considerações de um processo inicial, impulsionado e dirigido por imagens, que possibilitou, acima de tudo, criar novas decifrações de leituras frente ao espaço urbano em questão, tanto com base na memória histórica individual e coletiva, tanto por meio do significado de cada representação imagética. Assim, esta tese pretende verificar novas possibilidades de aproximações metodológicas, por meio da ferramenta atlas -, de análises dos espaços da cidade viabilizando um aprofundamento em questões até então, discutidas, mas pouco fundamentadas, de modo a despertar o processo criativo e de instigar debates, revelados por meio das imagens e de suas associações. Associações que representam uma variedade de concepções e contribuições, que em algum momento, a história possa ter deixado de contar, como a idealização dos espaços urbanos da cidade e das relações possíveis estabelecidas com o sujeito. Ainda como resultado desse processo associativo, observa-se as indicações subjetivas de características visuais e plásticas, com aproximações conceituais relativas às primeiras construções arquitetônicas neolíticas, referente a demarcações territoriais e de cunho religioso, representando força, coletividade, autoridade e poder. Associações que vislumbram a glorificação dos corpos em forma de admiração, expressão, exibição de força, saúde e beleza e em contrapartida também conduzem a um pensamento social hostil relativo a supremacia masculina. Essas associações transmitem algumas das possíveis relações e discursos estabelecidos pelo atlas de imagens e que contribuem para os novos modos de ver, ler e compreender a cidade de Maringá-PR. / This thesis aims to present a reflection of an open public space in order to awaken new ways of looking at and understanding the city from the image. This image enlarges the universe of knowledge about the place as a trans historical symbolic dimension, whose articulation with other images builds references of memory. This research is based on two moments: a first, where the perception acts as protagonist of the process of recognition of the city through ambulation, which resulted in the spatial clipping and the choice of an open public space present in the monumental axis of the city of Maringá -PR; and a second moment, where the association of images is used as a trigger for new possibilities of understanding the urban space. In this sense, methodological approaches of Aby Warburg (1866-1929), now recognized as the father of modern iconology, are adopted. Historian of the arts, he developed an Atlas of images - Mnemosyne - \"a History of Art without words\". The methodological approaches of this process propose to present a Mnemosyne assay. A perceptive tool to speak of images by images, using only panels, with combinations of images made between them, without the use of written language; and the relations established between the images articulate and produce modes of reading so as not to reveal their interrelationships. In this way, readers who have access to these panels can create new links and raise discussions without establishing closed connections. This allows new reading results, with each new reader contact, to be established, allowing for new experiences and new readings through the imaging panel. The visual relationships existing in the atlas panel are not only structured by historical readings, they organize in order to establish discoveries and discussions through the images, not being just a way of transmitting information. The atlas panel allows considerations of an initial process, driven and driven by images, which made it possible, above all, to create new deciphers of readings in front of the urban space in question, both based on individual and collective historical memory, both through meaning of each imagery representation. Thus, this thesis intends to verify new possibilities of methodological approaches, through the atlas tool - of analyzes of the spaces of the city, allowing a deepening in questions until then, discussed but not well founded, in order to awaken the creative process and instigate debates, revealed through images and their associations. Associations that represent a variety of conceptions and contributions, which at some point, history may have failed to tell, such as the idealization of the urban spaces of the city and the possible relations established with the subject. Also as a result of this associative process, one observes the subjective indications of visual and plastic characteristics, with conceptual approximations related to the first neolithic architectural constructions, referring to territorial and religious boundaries, representing strength, collectivity, authority and power. Associations that glimpse the glorification of bodies in the form of admiration, expression, display of strength, health and beauty, and in turn also lead to a hostile social thought concerning male supremacy. These associations transmit some of the possible relations and discourses established by the atlas of images and that contribute to the new ways of seeing, reading and understanding the city of Maringá-PR.

[pt] Fundador da iconologia, Aby Warburg (1866-1929) apresentou em 1923 a conferência intitulada Imagens do Território dos Pueblos na América do Norte, texto mais tarde conhecido como o Ritual da Serpente: Desde sua viagem aos Estados Unidos, em 1896, que teve um papel determinante na sua vida, se sentia profundamente grato aos etnólogos americanos... Em grande parte, foi graças às experiências que Warburg recolheu nos territórios indígenas que se tornou o historiador das imagens simbólicas que o Velho Mundo criou e que se perpetuam na Europa moderna. O presente trabalho busca um sentido satisfatório para estas afirmações de Fritz Saxl, primeiro discípulo de Warburg. Problematizando historicamente uma relação objetiva das idéias de Warburg com a antropologia americana - sobretudo através de Franz Boas -, tenta-se demonstrar que o tríptico warburguiano viagem-experiência-obra tem sido insuficientemente explorado partindo de sua relação com as amplas sínteses vitalistas - uma delas a aventura, aqui proposta à luz das idéias de Georg Simmel. / [fr] Fondateur de l iconologie, Aby Warburg (1866-1929) a présenté en 1923 la conférence intitulée Récit d un voyage en pays Pueblo, texte connu plus tard sous le nom de le Rituel du Serpent: Depuis son voyage aux États-Unis, en 1896, qui joua un rôle déterminant dans sa vie, il se sentait de profondes obligations envers les ethnologues américains... Pour une large part, c est grâce aux expériences que Warburg recueillit dans les territoires indiens, qu il est devenu l historien des images symboliques que le Vieux Monde a créées et qui se perpétuent dans l Europe moderne. Dans ce travail, nous chercherons à donner un sens approprié à ces affirmations de Fritz Saxl, premier disciple de Warburg. Problématisant historiquement une relation objective des idées de Warburg avec l anthropologie américaine - principalement à travers de Franz Boas -, nous remarquerons que le triptyque warburgien, voyage-expérience-oeuvre, n a pas été suffisamment exploré en partant de ses relations avec les synthèses vitalistes - l une d entre elles l aventure, ici proposée à la lumière des idées de Georg Simmel.

In this master’s thesis, the dance artist Adorée Villany's hitherto unexplored performances in Sweden 1914–1920 have been reconstructed and interpreted. Villanys naked dance aroused both interest and a lively debate in the Swedish press. She labelled her art “Reform Dance” and thus formed a part of the emerging modern dance movement. By moving beyond the morality debate surrounding her performances, visual and performative aspects of her dances and photographs are made visible.    In her art, Villany strived to bring dance forms from ancient culture to life. Her embodiment of images from ancient Egypt can be understood employing Warburg's concepts Pathosformula and Nachleben, explaining how art works through artistic imagery and form can resurrect emotions from another time. Villany's dance piece Salome’s dance has been reconstructed and analysed through a joint reading of the source materials film, texts and photographs. Here, Warburg's concept of Denkraum was proven productive as a theory and method.

Ce mémoire vise à élargir l’interprétation du monument funéraire d’Henri II et Catherine de Médicis (1565-70) maintenant aménagé à la Basilique Saint-Denis à Paris, une œuvre que l’historiographie attribue conjointement au Primatice et à Germain Pilon. Fortement marquée par une perspective panosfkienne, la fortune critique de ce tombeau a privilégié des approches, qu’elles soient historicistes ou iconographiques, qui ont eu pour effet d’oblitérer la médialité du dispositif dans lequel le tombeau devait originellement paraître, soit la chapelle des Valois, mieux connue sous le nom de « rotonde des Valois ». Le présent travail se penche sur ce dispositif particulier en reformulant une approche propice à développer des outils méthodologiques adaptés au médium de la sculpture. De plus, il propose une hypothèse d’interprétation en liaison avec la commanditaire du tombeau, Catherine de Médicis. Nous verrons en effet que la construction d’une chapelle funéraire renforçait l’identification à la reine antique Artémise, ainsi que cela était suggéré dans un ouvrage composé par l’apothicaire de la reine, Nicolas Houel. Dans un contexte hostile aux prises de pouvoir féminin, Catherine se serait ainsi servie d’une fable amoureuse pour faciliter la construction de sa persona politique. Le mémoire s’attache plus précisément à examiner comment l’image traduit cette opération de refiguration du soi. Aussi, il s’inspire de l’importante réflexion menée ces dernières années en histoire de l’art et en anthropologie autour de la pensée d’Aby Warburg et s’applique à inscrire l’interprétation de l’image dans le champ de sa figurabilité. / The present research aims at broadening the interpretations of the tomb of Henri II and Catherine de’Medici, a piece attributed to both Francesco Primaticcio and Germain Pilon which is located in the Basilica of St Denis in Paris. This monument’s critical fortune has been strongly influenced by a panofskian viewpoint and has favored intellectual approaches, be they historicist or iconographic, which tend to cancel out the “médialité” inherent to what was supposed to be the monument’s original location, the Valois chapel, best known as the « rotonde des Valois ». This study therefore addresses this peculiar problematic by reformulating an approach conducive to developing methodological tools adequate to the sculptural medium. Furthermore, it proposes an interpretation linking the monument to its patron and instigator, Catherine de’Medici. The construction of a funeral chapel was a way to foster her identification to the antique queen Artemisa, as suggested in a book written by the queen’s apothecary, Nicolas Houel. Considering the hostility toward woman in power in France, the fable of Artemisia thus facilitated the regent’s persona construction. This thesis focuses more closely on how the image can translate such an operation. It also draws from recent critical reflections conducted around Aby Warburg, in art history and anthropology, and sets out the interpretation of the image within the scope of its figurability.

Cette étude vise à esquisser les fondements et influences philosophiques de la pensée de l’historien de l’art Aby Warburg par le biais de deux penseurs : Friedrich Nietzsche et Ernst Cassirer. La question de la mémoire offre un fil conducteur à cette investigation dans la mesure où, pour Warburg, celle-ci est véhiculée de manière insigne par et dans l’image. D’abord, il s’agira de souligner que la Renaissance italienne, point de départ de l’investigation mémorielle de ce dernier, s’est présentée avant tout en tant que question au sein de l’imagination historique allemande. C’est notamment chez l’historien de la culture Jacob Burckhardt et Nietzsche, deux maîtres à penser de Warburg, que cette période historique est thématisée pour repenser le rapport de l’individu à son passé. Ensuite, l’approche des sciences de la culture, une constellation disciplinaire duquel se revendique Warburg, nous permet de voir de quelle manière la méthode de celui-ci se distingue de l’abstraction esthétique afin de préserver le sens équivoque de la mémoire et la possibilité de faire l’expérience vivante ou posthume de l’image. Enfin, c’est par le biais du symbole, objet d’étude centrale de la philosophie de Cassirer, que Warburg en viendra à penser les polarités de l’image. Sans vouloir rabattre la pensée de Warburg sur celle d’un système, le dialogue avec Cassirer permettra de voir comment ceux-ci ont réussi leur pari de rendre compte de la pensée mythique et de ses intermédiaires avec la raison. / This study aims to outline the philosophical foundations and influences of art historian Aby Warburg's work through two thinkers: Friedrich Nietzsche and Ernst Cassirer. The question of memory offers a red thread to this investigation insofar as, for Warburg, it is conveyed in an insignificant way in and through the image. First, it will be emphasized that the Italian Renaissance, the starting point of his investigation of memory, was presented above all as a question within the German historical imagination. In particular, the cultural historian Jacob Burckhardt and Nietzsche, two of Warburg's influences, thematized this historical period in order to rethink the relationship of the individual to his past. Secondly, the approach of cultural sciences, a disciplinary constellation used by Warburg, allows us to see how his method differs from aesthetic abstraction to preserve the equivocal meaning of memory and the possibility of experience the life or the afterlife of images. Finally, it is through the symbol, the central object of study in Cassirer's philosophy, that Warburg comes to ponder the polarities of the image. Without seeking to reduce Warburg's thought to that of a system, the dialogue with Cassirer will make it possible to see how they succeeded in their wager to give an account of mythical thought and its intermediaries with reason.

Ce projet analyse le rôle des images – photographies, films, dessins – produites dans le cadre des recherches ethnographiques « interdisciplinaires » menées par l’anthropologue italien Ernesto De Martino en Italie méridionale dans les années 1950. Ces expéditions ont donné lieu à des documents multiformes puisqu’elles regroupent des chercheurs de formations différentes : historien des religions, ethnomusicologue, psychiatre, photographe, et occasionnellement cinéaste. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit d’étudier le rôle des matériaux visuels dans la recherche sur le tarentisme, rituel de possession observé dans les Pouilles en 1959 par De Martino et son équipe, matériaux dont une partie constitue l’annexe photographique de son œuvre célèbre La terra del rimorso (1961). Nous portons également attention à l’atlas iconographique de son ouvrage sur la lamentation funèbre, Morte e pianto rituale nel mondo antico. Dal lamento pagano al pianto di Maria (1958), fruit d’une étude de terrain dans la région sud italienne de la Lucania (Basilicata). Tout en considérant les relations intermédiales entre les images, le texte, le son et le corps, ce mémoire identifie les rapports dialectiques entre les techniques d’enregistrement et les logiques répétitives, rythmiques et performatives des rituels en question. Chez De Martino, l’image est point de tension en matière de temporalité et de ressemblance : elle suggère une anthropologie de la « survivance » nous permettant de relever plusieurs correspondances avec l'oeuvre de l’historien de l’art Aby Warburg. / This project deals with the production of images in Italian anthropologist Ernesto De Martino’s 1950s “interdisciplinary ethnographies” in southern Italy. These expeditions, innovative for their time, involved a team of researchers (including a religious historian, ethnomusicologist, psychiatrist, photographer and, at times, a filmmaker) and gave rise to mixed-media documents. While the textual aspects of De Martino’s work have been studied in depth, my approach focuses on image-making practices: photography, film, drawings. Building largely on his famous work La terra del rimorso (1961) on tarantism – a possession ritual observed by De Martino’s team in Puglia in 1959 – as well as on the iconographic atlas of Morte e pianto rituale nel mondo antico. Dal lamento pagano al pianto di Maria (1958) – his study on mourning rituals led in the southern Italian region of Lucania (Basilicata) –, this thesis suggests that images, despite their ancillary status, formed a major part of De Martino’s fieldwork and transmitted much more than documentary knowledge. Not only does the visual haunt De Martino’s own text as a literary device, but it is also tightly connected to a series of intermedial elements (sound, objects, bodies) inherent to the ritual “apparatus” itself and its documentation process. It was thus possible to perceive a dialectical relationship between technological imagistic devices such as photography and film, which “reproduced” possession rituals, and those practices’ own repetition processes, temporal rhythms, and performativity. Lastly, these images also suggest an anthropology of “afterlife” by means of visual analogies passed through bodily gesture, reminiscent of Aby Warburg’s work.

La pensée de Nietzsche a joué un rôle déterminant et récurrent dans les discours et les débats qui ont formé et continuent de façonner le domaine de l’histoire de l’art, mais aucune analyse systématique de cette question n’a encore vu le jour. L’influence de Nietzsche a été médiée par divers interlocuteurs, historiens de l’art et philosophes, qui ont encadré ces discussions, en utilisant les écrits du philosophe comme toile de fond de leurs propres idées. Ce mémoire souhaite démontrer que l’impact de Nietzsche dans le champ de l’histoire de l’art existe mais qu’il fut toujours immergé ou éclipsé, particulièrement dans le contexte anglo-américain, l’emphase étant placée sur les médiateurs de ses idées en n’avouant que très peu d’engagement direct avec son œuvre. En conséquence, son importance généalogique pour certains fondateurs de la discipline reste méconnue; sa présence réellement féconde se traduit plutôt comme une absence ou une présence masquée. En vue de démontrer ce propos, nous regardons donc le contexte nietzschéen qui travaille les écrits de certains historiens de l’art, comme Jacob Burckhardt et Aby Warburg, ou des philosophes et d’écrivains ayant marqué la discipline de l’histoire de l’art (plus particulièrement dans le cadre de l’influence de la « French Theory » sur l’histoire de l’art anglo-américaine depuis la fin des années 1970) : Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze et Georges Bataille. Nous examinons certaines voies par lesquelles ses idées ont acquis une pertinence pour l’histoire de l’art avant de proposer les raisons potentielles de leur occlusion ultérieure. Nous étudions donc l’évolution des discours multiples de l’histoire comme domaine d’étude afin de situer la contribution du philosophe et de cerner où et comment ses réflexions ont croisé celles des historiens de l’art qui ont soit élargi ou redéfini les méthodes et les structures d’analyse de leur discipline. Ensuite nous regardons « l’art » de Nietzsche en le comparant avec « l’art de l’histoire de l’art » (Preziosi 2009) afin d’évaluer si ces deux expressions peuvent se rejoindre ou s’il y a fondamentalement une incompatibilité entre les deux, laquelle pourrait justifier ou éclairer la distance entre la pensée nietzschéenne sur l’art et la discipline de l’histoire de l’art telle qu’elle s’institutionnalise au moment où le philosophe rédige son œuvre. / Nietzsche’s philosophy has played an active role in many recurring art historical debates that have permeated the discipline since its inception, yet there exists no systematic analysis of his impact. His influence has been mediated through various interlocutors, art historical and other, that have framed these discussions, while using his writings as an intellectual backdrop to their own ideas. This thesis attempts to show that Nietzsche’s engagement with art history has been submerged or overshadowed by an emphasis on the mediators of his thought with little direct engagement with his work, particularly so in the Anglo-American context. The consequence of this is that his genealogical importance for many of the founders of the discipline is left unacknowledged; hence, his actually potent presence is translated as an absence or oversight. In order to demonstrate this, we explore the Nietzschean heritage that informed the works of art historians like Jacob Burckhardt and Aby Warburg, and that of philosophers and writers who have marked the art historical discipline (particularly so with the surge of “French Theory” in Anglo-American art history as of the late 1970s): Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze and Georges Bataille. Once we have identified some of the trajectories on which his ideas have gained relevancy for art history, we look at the potential reasons for their subsequent occlusion. In order to do this, we begin by examining the evolving methodologies in historiography so as to situate his contribution to this domain of study and see where these reflections have intersected with those of art historians who either broadened or reshaped the methods and analytical structures of their own discipline. We finally compare Nietzsche’s 'art' to the “art of art history” (Preziosi 2009) and determine whether these two expressions can be bridged or whether there is a fundamental incompatibility that may explain the discrepancy between his treatment of art and that which concerned art history at the moment of its contemporaneous institutionalisation.

Ce projet analyse le rôle des images – photographies, films, dessins – produites dans le cadre des recherches ethnographiques « interdisciplinaires » menées par l’anthropologue italien Ernesto De Martino en Italie méridionale dans les années 1950. Ces expéditions ont donné lieu à des documents multiformes puisqu’elles regroupent des chercheurs de formations différentes : historien des religions, ethnomusicologue, psychiatre, photographe, et occasionnellement cinéaste. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit d’étudier le rôle des matériaux visuels dans la recherche sur le tarentisme, rituel de possession observé dans les Pouilles en 1959 par De Martino et son équipe, matériaux dont une partie constitue l’annexe photographique de son œuvre célèbre La terra del rimorso (1961). Nous portons également attention à l’atlas iconographique de son ouvrage sur la lamentation funèbre, Morte e pianto rituale nel mondo antico. Dal lamento pagano al pianto di Maria (1958), fruit d’une étude de terrain dans la région sud italienne de la Lucania (Basilicata). Tout en considérant les relations intermédiales entre les images, le texte, le son et le corps, ce mémoire identifie les rapports dialectiques entre les techniques d’enregistrement et les logiques répétitives, rythmiques et performatives des rituels en question. Chez De Martino, l’image est point de tension en matière de temporalité et de ressemblance : elle suggère une anthropologie de la « survivance » nous permettant de relever plusieurs correspondances avec l'oeuvre de l’historien de l’art Aby Warburg. / This project deals with the production of images in Italian anthropologist Ernesto De Martino’s 1950s “interdisciplinary ethnographies” in southern Italy. These expeditions, innovative for their time, involved a team of researchers (including a religious historian, ethnomusicologist, psychiatrist, photographer and, at times, a filmmaker) and gave rise to mixed-media documents. While the textual aspects of De Martino’s work have been studied in depth, my approach focuses on image-making practices: photography, film, drawings. Building largely on his famous work La terra del rimorso (1961) on tarantism – a possession ritual observed by De Martino’s team in Puglia in 1959 – as well as on the iconographic atlas of Morte e pianto rituale nel mondo antico. Dal lamento pagano al pianto di Maria (1958) – his study on mourning rituals led in the southern Italian region of Lucania (Basilicata) –, this thesis suggests that images, despite their ancillary status, formed a major part of De Martino’s fieldwork and transmitted much more than documentary knowledge. Not only does the visual haunt De Martino’s own text as a literary device, but it is also tightly connected to a series of intermedial elements (sound, objects, bodies) inherent to the ritual “apparatus” itself and its documentation process. It was thus possible to perceive a dialectical relationship between technological imagistic devices such as photography and film, which “reproduced” possession rituals, and those practices’ own repetition processes, temporal rhythms, and performativity. Lastly, these images also suggest an anthropology of “afterlife” by means of visual analogies passed through bodily gesture, reminiscent of Aby Warburg’s work.

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