A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise das contribuições e limitações oriundas da cooperação acadêmica estabelecida entre universidades de países distintos. Com o emprego da triangulação metodológica, buscou-se recuperar as diferentes concepções de universidade e configurações tomadas ao longo do percurso histórico para responder a seguinte questão: faz-se possível que países com temporalidade e características distintas possam construir ações conjuntas e colaborar entre si? A partir do estudo da história do Ensino Superior no Brasil e em Angola e da análise do convênio de cooperação acadêmica entre a Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (BR) e a Universidade Lueji ANkonde (AO), a pesquisa busca responder esta questão levando em consideração as possibilidades e dificuldades originadas deste processo no desenvolvimento de projetos e ações que têm em comum o objetivo da produção de um conhecimento sem fronteiras. / This research aims to analyze the contributions and limitations arising from the academic cooperation established between universities in different countries. With the use of methodological triangulation, it sought to recover the different university concepts and configurations taken along the historic route to answer the question: is it possible that countries with temporality and distinct characteristics can build joint actions and cooperate with each other? From the study of the history of higher education in Brazil and Angola and analysis of academic cooperation agreement between the Faculty of Education, University of São Paulo (BR) and the University Lueji A\'Nkonde (AO), the research seeks to answer this issue taking into account the possibilities and difficulties arising from this process in the development of projects and actions that have in common the goal of producing a borderless knowledge.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise das contribuições e limitações oriundas da cooperação acadêmica estabelecida entre universidades de países distintos. Com o emprego da triangulação metodológica, buscou-se recuperar as diferentes concepções de universidade e configurações tomadas ao longo do percurso histórico para responder a seguinte questão: faz-se possível que países com temporalidade e características distintas possam construir ações conjuntas e colaborar entre si? A partir do estudo da história do Ensino Superior no Brasil e em Angola e da análise do convênio de cooperação acadêmica entre a Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (BR) e a Universidade Lueji ANkonde (AO), a pesquisa busca responder esta questão levando em consideração as possibilidades e dificuldades originadas deste processo no desenvolvimento de projetos e ações que têm em comum o objetivo da produção de um conhecimento sem fronteiras. / This research aims to analyze the contributions and limitations arising from the academic cooperation established between universities in different countries. With the use of methodological triangulation, it sought to recover the different university concepts and configurations taken along the historic route to answer the question: is it possible that countries with temporality and distinct characteristics can build joint actions and cooperate with each other? From the study of the history of higher education in Brazil and Angola and analysis of academic cooperation agreement between the Faculty of Education, University of São Paulo (BR) and the University Lueji A\'Nkonde (AO), the research seeks to answer this issue taking into account the possibilities and difficulties arising from this process in the development of projects and actions that have in common the goal of producing a borderless knowledge.

A cooperação acadêmica internacional tem sido um importante instrumento da pesquisa científica, tendo em vista a produção do conhecimento científico em rede, a melhoria das capacidades para pesquisa e desenvolvimento, e a capacitação de docentes e pesquisadores. Ao considerar a produção do conhecimento científico como um dos objetivos intrínsecos à pesquisa, a proposta visa analisar seis Núcleos de Apoio à Pesquisa (NAP), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), para saber se e como ocorre a dinâmica de interação desses Núcleos com pesquisadores latino-americanos; como desenvolvem pesquisas; como trocam experiências com seus pares, para estar ou permanecer na fronteira do conhecimento científico; e como suas cooperações acadêmicas podem ser estratégicas para a pesquisa brasileira. Parte-se da hipótese de que muitas pesquisas desses Núcleos são elaboradas em constante interação com pesquisadores de outros países latino-americanos e são estratégicas para a pesquisa brasileira. Para sua verificação, recorreu-se a especialistas para comporem as partes teóricas constantes dos Capítulos I e II, procurou-se delimitar os procedimentos de análise na parte da metodologia, constante do Capítulo III, tentou-se analisar os dados no Capítulo IV, buscou-se discutir os resultados no Capítulo V e, nas considerações finais, tentou-se refletir sobre as informações encontradas e fornecer algumas sugestões. Foi possível verificar diferentes dinâmicas de cooperação internacional, a partir de iniciativas de setores periféricos como os Núcleos, que funcionam como componentes estratégicos das instituições de ensino superior para conectar com centros de excelência da elite intelectual, estabelecer conexões com empresas e órgãos governamentais, obter recursos financeiros, criar redes de pesquisadores, conquistar reconhecimento acadêmico, visibilidade, reputação e contribuir para o desenvolvimento da região e do país em que se encontram. / International academic cooperation has been an important tool on scientific research, mainly concerning the network scientific production of knowledge, the improvement of skills to research and development and the education training of professors and researchers. Considering the scientific production of knowledge as one of the purposes of this research, this work aims at analyzing six Research Groups (NAP) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) to research if and how their interaction dynamics has been dealt with among Latin America researchers: how they make researches, how they exchange experiences with their colleagues to be or remain at the frontier of scientific knowledge and how their academic cooperations can be strategic for Brazilian research. This work begins with the hypothesis that many researches of these Groups are developed in constant interaction with researchers from other Latin America countries and they are strategic for Brazilian research. In order to verify these suppositions, many experts contributed to make part of the theoretical Section I and II. We tried to define the procedures of analysis on methodology Section III, we intended to analyse the data on Section IV, we discussed the findings on Section V and, on final Section we tried to reflect about the found information and to give some suggestions. We could verify many different international cooperation dynamics came from periphery and isolated units, like the Groups, that work as strategic components of higher education institutions to connect with centres of excellence from intellectual elite, to interact with industries and government, to gain funding, to create network of scientists, to enhance academic acknowledgement, visibility, reputation and to contribute to the development of their contexts and country.

Nesta pesquisa foi feita uma revisão dos Programas de Cooperação Acadêmica Internacional promovidos pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) e ma exploração sobre o potencial desses programas para contribuir com a gestão do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A metodologia foi de natureza exploratória, qualitativa, e descritiva com base em uma consulta endereçada às agências que cooperam com a Capes. Foi realizada uma revisão do Estado da Arte sobre cooperação internacional da Capes e internacionalização da educação superior no Brasil, com base nos documentos disponíveis, bem como nas publicações, citações, e nos resultados de pesquisas recentes, usando o Aplicativo Publish or Perish. Também são apresentados os resultados da pesquisa documental e de outras pesquisas relacionadas aos programas de cooperação internacional e do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A partir dessa revisão foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de algumas agências que cooperam com a Capes, e também com autoridades e servidores envolvidos com os Programas de Cooperação Internacional e com a gestão do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A conclusão da pesquisa é que, programas de cooperação acadêmica internacional estabelecem relações institucionais e pessoais que, repercutem positivamente nos programas de graduação e pós-graduação brasileiros e que contribuem na formação de pessoal qualificado e de núcleos de pesquisa de excelência. / In the present research it has been made a review of International Academic Cooperation Programs promoted by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation for Graduate and Evolution of Graduate Education of the Ministry of Education of Brazil (Capes-MEC) and an exploration about the potential of these programs to contribute to the management of the Science without Borders Program. The methodology was qualitative and exploratory in nature, and descriptive based on a consultation addressed to the agencies which cooperate with the Capes. It was carried out a review on the State of the art about international cooperation and internationalization of higher education in Brazil, on the basis of the documents available, as well as in publications and citations, as well as on the results of recent research, by using the Publish or Perish Applicative (HPP). It is also presented the results of research on documents and other research related to international cooperation programs and Science without borders program. From that review were conducted interviews with representatives of some agencies that cooperate with Capes and also with the authorities and servers involved with the programs of international cooperation and Science without Borders Program. The conclusion of the research is that international academic cooperation programs provide personal and institutional relationships that resonate positively en undergraduate programs and graduate Brazilians and contribute in the training of qualified personal and research centers of excellence.

Nesta pesquisa foi feita uma revisão dos Programas de Cooperação Acadêmica Internacional promovidos pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) e ma exploração sobre o potencial desses programas para contribuir com a gestão do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A metodologia foi de natureza exploratória, qualitativa, e descritiva com base em uma consulta endereçada às agências que cooperam com a Capes. Foi realizada uma revisão do Estado da Arte sobre cooperação internacional da Capes e internacionalização da educação superior no Brasil, com base nos documentos disponíveis, bem como nas publicações, citações, e nos resultados de pesquisas recentes, usando o Aplicativo Publish or Perish. Também são apresentados os resultados da pesquisa documental e de outras pesquisas relacionadas aos programas de cooperação internacional e do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A partir dessa revisão foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de algumas agências que cooperam com a Capes, e também com autoridades e servidores envolvidos com os Programas de Cooperação Internacional e com a gestão do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A conclusão da pesquisa é que, programas de cooperação acadêmica internacional estabelecem relações institucionais e pessoais que, repercutem positivamente nos programas de graduação e pós-graduação brasileiros e que contribuem na formação de pessoal qualificado e de núcleos de pesquisa de excelência. / In the present research it has been made a review of International Academic Cooperation Programs promoted by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation for Graduate and Evolution of Graduate Education of the Ministry of Education of Brazil (Capes-MEC) and an exploration about the potential of these programs to contribute to the management of the Science without Borders Program. The methodology was qualitative and exploratory in nature, and descriptive based on a consultation addressed to the agencies which cooperate with the Capes. It was carried out a review on the State of the art about international cooperation and internationalization of higher education in Brazil, on the basis of the documents available, as well as in publications and citations, as well as on the results of recent research, by using the Publish or Perish Applicative (HPP). It is also presented the results of research on documents and other research related to international cooperation programs and Science without borders program. From that review were conducted interviews with representatives of some agencies that cooperate with Capes and also with the authorities and servers involved with the programs of international cooperation and Science without Borders Program. The conclusion of the research is that international academic cooperation programs provide personal and institutional relationships that resonate positively en undergraduate programs and graduate Brazilians and contribute in the training of qualified personal and research centers of excellence.

Nesta pesquisa foi feita uma revisão dos Programas de Cooperação Acadêmica Internacional promovidos pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) e ma exploração sobre o potencial desses programas para contribuir com a gestão do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A metodologia foi de natureza exploratória, qualitativa, e descritiva com base em uma consulta endereçada às agências que cooperam com a Capes. Foi realizada uma revisão do Estado da Arte sobre cooperação internacional da Capes e internacionalização da educação superior no Brasil, com base nos documentos disponíveis, bem como nas publicações, citações, e nos resultados de pesquisas recentes, usando o Aplicativo Publish or Perish. Também são apresentados os resultados da pesquisa documental e de outras pesquisas relacionadas aos programas de cooperação internacional e do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A partir dessa revisão foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de algumas agências que cooperam com a Capes, e também com autoridades e servidores envolvidos com os Programas de Cooperação Internacional e com a gestão do Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras. A conclusão da pesquisa é que, programas de cooperação acadêmica internacional estabelecem relações institucionais e pessoais que, repercutem positivamente nos programas de graduação e pós-graduação brasileiros e que contribuem na formação de pessoal qualificado e de núcleos de pesquisa de excelência. / In the present research it has been made a review of International Academic Cooperation Programs promoted by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation for Graduate and Evolution of Graduate Education of the Ministry of Education of Brazil (Capes-MEC) and an exploration about the potential of these programs to contribute to the management of the Science without Borders Program. The methodology was qualitative and exploratory in nature, and descriptive based on a consultation addressed to the agencies which cooperate with the Capes. It was carried out a review on the State of the art about international cooperation and internationalization of higher education in Brazil, on the basis of the documents available, as well as in publications and citations, as well as on the results of recent research, by using the Publish or Perish Applicative (HPP). It is also presented the results of research on documents and other research related to international cooperation programs and Science without borders program. From that review were conducted interviews with representatives of some agencies that cooperate with Capes and also with the authorities and servers involved with the programs of international cooperation and Science without Borders Program. The conclusion of the research is that international academic cooperation programs provide personal and institutional relationships that resonate positively en undergraduate programs and graduate Brazilians and contribute in the training of qualified personal and research centers of excellence.

A cooperação acadêmica internacional tem sido um importante instrumento da pesquisa científica, tendo em vista a produção do conhecimento científico em rede, a melhoria das capacidades para pesquisa e desenvolvimento, e a capacitação de docentes e pesquisadores. Ao considerar a produção do conhecimento científico como um dos objetivos intrínsecos à pesquisa, a proposta visa analisar seis Núcleos de Apoio à Pesquisa (NAP), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), para saber se e como ocorre a dinâmica de interação desses Núcleos com pesquisadores latino-americanos; como desenvolvem pesquisas; como trocam experiências com seus pares, para estar ou permanecer na fronteira do conhecimento científico; e como suas cooperações acadêmicas podem ser estratégicas para a pesquisa brasileira. Parte-se da hipótese de que muitas pesquisas desses Núcleos são elaboradas em constante interação com pesquisadores de outros países latino-americanos e são estratégicas para a pesquisa brasileira. Para sua verificação, recorreu-se a especialistas para comporem as partes teóricas constantes dos Capítulos I e II, procurou-se delimitar os procedimentos de análise na parte da metodologia, constante do Capítulo III, tentou-se analisar os dados no Capítulo IV, buscou-se discutir os resultados no Capítulo V e, nas considerações finais, tentou-se refletir sobre as informações encontradas e fornecer algumas sugestões. Foi possível verificar diferentes dinâmicas de cooperação internacional, a partir de iniciativas de setores periféricos como os Núcleos, que funcionam como componentes estratégicos das instituições de ensino superior para conectar com centros de excelência da elite intelectual, estabelecer conexões com empresas e órgãos governamentais, obter recursos financeiros, criar redes de pesquisadores, conquistar reconhecimento acadêmico, visibilidade, reputação e contribuir para o desenvolvimento da região e do país em que se encontram. / International academic cooperation has been an important tool on scientific research, mainly concerning the network scientific production of knowledge, the improvement of skills to research and development and the education training of professors and researchers. Considering the scientific production of knowledge as one of the purposes of this research, this work aims at analyzing six Research Groups (NAP) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) to research if and how their interaction dynamics has been dealt with among Latin America researchers: how they make researches, how they exchange experiences with their colleagues to be or remain at the frontier of scientific knowledge and how their academic cooperations can be strategic for Brazilian research. This work begins with the hypothesis that many researches of these Groups are developed in constant interaction with researchers from other Latin America countries and they are strategic for Brazilian research. In order to verify these suppositions, many experts contributed to make part of the theoretical Section I and II. We tried to define the procedures of analysis on methodology Section III, we intended to analyse the data on Section IV, we discussed the findings on Section V and, on final Section we tried to reflect about the found information and to give some suggestions. We could verify many different international cooperation dynamics came from periphery and isolated units, like the Groups, that work as strategic components of higher education institutions to connect with centres of excellence from intellectual elite, to interact with industries and government, to gain funding, to create network of scientists, to enhance academic acknowledgement, visibility, reputation and to contribute to the development of their contexts and country.

This study analysed the entrepreneurial intentions of academic researchers to create spinoffs in a country where the phenomenon of academic spinoffs is emerging. The study consisted of a quantitative analysis of entrepreneurial intentions, performed within the context of South Africa’s Higher Education Institutions and Science Councils.The study drew from psychological and entrepreneurship research on intentionality to measure the level of entrepreneurial intentions using specific determinants (entrepreneurial self-efficacy, personal networks, perceived role models, number of years spent at the academic institution, number of patents/ copyrights/ designs, type of research, and cooperation with industry) that characterise the emergence of academic entrepreneurial intentions that lead academics to the creation of spinoffs. The study also aimed to determine if there were differences in the entrepreneurial intentions between researchers in technical and non-technical fields of expertise.A quantitative online survey was conducted amongst researchers in higher education institutions and science councils, followed by data analysis using a multiple linear regression to measure the entrepreneurial intentions. Thereafter a determination of factors associated with the higher levels of intention and a comparison of the level of intentions was conducted between researchers from the two study groups using an analysis of coefficients and significance tests respectively.The study showed that the entrepreneurial intentions of researchers in South Africa were very low. It was also shown that entrepreneurial self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of academic entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore it was found that there was no significant difference in the entrepreneurial intentions between researchers in technical and non technical fields of expertise. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

近年來，在全球化市場競爭之衝擊下，企業競爭日益激烈，誰能較早取得關鍵技術，並將之轉化為公司內部的技術能力，將是一個公司開拓或保有市場的一項關鍵因素；對那些知識及技術本位的企業，更是如此。然而，在如此激烈競爭的環境中，為求快速、正確且有效率的取得技術知識，已無法由企業內部獨自完成。據此，尋求外部的技術知識來源已是企業決策者所必須正視的課題。 因此，就國內的企業研究環境而言，如何運用產學合作機能，利用學校與企業資源，雙方在合作上發揮科技資源整合互補效應，以減少學校基礎研究與企業應用研究之間的差距。不過，為何在同一個研究單位，執行技術移轉的績效成果有顯著的差異。什麼是產學績效的評定標準、什麼是它影響技術移轉執行的顯著因子、它們之間的關係如何？本研究討論主軸專注在專案技術移轉執行過程。 目前國內及國外對於產學合作的相關研究很多，有些學者對於產學合作的機制、動機、合作成效、關鍵成功因素作討論；也有些學者針對某特定區域中的產學合作現況作研究，但是研究方向大多以學校的角度評估產學合作的績效，很少看到以公司研究單位的角度來了解影響因子。因而，由公司端探究企業影響產學合作執行績效的要素，也是本研究另一個特色。 希望藉由影響執行過程的因素和績效這兩個構面，所產生的問題，逐一的討論，希望能了解這些因子的因果關係。在未來產學合作專案中，加強做好不足的地方。使合作的結果更加理想。 / In recent years, it’s a key factor for a company to develop or to keep market by getting a core technology earlier and converting it into a company’s internal technical competence. Such scenario is also applied for those enterprises which are knowledge and technology -oriented. However, it is very difficult for an enterprise alone to get a core technology promptly, correctly and efficiently under highly competitive environment. Therefore, seeking outer source of technical knowledge is an essential lesson for an entrepreneur. As for domestic setting of enterprise’s research, it is important to shorten the gap between academic theoretical research and industrial applied research through integrating technical resources from both university and enterprise to obtain compensatory effects for each other on the cooperative basis. However, there is an obvious discrepancy on the performance of executing technical transfer in the same research unit. What are the criteria for evaluating industrial performance and academic one? What are the obvious factors which affect execution of technical transfer? And what are their relationships? This research focuses on the executive process of technical transfer. There are many domestic and foreign researches done on the topic of cooperation between the industry and the academy. Some scholars have discussed about the system, motive, result and key successful factor of the cooperation between the industry and the academy. Some other scholars have done research on present situation of cooperation between the industry and the academy in certain area, but many researches have been done in the academic way of evaluating performance of cooperation between the industry and the academy. Fewer researches have been done in the industrial way of estimating the influential factors. Another special feature of this research is the executive performance of cooperation between the industry and the academy could be affected by the industry. I hope those problems caused by the factors which affect the executive process and its performance can be discussed individually, and the relationship between cause and effect can be understood properly. Also, I wish I can do well in those areas needed to be enhanced in the future project of cooperation between the industry and the academy, and make it better for the result of such cooperation.

本研究旨在探討新創教育公司創業階段發展歷程之產學合作中的組織學習與社群發展活動。依公司的創業發展程度區分兩個時期: 初期與成長期進行分析。期待能夠提供一些實務與學理的貢獻。 本研究方法乃採用「個案研究法」來進行。透過新創教育公司的個案研究可以較深入去探討實務上，如何的進行於產學合作中的各項活動。 本研究之問題有四: 1.在創業階段的不同時期中，產學合作的資源連結方面分別如何 ? 2. 在創業階段的不同時期中，產學合作的主要問題及解決方案為何 ? 3.創業階段，不同時期中，實踐社群的培育重點為何 ? 以及社群培育與維繫的問題 ? 4.創業階段，創業團隊，於組織學習方面，如何達到有效學習 ? 學習來源和主要方式為何 ? 本研究獲得以下之主要結論: 本研究分析所得的主要結論 : 一、創業階段，不同時期需求，產學合作的非正式資源聯結重點不同。 二、價值觀及新公司無品牌吸引力是創業兩階段的產學合作困擾發生的主 因，而成長期的學校教師流動也造成產學合作的困擾。 三、創業階段初期，立即開始實踐社群的培育，有助於產學合作的完成。 四、以共同活動的參與有助於實踐社群的發展。 五、個人的專業認知差異和地域關係，都會影響社群的永久發展。 六、重視目標達成、知識創新、知識推廣及容許失敗實驗的學習，都有助 於組織學習效果的提升。 七、親身體驗及實驗學習都是跨領域創業組織學習的有效方式。 / The purposes of this study were to explore the industry-academic cooperation of the development of an entrepreneurial stage of a new education firm in organizational learning and cultivating communities of practice. Based on a real case study, the entrepreneurial stages of this new firm’s industry-academic cooperation activities can be divided into two stages including early stage and growth stage. According to the different entrepreneurial stage of a new education firm, the study aims to investigate the questions: 1.How about the main resource linkage between the firm and the academic in the industry-academic cooperation? 2. What are the main problem and the solution in the industry-academic cooperation activities? 3. What is the key point of the cultivating communities of practice? 4. For the Firm’s organizational learning, how to get the effective learning in which learning resource and learning type? According to the different entrepreneurial stage of a new education firm, the main findings of the study were as follows: 一、The different resource linkages demanding existed in different stage. 二、The concept of value and the new firm without brand are the main problem in the industry-academic cooperation activities. The teacher will be transferred to another school is the problem of the industry-academic cooperation activities in the growth stage. 三、The cultivating communities of practice from the early stage are helpful to develop the industry-academic cooperation. 四、The co-work is helpful to develop the community of practice. 五、The community will not be retained by the expert who holds on one’s own views and the different area where the community people live. 六、The effective learning of the organizational learning is to pay attention to the target approaching, knowledge creation, knowledge spreading and failure permitting. 七、Learning through practice and demonstration are effective resource and type.