Bakgrund: Under hösten 2015 drabbades Europa av den största flyktingkrisen i modern tid. Av de totalt 163 000 flyktingar som passerade den svenska gränsen var många ensamkommande barn som fördelades ut i kommunerna av Migrationsverket. Kommunerna kan i sin tur delvis hantera detta mottagande genom ramavtalsupphandling av asylplatser, men behovet har tidigare år varit litet. Flyktingkrisen ökade således dramatiskt efterfrågan på platser, vilket försatte kommunerna i en pressad situation och ställde krav på resiliens. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och förstå hur offentlig upphandling fungerar i en krissituation, genom att undersöka kommunernas upphandling av HVB-hem och konsulentstödda familjehem/jourhem under hösten 2015 samt se hur dessa hanterat sitt mottagande av ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Metod: Syftet uppnås genom en kvalitativ flerfallstudie fokuserad på ett fåtal undersökta kommuner. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom nio semistrukturerade intervjuer samt sekundärdata i form av en dokumentstudie. Slutsats: Offentlig upphandling är idag reglerat av en mycket strikt och tidskrävande lagstiftning som i detalj styr upphandlingsförfarandet för berörda myndigheter. Endast mindre upphandlingar tar minst ett halvår att genomföra, oavsett hur stort behovet på den aktuella varan är. Eftersom krissituationer karaktäriseras av tidsbrist och överraskning fungerar dessa således dåligt tillsammans, vilket var tydligt under flyktingkrisen. De ökade flyktingströmmarna skapade då ett stort platsbehov som snabbt behövde hanteras, men nya ramavtal skulle ändå inte finnas att tillgå förrän långt in på 2016. I krissituationer får därför upphandling ske genom direktupphandling, vilket dock kunnat innebära en betydligt högre prisnivå. Hur kommunerna sedan hanterat sitt flyktingmottagande har till stor del berott på vilka förutsättningar som funnits. De som kunnat bygga ut egna HVB-hem och överbelägga dessa och/eller haft det lättare att värva egna familjehem kunde rent ekonomiskt anta ett mer resilient bemötande av krisen än de kommuner som tvingats direktupphandla. Ur ett sammantaget perspektiv är bedömningen svårare då alla alternativ haft olika för- och nackdelar som måste vägas mot varandra. / Background: During the fall of 2015 Europe suffered from the most severe refugee crisis in modern time. Out of the 163 000 refugees that crossed the Swedish border about 35 000 were classified as unaccompanied minors, whom were later allocated to the municipals by Migrationsverket. The municipals in turn solve this reception partly by framework agreements of asylum accommodations. The refugee crisis dramatically increased the demand for accommodation, which put the municipals under pressure and raised the need for resilience from them. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe and to understand how public procurement functions in a crisis situation by investigating Swedish municipals procurement of homes for care and resident (HVB) and consultant supported foster homes during the fall of 2015 and to see how they have managed their reception of unaccompanied minors. Methodology: The aim is achieved by using a qualitative multiple case study focused on a small number of investigated municipals. The empirical material has been sampled from nine semi-structured interviews as well as secondary data in the form of relevant documents. Conclusion: Public procurement is regulated by a legislation which is considered very time-consuming as well as administratively demanding. Even minor procurements take at least six months to execute independently of how high the demand of the required good or service is. Since crises are characterized by surprise and time shortage, these work poorly together, something which became exceedingly apparent during the refugee crisis. The high number of unaccompanied minors rapidly increased the demand for accommodations, but new framework agreements could not be obtained until they had been in procurement for at least a year. In crisis situations, the use of accelerated procedure is therefore necessary. How the municipals solved their reception depended largely on their different prerequisites. Those who could find other ways to create new places besides using accelerated procedure could also out of an economic perspective withtake a more resilient refutation of the crisis. However, from a more multidisciplinary approach it is difficult to determine which alternatives that were the most resilient options for the municipals since all of them had advantages and disadvantages.

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Faculty of Science University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. February 2017. / The work done in this thesis on finite planning horizon inspection models has demonstrated that with the advent of powerful computers these days it is possible to easily find an optimal inspection schedule when the lifetime distribution is known. For the case of system time to failure following a uniform distribution, a result for the maximum number of inspections for the finite planning models has been derived. If the time to failure follows an exponential distribution, it has been noted that periodically carrying out inspections may not result in maximization of expected profit. For the Weibull distributions family (of which the exponential distribution is a special case), evenly spreading the inspections over a given finite planning horizon may not lead to any serious prejudice in profit. The case of inspection models where inspections are of non-negligible duration has also been explored. The conditions necessary for inspections that are evenly spread over the entire planning horizon to be near-optimal when system time to failure either follows a uniform distribution or exponential distribution have been explored. Finite and infinite planning horizon models where inspections are imperfect have been researched on. Interesting observations on the impact of Type I and Type II errors in inspection have been made. These observations are listed on page 174. A clear and easy to implement road map on how to get an optimal inspection permutation in problems first discussed by Zuckerman (1989) and later reviewed by Qiu (1991) for both the undiscounted and discounted cases has been given. The only challenge envisaged when a system has a large number of components is that of computer memory requirements - which nowadays is fast being overcome. In particular, it has been clearly demonstrated that the impact of repair times and per unit of time repair costs on the optimal inspection permutation cannot be ignored. The ideas and procedures of determining optimal inspection permutations which have been developed in this thesis will no doubt lead to huge cost savings especially for systems where the cost of inspecting components is huge. / XL2018

The service life and electrocatalytic activity of tantalum oxide/iridium oxide coated titanium plate and mesh anodes used in the electrolytic production of chromic acid were investigated by performing accelerated life tests, voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements in chrome (VI) solutions. Experimental results showed that the service life for the coated mesh anode was 1059 hours, compared to 828 hours for the plate anode at a current density of 1.2 A cm-2. In addition, the coating failed earlier in higher chromic acid concentration. Physical analysis by SEM and EDS before and after accelerated life test confirmed that the deactivation was a result of corrosion of IrO2 followed by titanium substrate passivation. A simple and rapid method for assessing the electrocatalytic activity of iridium–tantalum oxide coating based on a chronoamperometric technique was developed.

Neste trabalho estudou-se a influência da substituição de TiO2 por Ta2O5 nas propriedades estruturais e eletrocatalíticas do sistema RuO2/Ta2O5. Uma investigação sistemática das propriedades estruturais, morfológicas, eletroquímicas e eletrocatalíticas para a produção de O2 em meio ácido foi conduzida usando ânodos de composição nominal Ti/(x)RuO2(1 – x)Ta2O5 (x = 0,1; 0,3; 0,5; 0,8), preparados por decomposição térmica (450 e 500 oC por 1h sob fluxo de 5 L min-1 de O2) das misturas precursoras preparadas em isopropanol (Aldrich). Os sais de cloretos precursores foram (RuCl3.xH2O e TaCl5 – Aldrich). Análises da composição e da morfologia da camada de óxidos foram feitas antes e após os testes acelerados de vida (TAV), através das técnicas de EDX (Energia dispersiva de raios-X) e MEV (Microscopia eletrônica de varredura) respectivamente. A microscopia mostrou estrutura de “barro-rachado" para a maioria dos filmes. As análises de EDX evidenciaram uma redução do conteúdo do Ru após o TAV. Os dados sobre a estrutura foram obtidos por DRX (Difração de raios-X) e mostraram forma rutílica para o RuO2 e ortorrômbica para Ta2O5. Os voltamogramas cíclicos deste sistema em meio ácido (0,5 mol dm-3 de H2SO4) apresentaram as bandas características da dupla Ru(III) / Ru(IV). Em baixos sobrepotenciais, o coeficiente de Tafel, b, apresenta valores entre 40 mV e 60 mV. Os valores de resistência ôhmica (0,5 – 2,0 W) sugerem que a queda ôhmica do sistema pode ser atribuída principalmente à resistência da solução. A atividade eletrocatalítica apresentou uma forte dependência em relação ao conteúdo de RuO2 no filme, aumentando conforme o aumento da quantidade de RuO2 na composição. A estabilidade do sistema foi avaliada pelo TAV, utilizando eletrólise a corrente constante (750 mA cm-2 e T = 80 oC em solução de H2SO4 0,5 mol dm-3). As análises dos resultados mostraram uma relação entre o tempo de operação do eletrodo e a quantidade do componente ativo (RuO2). A substituição de titânio por tântalo (x = 0,5) apresentou uma melhora considerável (54%) no tempo de operação destes óxidos. Estes resultados apontam o sistema Ru/Ta como um recobrimento bastante promissor para operação em condições drásticas. / In this work it was investigated the structural and electrochemical properties of the RuO2/Ta2O5 system. A systematic investigation of structural, morphologic, electrochemical and eletrocatalytic properties for O2 evolution from acidic solutions was conducted using anodes of nominal composition Ti/(x)RuO2(1 + x) Ta2O5 (x = 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.8), prepared from appropriate mol ratio by thermal decomposition (450 and 500 oC for 1 h under O2-flux of 5 L min-1) from alcoholic (isopropanol – Aldrich) solutions of the precursors mixtures (RuCl3.xH2O and TaCl5 - Aldrich). Analyses of the composition and the morphology of the oxide layer were investigated before and after accelerated life tests (ALT), through EDX techniques (Energy Dispersive X-rays) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) respectively. SEM results showed typical mud-flat-cracking morphology for the majority of the films. EDX analyses even after total deactivation evidenced the reduction of the content of Ru in the coating. Structure data have been obtained by XRD (X-rays diffraction) and which showed the rutile-type struture for RuO2 and orthorhombic one for Ta2O5. Cyclic voltammograms of this system where registered in acidic solutions (0.5 mol dm-3 of H2SO4). The observed peak has been attributed to the solid-state redox transition of Ru(III)/Ru(IV). At low overpotentials, Tafel slope, b, ranges from 40 - 60 mV. The RW-values found (0.5 – 2.0 W), are in agreement with other RuO2-based oxide electrodes. This is a good evidence that the ohmic drop of the system can be attributed mainly to solution resistance. The eletrocatalytic activity shows a strong dependence with the RuO2 content in the film. The stability of the electrodes are evaluated by the ALT, performed at 0.5 mol dm-3 in aqueous H2SO4 (750 mA cm-2 and T = 80 oC). The results shows a straight relation between the ALT-values and the amount of active component (RuO2) presented in the coating. Changing TiO2 by Ta2O5 (x = 0.5) showed a considerable improvement (54%) in the ALT-values of these oxides. These results it is a good indication that Ru/Ta system might be a promising coating to operate under drastic conditions.

Os ensaios acelerados de pavimentos em escala real consistem na aplicação controlada de uma carga de roda igual ou acima da carga máxima legal permitida, em uma estrutura de pavimento, seja este um pavimento-teste ou uma via existente, para se determinar a resposta do sistema e o seu desempenho sob condições controladas e aceleradas de acúmulo de danos num espaço limitado de tempo (METCALF, 1996). Esses ensaios podem ser realizados hoje, tanto por simuladores instalados em campos de prova destinados a este único fim, quanto por simuladores móveis, cuja composição é rebocável ou autopropelida e pode ser posicionada no local a ser pesquisado, o que se mostra especialmente vantajoso no estudo de materiais e técnicas de restauração de pavimentos por preservar as condições de contorno. Apresentam-se os resultados dos primeiros testes acelerados em pavimentos com simulador de tráfego linear móvel no Brasil e suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento das técnicas, processos de projeto e planejamento rodoviários. Apresenta-se também uma síntese dos ensaios acelerados de pavimentos em escala real com simuladores de tráfego lineares móveis, com o objetivo de mostrar o estágio atual do conhecimento nessa área, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica e associando esses conhecimentos a casos práticos. Como contribuição para futuros trabalhos, com base na análise das pesquisas já finalizadas e dos resultados já obtidos, foi elaborada uma proposta de método para a realização de simulação em pista e de ensaios a serem conduzidos antes, durante e após o término da simulação, dependendo do objetivo específico dos ensaios acelerados. / Full-scale accelerated pavement testing is defined as the controlled application of a wheel load in a pavement structure to determine the pavement system response and its performance under accelerated conditions of accumulated damage in a compressed time period (METCALF, 1996). Loads at or above the legal maximum allowed by highway agencies can be applied at test tracks, using simulators designed solely for this purpose, or at existent roads using mobile simulators positioned right at the road pavement structure. This layout provides an interesting advantage in the study of materials and pavement rehabilitation techniques by preserving field conditions, specially structural and environmental characteristics. This research describes the results from the first accelerated pavement tests with mobile linear traffic simulator in Brazil and their contribution for the development of design procedures, distress monitoring methods, and road planning. As part of this research, a wide literature review was done associated with practical case studies, the current stage of knowledge in this area, and a real scale synthesis of accelerated pavement experiments with linear mobile traffic simulators. This research proposes a simulation method for testing pavement sections and the evaluation tests to be performed according to the objective of the accelerated pavement test study. This research is a contribution to the state of practice of this type of accelerated pavement testing in Brazil and outlines the path for future applications of this technology in the country.

O entendimento dos mecanismos de degradação que agem sob os nanocompósitos poliméricos frente ao intemperismo (luz UV, calor, oxigênio, chuva ácida, entre outros), é o ponto chave para o desenvolvimento de novos aditivos e novas aplicações. Para este trabalho a síntese do nanocompósito foi realizada no estado fundido, utilizando-se uma extrusora de dupla rosca. A matriz polimérica utilizada foi o HMS-PP (polipropileno com alta resistência do fundido) sintetizado por irradiação gama e a argila Montmorilonita. Para melhor compatibilização entre a matriz e a nanocarga, foi utilizada o agente compatibilizante andrido maléico. Para os ensaios de envelhecimento ambiental e acelerado em estufa, os corpos de prova foram confeccionados por meio de termoprensagem. A caracterização dos efeitos da adição de argila e do envelhecimento nos nanocompósitos, presupôs o emprego das técnicas de ensaios mecânicos, Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória (DSC), Termogravimetria (TGA), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), Espectrometria de Fluorescêcia de Raios X por Dispersão de Comprimento de Onda (WDXRF), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Índice de Fluidez (IF), Difração de Raios-X (DRX) e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS). Foram ensaiadas amostras com 0,1; 1; 3; 5 e 10% de argila. A amostra com porcentagem de 5% de argila demonstrou uma melhor estabilidade frente ao ensaio de envelhecimento ambiental e no envelhecimento acelerado em estufa. Por outro lado na amostra com maior porcentagem de argila (10%) ocorreu o inverso, sob ensaio ambiental houve maior degradação e sob envelhecimento acelerado em estufa, manteve-se resistente até 56 dias de envelhecimento. Nas porcentagens estudas (menor que ≤ 3%) de argila, pode-se constatar um equilíbrio entre o efeito barreira da argila e a ação dos íons metálicos que aceleram o processo degradativo. / The understanding of degradation mechanism action on the polymer nanocomposites in face of weathering (UV light, heat, acid rain, among others), is the key for development of new additives and new applications. In this work the nanocomposite synthesis was carried in molten state, using twin-screw extruder. The polymer matrix was the HMS-PP (high melt polypropylene) synthesized by gamma irradiation and the nanometric inorganic component was the montmorillonite clay. For better compatibilization between the matrix and clay, it were used maleic anhydride as coupling agent. For environment and in oven accelerated aging assays, the dumbbell samples were prepared under hot pressing. The characterization of clay addition effects and aging effects on the nanocomposites, required the use of techiniques of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Xray Fluorescence (WDXRF), Scanning Eletron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spetroscopy (EDS) and mechanical properties. Samples with 0.1; 1; 3; 5; 10 % of clay were tested. The sample with 5% of clay showed better stability on the environmental assay and accelerated aging in oven assay. On the other hand, the sample with higher percent of clay (10%), was more degraded under on environmental aging than under accelerated aging in stove. In this case, became more resistant until 56 days of assay. On the studied concentrations (less than ≤ 3%) of clay, it can be seen an equilibrium between barrier effect and metallic ions action accelerating the degradative process.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar “in vitro” a alteração de cor e a rugosidade superficial de uma resina composta (Charisma®) submetidas a tratamento clareador com agente clareador Lase Peroxide Sensy® (CC) e grupo controle sem tratamento clareador (SCL), após envelhecimento (EAA) em função do tempo, realizando-se avaliação superficial complementar por meio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e EDX. Os corpos-de-prova (n=15) foram confeccionados com o auxílio de uma matriz de Teflon nas dimensões de 11x2,0mm, polidos com discos Soft Lex®, na seqüência de abrasividade decrescente e armazenados em saliva artificial a 37ºC (±1ºC), até os momentos de serem submetidos aos tratamentos propostos e à realização das leituras de alteração de cor e rugosidade superficial, nos tempos: 24 horas após a confecção (T0), após envelhecimento artificial acelerado (T1), 24 horas após clareamento (T2), 7dias (T3) e 1 mês após clareamento (T4). As leituras de alteração de cor foram obtidas com o auxílio do aparelho Espectrofotômetro (PCB6807BYK GARDNER) e para as leituras de rugosidade superfícial foi utilizado o Rugosímetro Mitutoyo SJ201P. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância ANOVA (p≤0,05). Os resultados obtidos foram: a) o fator Tempo teve efeito estatisticamente significante sobre as variáveis ΔE* (T1=T2=T3; T1=T4), L* (T0<T1=T2=T3=T4), a* (T0>T1=T2; T1=T3=T4; T4>T2), b* (T0>T1=T2=T3; T4=T3=T1; T2<T4) e rugosidade superficial (μm) (T0<T1,T2,T3,T4; T1=T2; T1<T3=T4; T2=T3=T4; b) para o fator tratamento com relação a ΔE* e fator L*(CC>SCL), para os fatores a* e b*(CC<SC), c) a interação Tratamento x Tempo não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante para as variáveis ΔE*, L*, a*, b* e rugosidade superficial, d) as superfícies após EAA apresentaram alterações d) não houve mudanças no EDX antes e após os tratamentos. Conclui-se que a resina Charisma®, apresentou alteração de cor (ΔE*>3,3) e uma estabilidade na rugosidade superficial a partir de T2. / The current study in vitro evaluated the color change and surface roughness of the composite resin Charisma® cleared with Lase Peroxide Sensy® (CCL) and control without bleaching (SCL) after accelerated artificial aging (EAA) as a function of time, performing additional surface evaluation by scanning electron microscopy (MEV) and EDX. To obtain the color change and surface roughness a Spectrophotometer (PCB 6807 BYK GARDNER) and rugosimeter (Mitutoyo SJ- 201P) were employed respectively. Measurements were carried out at five times: 24 hours after preparation (T0), after artificial accelerated aging (T1), 24 hours after bleaching (T2), 7days (T3) and 1 month after bleaching (T4). The specimens (n=15) were prepared with aid of a Teflon (10-mmin diameter and 2mm thick). The specimens were polished with discs Soft Lex®, following abrasiveness decreased, being stored in artificial saliva at 37ºC (±1ºC) until the time of undergoing the proposed treatments and the measurements. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA parametric test (p ≤ 0.05). The results were: a) time factor had a statistically significant effect on the variables ΔE* (T1 = T2 = T3, T1 = T4), L*(T0 <T1 = T2 = T3 = T4), a* (T0 > T1 = T2; T1=T3 =T4, T4>T2), b* (T0> T1=T2=T3, T4=T3=T1; T2<T4) and roughness(μm) (T0<T1,T2, T3,T4; T1 = T2; T1<T3=T4; T2=T3=T4), b) for treatment factor ΔE* and L* (CC> SCL) for the factors a*and b* (CC <SC), c) Treatment x Time interaction showed no statistically significant difference for the variables ΔE*, L*, a*, b* and surface roughness, d) after EAA the surfaces change d) before and after EAA dont have changes. It is concluded that the resin Charisma®, presented color change (ΔE *> 3.3) and surface roughness stability from T2.

A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida é causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana e é caracterizada por provocar depleção física e funcional do sistema imune do organismo, através da infecção citopática de células CD4+. Muitos fármacos anti-retrovirais tem sido desenvolvidos e estão disponíveis comercialmente. Para atuar no controle de qualidade de medicamentos deve-se continuamente estudar o desenvolvimento e a validação de novas metodologias para quantificação de fármacos, para serem aplicadas nos estudos de estabilidade de formulações farmacêuticas e na análise de produtos de degradação. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas duas técnicas analíticas, a espectrofotometria direta no UV/VIS e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), para a determinação quantitativa de zidovudina (AZT) e estavudina (d4T).em medicamentos. Ambos os métodos foram validados com relação à linearidade, exatidão, precisão, especificidade e limite de detecção e quantificação. O método validado para a CLAE foi também empregado para a determinação quantitativa da timina, produto de degradação do AZT e da d4T. A metodologia validada por CLAE foi utilizada na realização de estudos de estabilidade acelerada dos anti-retrovirais contidos nas diferentes preparações farmacêuticas. Realizou-se o estudo da estabilidade em três diferentes condições: temperatura ambiente, 40 oC / 75% UR e 50 oC / 90% UR. Tanto a zidovudina (Fabricante A) e estavudina (Fabricante B) apresentaram decaimento cinético de zero ordem com prazos de validade a 50 oC / 90% UR de 10, 3 e 2 meses, respectivamente. / The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by causing physical and functional depletion of the organism’s immune system, through the cytophatic infection of CD4+ cells. Several antiretroviral drugs has been developed and commercially made available. In order to assure the quality control of drugs it is necessary to develop and validate new analytical methodologies to perform the quantitative determination of drugs and stability studies of pharmaceutical formulations by determining the drug itself and its degradation products. In this research two analytical techniques, direct UV/VIS spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were used for the quantitative determination of zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T) in pharmaceutical preparations. Both methods were validated and parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantification, were determined. The validated HPLC method was also applied for quantitative determination of timine, a degradation product of AZT and d4T. The validated HPLC method was applied to accelerate stability studies of AZT and d4T in different pharmaceutical preparations. The stability studies were performed at three different conditions: room temperature, 40 oC / 75% RH and 50 oC / 90% RH. Both AZT and d4T (Industry A) and d4T (Industry B) pharmaceutical preparations presented a zero order degradation reaction. The three formulations presented a shelf-life of 10, 3 and 2 months, respectively, at 50 oC / 90% RH.

L'utilisation de matériaux isolants à base de granulats végétaux est en plein essor notamment pour la réhabilitation du bâti ancien, améliorant ainsi le confort des habitants. Ces matériaux possèdent des propriétés thermiques, hydriques et acoustiques appréciables. Cependant, leur développement est encore limité par le manque d'information sur l'évolution de leurs performances à long terme. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’évolution des propriétés fonctionnelles du béton de chanvre, en identifiant les mécanismes de vieillissement lorsque le matériau est exposé à différents types d'environnements. Pour cela, deux bétons de chanvre formulés avec une même chènevotte et deux liants de nature chimique différente sont retenus. L’approche utilisée dans cette étude est pluridisciplinaire (chimique, physico-chimique, microbiologique, microstructurale, acoustique, thermique et mécanique) et multi échelle. L'étude des propriétés chimiques et microstructurales permet de comprendre les variations des propriétés fonctionnelles. Dans un premier temps, la caractérisation initiale des deux formulations a permis de mettre en évidence l’absence d’influence de la nature du liant sur les propriétés fonctionnelles des isolants, ce qui peut être en partie expliqué par des microstructures similaires. Une faible résistance mécanique des matériaux, liée à l'inhibition de la prise des liants en raison de leurs interactions avec les molécules extraites de la chènevotte, a également été mise en évidence. Dans un second temps, les bétons de chanvre ainsi que la chènevotte brute sont soumis à un vieillissement accéléré en imposant des cycles d’humidification/séchage pendant deux ans. Les modifications des performances des matériaux à différentes échéances sont comparées à celles d'échantillons de référence placés à 50% d’humidité relative et une température constante contrôlée. Dans les conditions de référence, aucune variation de propriétés n'est observée. Pour le vieillissement accéléré, les variations de propriétés mises en évidence sont induites par différents paramètres. Dans le cas de la chènevotte brute, l’action des microorganismes et l’adsorption d’eau entrainent une perte de masse et l'ouverture des porosités à l'origine des variations des propriétés acoustiques et hydriques. Pour le béton de chanvre, aucun développement fongique n’est observé en surface du matériau. En revanche, l’action de microorganismes est bien visible à l’intérieur des granulats végétaux, et des mécanismes supplémentaires sont identifiés : les réactions d'hydratation et de carbonatation au sein du liant ainsi que la minéralisation de la chènevotte entrainent des variations de propriétés thermiques, acoustiques et hydriques en modifiant la microstructure des bétons de chanvre. En conclusion, l’absence de variations des propriétés des bétons de chanvre dans les conditions de référence laisse penser que dans un bâtiment réel, leurs propriétés peuvent être stables dans le temps, les pathologies observées étant alors liées à une mise en œuvre défaillante. Pour aller plus loin, les résultats obtenus lors de ce travail devront être validés par une étude in situ qui permettrait d’estimer la durée de vie de ces matériaux / The use of insulating materials based on plant aggregates is growing quickly, especially for the rehabilitation of old buildings, thus improving the comfort of residents. These materials have significant thermal, hydric and acoustic properties. However, their development is still limited by the lack of information on the evolution of their long-term performances. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the evolution of the functional properties of hemp concretes, by identifying the aging mechanisms when the material is exposed to different types of environments. For this aim, two hemp concretes formulated with one type of hemp and two binders with different chemical nature are retained. The approach of this study is multidisciplinary (chemical, physico-chemical, microbiological, microstructural, acoustic, thermal and mechanical) and multi-scale. The study of chemical and microstructural properties allows the understanding of the variations of functional properties. Firstly, the initial characterization of the both hemp concretes made it possible to demonstrate the absence of impact of the nature of the binder on the functional properties of the insulators, which can be partly explained by their similar microstructure. A weak mechanical resistance of the materials was also highlighted, related to the inhibition of the setting of the binders because of their interactions with the molecules extracted from the shiv. Secondly, hemp concretes and bulk shiv hemp are subjected to an accelerated aging by imposing cycles of humidification / drying during two years. The modifications of the material performances at different time scales are compared to reference samples stored at 50% of relative humidity and a constant controlled temperature. Under reference conditions, no variation in properties is observed. For accelerated aging, the variations of properties highlighted are induced by several parameters. In the case of bulk shiv, the action of microorganisms and the adsorption of water lead to a loss of mass and to the opening of porosities, leading to variations in acoustic properties. For hemp concretes, no fungal development is observed on the surface of the material. On the other hand, the action of microorganisms is clearly visible inside the plant aggregates, and additional mechanisms are identified: the hydration and carbonation reactions within the binder as well as the mineralization of the vegetal particles cause variations in thermal, acoustic and hydric properties by modifying the microstructure of hemp concretes.In conclusion, the absence of variations in the properties of hemp concretes in the reference conditions suggests that in a real building, their properties can be stable over time, the observed pathologies then being due to a faulty implementation. To go further, the results obtained during this work have to be validated by an in-situ study to be able to estimate the lifetime of these materials

O propósito deste estudo foi comparar a resistência ao cisalhamento (RC) e o índice de remanescente adesivo (IRA) após Envelhecimento Artificial Acelerado (EAA) de bráquetes ortodônticos metálicos fixados com compósitos autopolimerizável (Concise Ortodôntico - CS, 3M Unitek) e fotoativado (Transbond Plus Color Change - TPCC, 3M Unitek) com diferentes tratamentos de superfície do esmalte. Foram selecionados 60 pré-molares humanos recém extraídos, que tiveram suas raízes embutidas em resina acrílica ativada quimicamente de forma que a face vestibular ficasse perpendicular ao plano horizontal. Estas foram limpas com pedra pomes e água por 10 segundos, lavadas e secas. Os dentes foram separados aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n=12), segundo o tipo de tratamento de superfície do esmalte, e do compósito utilizado para fixação dos bráquetes: Grupo I - ácido fosfórico a 37% (Dental Gel, Dentsply) e CS; Grupo II - ácido fosfórico a 37% + Primer e CS; Grupo III - ácido fosfórico a 37% e TPCC; Grupo IV - ácido fosfórico a 37% + XT Primer (3M Unitek) e TPCC; e Grupo V Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer - SEP (3M Unitek) e TPCC. Após 24h da colagem dos bráquetes, metade das amostras de cada grupo (n=6) foi submetida ao EAA por 960 horas. Todas as amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento com cinzel em máquina universal de ensaios (DL 200, EMIC) na velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Após a descolagem dos bráquetes, causada pelo teste de resistência ao cisalhamento, o IRA foi avaliado em lupa (10X) e quantificado a partir de escore (0-3). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, p<0,05) e verificou-se que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os Grupos em função do EAA (p>0,05). Quando comparados os sistemas adesivos utilizados, verificou-se que o Grupo II sem EAA, apresentou a maior média de RC, resultado estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) em relação aos grupos III e V, que apresentou a menor média de RC. Quanto ao IRA, todos os grupos sem EAA apresentaram maior frequência do índice 3. Com EAA, houve aumento de frequência dos índices 1 e 2. Concluiu-se que o EAA não influenciou a RC de bráquetes ao dente, mas diminuiu a área de remanescente adesivo sobre o dente. / The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) after Accelerated Artificial Aging (AAA) of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with self-polymerizing (Concise Ortodôntico - CS, 3M Unitek) and light activated (Transbond Plus Color Change - TPCC, 3M Unitek) composites, to enamel with different surface treatments. Sixty recently-extracted human premolars were selected. Their roots were embedded in chemically activated acrylic resin so that the vestibular face was perpendicular to the horizontal plane. They were cleaned with pumice stone and water for 10 seconds, washed and dried. The teeth were randomly separated into 5 groups (n=12), according to the type of enamel surface treatment, and composite used for bracket bonding: Group I - 37% phosphoric acid (Dental Gel, Dentsply) and CS; Group II - 37% phosphoric acid + Primer and CS; Group III - 37% phosphoric acid and TPCC; Group IV - 37% phosphoric acid + XT Primer (3M Unitek) and TPCC; and Group V Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer - SEP (3M Unitek) and TPCC. Twenty-four hours after bracket bonding, half the samples from each group (n=6) were submitted to AAA for 960 hours. All the samples were submitted to shear bond strength testing with a chisel, in a Universal Test Machine (DL 200, EMIC) at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. After bracket debonding caused by the shear bond strength test, the ARI was evaluated under a loupe (10X) and quantified according to a score (0-3). Data were statistically analyzed (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, p<0.05) and it was verified that there was no statistically significant difference among Groups as a function of AAA (p>0.05). When comparing the adhesive systems used, it was verified that Group II without AAA showed the highest mean SBS, a statistically significant result (p<0.05) in comparison with Groups III and V, which showed the lowest mean SBS. As regards ARI, all the groups without AAA showed higher frequency of Index 3. With AAA, there was increased frequency of indexes 1 and 2. It was concluded that AAA did not influence SBS of brackets to the tooth, but diminished the area of adhesive remnant on the tooth.