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While the government in Norway strives for equity in health and access, factors of urbanization, modernization, and sustainable development may discourage advancement in rural municipalities. In the rural hinterlands, often where the mountain belt resides, this is known to be caused by declining employment-rates in typical rural industries like agriculture and forestry. A consequence of this has been outmigration and lower numbers in the permanent population in most rural municipalities (Rye et al., 2011). Simultaneously, there is an ongoing trend of more second homes, particularly in rural areas, ascribed to second-home owners living in the cities. More second homes are evident from the country's growth of second homes on par with residential buildings since the 1970s and the existing second-home agglomerations around the major cities (Arnesen et al., 2011). The increased technical standard in second homes, from traditional cottages to high standard recreational homes with electricity- and water-utilities has also increased the year-round frequency of use (ibid). And while the political narrative is urbanization, this increased frequency of use in second homes may support a record of significant rural redistribution with second homes and domestic migration at its core (Ellingsen, 2017). The seasonal displacement from the cities to the recreational hinterland affects supply-demand ratios to important amenities i.e. casualty clinics, ambulance stations, and hospitals. This thesis investigates the current disparity using a GIS-approach.

BAKGRUND Skolor har ett renoveringsbehov och elevantalet ökar vilket kräver fler byggnader. Därför finns ett intresse av att uppmärksamma hur klassrum för hem- och konsumentkunskap struktureras för att hjälpa elever med olika behov. Undervisningen idag syftar till att inkludera alla elever, därför behöver klassrummen vara utformade för att möta elevernas förmågor och svårigheter. Genom att anpassa den fysiska lärmiljön skapar skolorna en mer inkluderande miljö och möjliggör för alla elevers rättigheter att få en utbildning. SYFTE Syftet med studien var att undersöka den fysiska lärmiljön i klassrummen för hem-och konsumentkunskap med fokus på tillgänglighetsanpassning.  METOD En kvalitativ forskningsansats valdes för studien tillsammans med två insamlingsmetoder. En digital enkät med öppna svarsfrågor samt bilder från hem- och konsumentkunskapslokaler. Valet av två insamlingsmetoder grundas i att få ett bredare perspektiv, då lärarens egna reflektioner kunde analyseras tillsammans med den faktiska utformningen av lokalen. Analysmetoden var en kvalitativ induktivtematisk analys. RESULTAT Undervisning genomfördes i ändamålsenliga lokaler men det fanns vissa begränsningar. Exempelvis brist på plats, brist på redskap och relativt gamla och slitna köksenheter. För att främja den fysiska lärmiljön fanns bilder för redskap i lådor, skåp och på väggar, mindre innehåll i köksenheter samt ommöblering av bord. SLUTSATS De övervägande problemen som framstod var på grund av konstruktionen av lokalen. Det är relativt svårt att justera utan att göra en stor renovering, vilket kostar pengar. Sammanfattningsvis upplevs det att lärarna försöker att ha en så anpassad lokal som möjligt, men att konstruktionen hämmar deras förmåga att verkligen tillgodose alla elevers olika behov. / BACKGROUND Schools have a need for renovation and the number of students is increasing, which requires more school buildings. Therefore, there is an interest to see how classrooms for Home and Consumer Studies are structured to help students with different needs. Today's teaching aims to include all students, therefore the classrooms need to be designed to meet the students' abilities and difficulties. By adapting the physical learning environment, the schools create a more inclusive environment and enable all students' rights to receive education. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to examine the physical learning environment in classrooms for Home and Consumer Studies, with a focus on accessibility adaptation. METHOD A qualitative research approach was chosen for the study together with two collection methods. A digital questionnaire with open-answer questions, and images from the classrooms where the teaching of Home and Consumer Studies were conducted. The reason for choosing two collection methods was to gain a broader perspective, as the teacher's own reflections could be analyzed together with the actual layout of the classroom. The method of analysis was a thematic analysis based on inductive strategy. RESULTS Teaching was conducted in appropriate classrooms but there were some limitations. For example, lack of space, lack of utensils and relatively old and worn kitchen units. To promote the physical learning environment, there were pictures for utensils in drawers, cabinets and on the walls, less content in kitchen units and rearranging of the tables. CONCLUSION The majority of the problems that emerged was because of the construction of the room. It is relatively difficult to adjust without doing a major renovation, which costs money. In summary, it is possible to see that the teachers try to get the classrooms as adapted as they can, but that the structure inhibits their ability to truly meet all students' different needs.

Accessibility in the landscape has gained increased attention in recent years, and the practice of Universal Design, rather than providing ‘accessible’ accommodations as separate, distinct elements within the landscape, attempts to address social issues such as segregation by proposing an integrated accessibility and design for a diverse society. However, while proposing integration, it can be criticized as designing to the lowest common denominator and clinging to the idea of a ‘disabled’ population which must be designed down to. It frequently fails to address the complexities arising from conflicts between the needs of individuals with different disabilities and lacks a theoretical framework which would place the philosophy’s ideals within a broader social and cultural context. The poststructural project is posited as such a theoretical framework, and a means for evaluating the principles of Universal Design along with the social and cultural beliefs upon which the accessibility issue rests. Poststructuralism is used to challenge the idea of separate ‘able’ / ‘disabled’ populations on the basis that this dichotomous opposition is based on limiting conceptions of disability and fails to acknowledge the complexities which comprise the diverse fabric of society. The project is explored here as an alternative means for advancing the ideals of Universal Design within the realm of landscape architecture. Using a matrix of poststructural practices, social concepts such as normality and disability are examined and ‘deconstructed.’ Ultimately a reconstruction of the paradigm, a Critically Integrated Design, is proposed based upon the reconceptualization and resituation of accessibility and social conditions. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Fem till åtta procent av Sveriges befolkning är diagnostiserade med dyslexi och nästan tjugofem procent har läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Nittiofyra procent av Sveriges befolkning använder internet inom alla områden i vardagen, allt från utbildning och arbete till att läsa nyhetstidningar och söka information i uppslagsverk.Från tidigare forskning är det känt att kunskap om att tillgänglighet på webben är ett problem för personer med dyslexi, men inte tillräckligt många människor tar ansvar för att det ska förändras. Vår värld går från analog till digital i dagens digitalisering, därför är det viktigt att göra digitalt innehåll tillgängligt för alla typer av människor, oavsett funktionsnedsättning eller inte.Denna studie syftar till att få en djupare förståelse, genom ett frågeformulär, angående hur människor med dyslexi och/eller läs och skrivsvårigheter upplever tillgängligheten på webben idag. Studien identifierar vilka hinder dessa människor står inför när de försöker få ta del av information på webben och analyserar hur de identifierade och analyserade hindren kan användas för att skapa en ”easy-to-use-and-implement” verktygslåda. För att validera om verktygslådan hade kunnat användas på webbplatser för att anpassa hur informationen visas och därmed öka tillgängligheten, genomfördes ett användbarhetstest. När användaren inkluderas tidigt i processen är det möjligt att förbättra prototypen innan den släpps live och görs tillgänglig för utvecklare. Användbarhetstestet genomfördes i form av ett Think Aloud protocol och syftade till att koppla samman både slutanvändarens tankar med beteendet under tiden verktygslådan användes.Resultatet av studien visar att majoriteten av deltagarna inte tycker att speciellt många webbplatser idag är anpassade för personer med dyslexi. De tycker också att webbplatser borde erbjuda möjlighet att anpassa hur innehållet visas på webbsidor utan att behöva använda webbläsartillägg. Resultatet visar på att prototypen innehåller funktionalitet som minskar dessa hinder för personer med dyslexi. Man kan också se att den tidigare forskning av färger, teckensnitt, textstorlek och radavstånd är fyra av sex kategorier som deltagarna i denna studien anger som de största hindren när man försöker ta del av information på webbplatser idag. Vad deltagarna också upplevde, var att verktygsfältet hade kunnat innehålla fler val inom de utvalda kategorierna för att anpassa verktygsfältet för den enskilda personen istället för en stor grupp människor. Det är också ett av förslagen för framtida forskning. / Five to eight percent of Sweden's population is diagnosed with dyslexia and almost twenty-five percent experience reading and writing difficulties. Ninety-four percent of Sweden's population uses the internet in all areas of life, from education and work to reading newspapers and gathering information from encyclopedias. From previous research, it is known that web accessibility is a problem for people with dyslexia, but not enough people take action. The world goes from analog to digital in today's digitalization, therefore it is important to make the digital content available and accessible for all kinds of people, regardless of disability or not.This study aims to get a deeper understanding, through a questionnaire, of how people with dyslexia and/or reading and writing disabilities experience the accessibility on websites today. The study identifies what obstacles these people face when they try to access information on websites and how the identified and analyzed obstacles could be used to create an easy-to-use-and-implement toolbar to help people overcome these obstacles.. To validate if the toolbar could be used on websites to customize how the information is displayed and thereby access the information easier, a usability test was conducted. When the user is included early in the process, it is possible to improve the prototype before it is released live and available for developers to implement on their websites. The usability test was conducted through a Think Aloud protocol and aimed to connect the end-users thoughts with their behavior while using the component. The result of the study shows that the majority of the participants do not think that many websites today are adapted for people with dyslexia and think websites should offer the ability to customize how the content is displayed on web pages without having to use browser extensions. The result also shows that the easy-to-use-and-implement toolbar includes functionality that will decrease these obstacles for people with dyslexia. You can also see that the previous research on colors, font style, font size, and line spacing is four of six categories the participants in this study see, as the biggest obstacles when they try to access information on websites today. What they also experienced was that the toolbar should include more choices within these categories to customize the toolbar for the individual person instead of a large group of people, which also is one of the suggestions for future research.

As a field intricately connected to human experience and interaction, technical and professional communication (TPC) is historically, ethically, and practically tooled to address issues of equality, diversity, and access. While these important issues have not always been the focal point of TPC, the recent turn toward social justice has scholars asking critical questions about how users access information, how specific design practices may privilege some and disenfranchise others, and how we can be more inclusive across our communication practices. In this dissertation, I argue that it is within reach of TPC to address the specific problem of access—the gap between what we believe to be accessible and what is actually accessible—and to begin to change specific norms (beliefs, standards, guidelines, etc.) that guide our practices. We change norms, or the typical way we do things, by exposing them, disrupting them, and developing new, more inclusive practices. I argue that we can create new norms that are liberated from unjust assumptions of embodied ability and include accessibility as a normalized part of the design process.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Purpose: This study analyzes the factors associated with eye care service utilization among Peruvians 50 years of age and older, measured as self-reporting of having undergone examination of visual acuity during the last 12 months. Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES, for its acronym in Spanish) database was carried out. We estimated the weighted proportion of adults 50 years of age and older that reported having undergone a visual acuity examination in the previous 12 months and the frequency according to the variables of interest. Crude (PR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of eye care service utilization were constructed using generalized linear models. Results: Approximately 28.8% of Peruvians 50 years of age and older underwent a visual acuity examination in the previous 12 months. Having a higher education (aPR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.33–2.40), health insurance such as EsSalud (aPR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.28–1.87), a previous diagnosis of cataracts (aPR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.67–2.09) and being part of the richest wealth quintile (aPR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.74–3.20) were associated with greater utilization of eye care services, while living in the jungle was associated with a lower likelihood of utilization of these services. Conclusion: The unequal distribution of health resources within the territory and socioeconomic gaps among the population could explain our findings. Further efforts are needed to fulfill the eye health needs of the Peruvian population.

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The access dimensions to the local, urban food environment of adults in the eastern suburbs of the Tshwane metropolitan are explored and described. The study further determined how the food access dimensions contribute to the food choices and food consumption patterns of the study group. South Africa has the highest rate of urbanisation in the world. Moving to and living in urban areas usually result in major shifts in people’s food consumption patterns and lifestyles which are associated with non-communicable diseases. Intervention strategies aimed at changing consumers’ food behaviour often fail to recognise the complexities associated with the local urban food environment and the contribution of the food access dimensions. This study fills the gap on the limited information on the food access dimensions and food choices of white South African urban adults. A mixed methods approach was followed in this cross-sectional study that consisted of two phases. In the first quantitative phase, an electronic survey questionnaire was used to gather information on respondents’ usual food shopping and eating patterns, together with aspects related to the local urban food environment. The questionnaire was completed by a total of 230 white adults residing in regions 3, 4 and 6 of the Tshwane metropolis. The second qualitative data collection phase used Geographic Information System (GIS) measurement to identify, describe and map all the food retail outlets in the eastern suburbs of Tshwane. From the mapped food stores in regions 3, 4 and 6, stores were purposively selected and in-store observations were conducted to gain information and insight into the variety, quality and price of food products on offer in these food retail stores. A food basket was developed to obtain and compare the price of certain food products. Food prices between food stores were compared, as well as with the Consumer Price Index. Results indicated a minimal difference in price and it is concluded that most of the food products seemed to be affordably-priced to adults in Tshwane. Results confirm that urban consumers in Tshwane have easy, adequate access to food stores and purchase most of their food at supermarkets at least once or more times a week. The results also prevailed that a variety of good quality, affordable food products are available and accessible at food stores close to them and that they find the stores accommodating and food products acceptable. Although the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) of 6.20 reflected that the majority of the respondents daily consumed a variety of food, they do not follow all the guidelines of the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines for South Africa, which might have an impact on their future health. This research contributes to a better understanding of how the access dimensions in the local urban food environment contribute to urban consumers’ food choices. By exploring the local urban food environment of urban consumers in Tshwane, this study contributed to fill the knowledge gap on this topic in South Africa. / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Consumer Science / MConsumer Science / Unrestricted