En viktig aspekt av webbutveckling är att skapa webbplatser som är tillgängliga för så mångaanvändare som möjligt. Från och med 2019 gäller en lag i Sverige som reglerar webbplatserstillgänglighet i enlighet med ett EU-direktiv. Denna uppsats beskriver en utvärdering av 32svenska webbplatsers tillgänglighet med EU-direktivet om webbtillgänglighet som måttstock.Utvärderingen visar vilka tillgänglighetsproblem som är vanligt förekommande. Majoritetenav de utvärderade webbplatserna uppfyller inte krav på text som kan förstoras till 200%, kravpå tydliga markörer av fokuserade element vid tangentbordsnavigation, krav på alternativabeskrivningar av innehåll som inte är text, samt krav på kod som validerar. / An important aspect of web development is making websites that are accessible for as manyusers as possible. In 2019, a new law is applied in Sweden which regulates the accessibilitydemands of websites according to an EU directive. This thesis presents an evaluation made onthe accessibility of 32 Swedish websites using the EU directive as a standard. The evaluationshows the most common accessibility problems. The majority of evaluated websites do notcomply with demands on text that can be magnified by 200%, demands on distinct markers offocused elements when navigating with the keyboard, demands on alternative descriptions ofcontent that is not text, and demands on code that validates.

A constante evolução da Web tem se mostrado como um fenômeno mundial que rapidamente precisa responder aos diversos segmentos da sociedade atual, com websites e aplicativos de compras, governo, bancos, entretenimento e outros. Nesse contexto, é necessário que o conteúdo Web possibilite acesso aos mais diferentes perfis de usuários, independentemente de suas deficiências ou necessidades especiais. Um outro fenômeno mundial é o envelhecimento da população. Os usuários senescentes (pessoas que estão em processo de envelhecimento, o qual acarreta declínio físico e mental gradual, ocorrendo geralmente nos indivíduos a partir de 60 anos de idade), apresentam algumas de suas capacidades reduzidas e, encontram, naturalmente, barreiras ao interagir com os serviços e conteúdos disponibilizados na Web. Essa população tem apresentado um índice de crescimento demográfico grande neste século em relação ao que se via nas gerações passadas. Apesar das exigências de legislação específica, recomendações e diretrizes que auxiliam o desenvolvimento de conteúdo acessível e usável, ainda há muitos problemas de acessibilidade e usabilidade que precisam ser resolvidos, diante do rápido avanço tecnológico observado nos recursos da Web atual. Em especial, observa-se pouca atenção às dificuldades que usuários senescentes possuem, pois a maioria de websites são projetados considerando como público-alvo, pessoas mais jovens e especializadas, muitas vezes, treinadas para interagir nos websites. Portanto, é relevante um apoio para avaliação das páginas Web, visando atender as necessidades dos usuários senescentes. A proposta deste projeto foi desenvolver um apoio para a avaliação de acessibilidade e usabilidade na Web, considerando-se o perfil dos senescentes, com vistas a proporcionar um feedback objetivo, aos desenvolvedores e especialistas. Esse apoio foi elaborado por meio de um Checklist que foi desenvolvido, com base em procedimentos científicos, e análises realizadas, sobre sua aplicação. / The constant evolution of the Web has proven to be a worldwide phenomenon that quickly needs to address the various segments of current society (websites and web applications, government, banks, entertainment and others). In this context, it is necessary that the Web content provides the possibility of access to the different user profiles, regardless of their disabilities or special needs. Another worldwide phenomenon is the aging population. The senescent users (people who are in the aging process, which leads to gradual physical and mental decline, usually occurring in individuals from the age of 60) have some of their capacities limited and they face barriers to interact with services and content available on the Web. This population has shown a high growth rate in this century in comparison to what was observed in past generations. Despite of the demands for specific legislation, recommendations and guidelines that assist the development of content accessible and usable, there are still many problems of accessibility and usability that need to be solved, given the rapid technological advances seen in the current Web resources. In particular, there is little attention to the difficulties that senescent users have, given that most websites are designed considering target audience that usually is composed of young people and specialists, often trained to interact on websites. Therefore, it is important to support evaluation of Web pages, to meet the requirements of senescent users. The purpose of this project is to develop a support for the evaluation of web accessibility and usability, focusing on the older people, in order to provide clear feedback to developers and experts. This support was prepared by a Checklist that was developed based on scientific procedures, and analyzes on its application.

Web accessibility guidelines have textual representation and provide little support in systematic analysis and usage. The study hypothesizes that the guidelines can be reorganized and represented using the goal oriented technique and design patterns which will allow their usage in a more systematic manner and accommodate detailed analysis of the guidelines with other competing goals. For this study, knowledge from web designers’ experiences in using the guidelines, researchers’ findings, and the actual guidelines have been amalgamated. Six web designers have been consulted on a one-on-one basis and difficulties in using the guidelines for (1) specific scenarios, (2) systematic application, and (3) detailed systems analysis have been reported. Goal oriented modeling and design patterns have been introduced for (1) graphical representation of the guidelines using goal graphs, and (2) keeping the technical details separate from the goal graphs. The proposed representation allows for the accessibility guidelines to be systematically applied into interface design, and systems design using the goal oriented modeling technique.

Web accessibility guidelines have textual representation and provide little support in systematic analysis and usage. The study hypothesizes that the guidelines can be reorganized and represented using the goal oriented technique and design patterns which will allow their usage in a more systematic manner and accommodate detailed analysis of the guidelines with other competing goals. For this study, knowledge from web designers’ experiences in using the guidelines, researchers’ findings, and the actual guidelines have been amalgamated. Six web designers have been consulted on a one-on-one basis and difficulties in using the guidelines for (1) specific scenarios, (2) systematic application, and (3) detailed systems analysis have been reported. Goal oriented modeling and design patterns have been introduced for (1) graphical representation of the guidelines using goal graphs, and (2) keeping the technical details separate from the goal graphs. The proposed representation allows for the accessibility guidelines to be systematically applied into interface design, and systems design using the goal oriented modeling technique.

The term physical accessibility has widely been used by geographers, economists and urban planners and basically reflects the relative ease of access to/from several urban/rural services by considering various travelling costs. Numerous accessibility measures, ranging from simple to sophisticated, can be found in the GIS based accessibility modeling literature. However, whether simple or sophisticated, one of the fundamental shortcomings of the current GIS-based accessibility measures is that they are generally calculated from a fixed catchment area boundary based on constant traveling costs such as Euclidian (bird-flight) distance costs or transportation network-based average speed costs (e.g. 50 km/h for main streets and 30 km/h for local streets, etc.). Although such deterministic approaches are widely used in GIS-based accessibility modeling literature, they are not realistic, especially due to highly variable speeds in road segments and uncertainty in the accuracy and reliability of the accessibility measures. Therefore, this dissertation provides a new stochastic methodology for GIS-based accessibility modeling process by using GPS-based floating car data and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) that could handle variations in traveling costs and consider all possible catchment area boundaries, instead of one average or maximum fixed catchment area boundary. The main contribution of the research is that / the proposed physical accessibility modeling could handle uncertainties in transportation costs, create significant improvement on accuracy and reliability of accessibility measures in terms of catchment area boundaries and support decision makers who are supposed to deal with accessibility, location/allocation and service/catchment area related issues. The proposed stochastic methodology is implemented to a case study on medical emergency service accessibility, in Eskisehir, Turkey and the results of the deterministic and stochastic accessibility models are compared. The main focus of the case study is not to evaluate a specific accessibility condition in a detailed manner but to provide a methodological discussion and comparison between the deterministic and stochastic accessibility modeling process. With the implementation to a case study, it is shown that / the results of the proposed methodology are more realistic than the conventional deterministic approaches.

At a government hospital in the town of Dajabon, in the northwestern Dominican Republic, doctors and nurses must make decisions on whether or not to treat Haitian patients who have crossed the border in search of health care. This thesis examines the discourses and practices of Haitian patients and Dominican health care providers in the context of two co-existing but contrasting rhetorics: health as a human right, and medical humanitarianism. Using data collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation, I examine how social, political, and economic forces shape medical encounters on the Haitian-Dominican border.

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-165). Also available via the World Wide Web

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-04, page: 1936. Adviser: Corinne C. Aragaki. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 1994. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-154).

Purpose: This thesis investigates the accessibility in the existing housing stock in Jönköping. The inventory was carried out with the help of the handbook Accessibility in Existing Housing abbreviated as TIBB.  The aim is to investigate the extent of accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping city with TIBB, and to calculate costs for eliminating these problems. This provides a basis that contributes to improving social sustainability. To achieve the goal, the following questions were asked: (1) How many multi-family houses from the selection of 40, 50 and 60s in Jönköping, have problems with accessibility according to TIBB? (2) What is the occurrence of different types of accessibility problems in the surveyed apartment buildings? (3) What might the cost estimate be to meet the requirements of TIBB, with and without subsidization for an elevator? Method: The main method that was used for this thesis where a case-study with observation. A total of 15 real estate’s where investigated and gave data that was analyzed and gave results through data processing. A document analysis was made for cost estimate to use the same calculations to obtain generalizable figures, as well as compare costs. To give background to the problem a literature study has been accomplished which confirms that there are accessibility problems in the existing housing stock. Findings: The findings that shows that all investigated multifamily housing in the city of Jönköping have accessibility problems. Since they only reach the lowest level in TIBB. The most common accessibility problems for the investigated housing are that the lowest and highest step of stairs aren’t marked, no place for a walker outside and inside the entry, no elevator and the thresholds are higher than 15 mm. To address accessibility problems with the highest possible accessibility level for each property, the cost was estimated to amount to approximately SEK 20.0 million without subsidization when installing an elevator. The cost amounts to approximately SEK 10.4 million with subsidization when installing a elevator. Implications: The conclusions drawn are that the identified the accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping's city must be addressed to accommodate housing for the increasing proportion of elderly people in the future. Real estate companies may raise the rent by a maximum of SEK 450 per month if an elevator is installed. For real estate companies to be able to adapt their properties, which contributes to improved social sustainability, the proposal for subsidization when installing an elevator needs to go through, otherwise property companies will lose at a loss if they address accessibility problems. Limitations: Limitations in the thesis is for the year’s forties, fifties and sixties and only five multifamily houses from each decade has been inventoried. Costs relate to many different factors from a socio-economic perspective and will be limited to reasonable rent increases according to the property managers. / Syfte: Detta arbete undersöker tillgängligheten av det befintliga bostadsbeståndet i Jönköping stad. Inventeringen utfördes med hjälp av handboken Tillgänglighet i befintligt bostadsbestånd, TIBB.  Målet är att undersöka omfattningen av tillgänglighetsproblem utifrån urvalet i Jönköping stad med TIBB, samt att beräkna kostnader för att eliminera dessa problem. Detta ger ett underlag som bidrar till en förbättring av den sociala hållbarheten. För att uppnå målet ställdes följande frågeställningar: (1) Hur många flerbostadshus utifrån urvalet från 40-, 50- och 60-tal i Jönköping stad, har problem med tillgängligheten enligt TIBB? (2) Vad är förekomsten av olika typer av tillgänglighetsproblem i de undersökta flerbostadshusen? (3) Vad kan kostnadsuppskattningen vara för att uppfylla kraven i TIBB, med och utan subventionering för en hiss?  Metod: Antalet fastigheter som undersökts var 15 stycken. En fallstudie med observation gav rådata som analyserats och gett resultat genom databearbetning. En dokumentanalys gjordes inför kostnadsuppskattningen för att använda sig av samma beräkningar för att kunna få fram generaliserbara siffror, samt jämföra kostnader. För att ge bakgrund till problemet har en litteraturstudie utförts vilket bekräftar att det finns tillgänglighetsproblem i det befintliga bostadsbeståndet.  Resultat: Resultatet utifrån arbetet visade att samtliga undersökta flerbostadshusen i Jönköping har problem med tillgängligheten då de endast uppnådde den lägsta nivån enligt TIBB. De vanligaste tillgänglighetsproblemen för de undersökta flerbostadshusen är att trappans nedersta och övertas steg är ej markerade, avsaknad av uppställningsplats för rollator utanför och innanför entrén, hiss saknas samt är trösklarna över 15 mm. För att åtgärda tillgänglighetsproblemen med högsta möjliga tillgänglighetsnivå för respektive fastighet beräknades kostnaden fram till cirka 20,0 miljoner kronor utan subventionering vid installation av hiss. Kostnaden uppgår till cirka 10,4 miljoner kronor med subventionering vid installation av hiss.  Konsekvenser: Slutsatserna som dras är att de identifierade tillgänglighetsproblemen utifrån urvalet i Jönköpings stad måste åtgärdas för att tillgodose bostäder för den ökande andelen äldre människor i framtiden. Fastighetsföretagen får höja hyran med max 450 kronor i månaden om hiss installeras. För att fastighetsbolagen ska kunna tillgänglighetsanpassa sina fastigheter, vilket bidrar till en förbättrad social hållbarhet, behöver förslaget till subventionering vid installering av hiss gå igenom, annars kommer fastighetsbolagen gå med förlust om de åtgärdar tillgänglighetsproblemen.  Begränsningar: Avgränsningar i arbetet är utifrån årtal, 40-, 50- och 60-talet samt att enbart fem objekt från varje tidsepok inventeras. Kostnader berör många olika faktorer inom ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv och kommer i arbetet begränsas till rimliga hyreshöjningar enligt fastighetsförvaltarna.