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Faktoring v účetnictví a praktický pohled / Factoring in Accounting and Practical ViewMarková, Kristýna January 2015 (has links)
This diploma thesis is concerned with a financial tool called factoring. It involves an assignment of account receivables before their maturity date onto the factoring company and thus taking over their administration while providing immediate cash to the original creditor in order to sustain liquidity. Legislation of this method of financing is not yet fully resolved therefore it is crucial to focus primarily on the ecnomic substance of individual contracts. Basically, there are two major types of factoring: recourse and non-recourse depending on the level of assumed risk, together with transfer of ownerwhip of the account receivable. This fundamental distinction is inevitable for correct financial reporting which should reflect not only the accounting principles but also it should respect other implications, such as taxation.
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IPO審查階段的公司盈餘管理初探:以中國大陸之國營企業及民營企業之比較為例 / A comparative analysis of pre-IPO earnings management between SOE and NSOE in ChinaTakashi Miura Unknown Date (has links)
This study investigates an appropriate accrual-based model in detecting earnings management (EM) of Chinese firms undergoing initial public offering (IPO) process. The mainstream literatures show that state-owned enterprise (SOE) has involved with less earnings management (EM) than non-state-owned enterprise (NSOE) in pre-IPO market from 2003 to 2009. The reason is that SOE could borrow money from bank, compared to NSOE. However, SOE has been proven to conduct stronger EMs in pre-IPO market during 2011 to 2013 by manipulating with property plant and equipment (PPE), the flows of account receivable (AR) and long-term debt (LTD). Besides, I also suggest a new accrual-based model that could better fit into the unique features of Chinese firms in their process of IPO application.
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國際客帳管理業務之研究 / The International Factoring鄭宗良, Cheng Tzong Liang Unknown Date (has links)
客帳管理業務乃應運買方市場而生。本篇論文包含四個部份: 1.國際客
帳管理業務的基本概念:包括客帳管理業務的意義及特性、交易過程、業
務類型、對出進口商的功效;然後,介紹最普遍的 Two Factor System
;最後,再將國際客帳管理業務與其它融資方案作一比較。 2.國際客帳
管理業務的法律關係:包含客帳管理業務的法律基礎-應收帳款所有權的
移轉,客帳管理契約制定時客帳管理人的考慮要點。最後,論及美國統一
商法對客帳管理業務的規定。 3.國際客帳管理公約:先從起草經過、成
立的背景、成立本公約的一般考量作介紹,再進入本公約的重心,亦即本
公約的適用範圍及一般條款、當事人間的權利義務關係及帳款後續讓與的
規定。 4.國際客帳管理公約的評估:由買賣雙方所建立的買賣契約、供
應商(賣方)與客帳管理人所建立的客帳管理契約、經由帳款讓與所衍生
的債務人(買方)與客帳管理人的關係及客帳管理人與其他潛在債權人競
合帳款所有權的問題等四方面,評估此公約的良窳。
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Modelo de provisionamento de perdas de crédito em empresas do varejoHatamoto, Luis Otavio Pavan 13 December 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / This study seeks to assess whether the provision method for doubtful accounts (PDD, or 'Provisão para Devedores Duvidosos') adopted by financial institutions is applicable in retail companies and if there are adjustments needed to improve the use of these methods in this sector. Banks and other financial institutions have unique characteristics in the composition of its loan portfolio, which require the adoption of different procedures in the PDD composition against those charged by other sectors (i.e. trade, industry or services), which are free to actualize the loss provisioning. Financial companies are regulated by the Central Bank of Brazil through the Resolution of the National Monetary Council No. 2682 of December 21th 1999 which determines percentage, terms and minimum levels of classification, and which leaves the task of developing risk models for the institutions. Based on the Resolution by Central Bank of Brazil, this study evaluate the adoption of provisioning models used by financial institutions in the receivables’ portfolio from suppliers in a Brazilian retail company, and through an academic work applied to propose a model for allowance for doubtful accounts of this portfolio. The main objective is achieved due to the risk model developed fits better the provision in the losses. This benefit has two effects: first in the profits, as it reduces the expenses with allowances, and second since it smooths impacts of bad debts. / O estudo visa avaliar se o método de provisão para devedores duvidosos (PDD) adotado pelas instituições financeiras é aplicável em empresas varejistas e se há necessidade de adequações para melhorar o uso deste método neste setor. Bancos e demais instituições financeiras têm características singulares na composição de sua carteira de crédito, que obrigam a adoção de procedimentos diferenciados na composição da PDD em relação aos praticados pelos demais setores (comerciais, indústria ou de prestação de serviços), os quais são livres para realizar o provisionamento de perdas. Empresas do setor financeiro são regulamentadas pelo Banco Central do Brasil através da Resolução do Conselho Monetário Nacional de n° 2.682 de 21 de dez de 1999, que determina percentuais, prazos e níveis mínimos de classificação, deixando a cargo das instituições fazerem a classificação de risco de suas operações. Considerando esta norma do Banco Central do Brasil, este trabalho avalia a adoção do modelo de provisionamento utilizado pelas instituições financeiras, na carteira de trade allowances, que são recebíveis de fornecedores com origem em negociações comerciais realizadas entre a empresa varejista e seus fornecedores, utilizados para fomentar a venda de produtos, por exemplo, desconto no preço final, exposição diferenciada, entre outras ações e, através de um trabalho acadêmico aplicado propõe um modelo de avaliação de risco para constituição da PDD desta carteira. O principal objetivo é atingido, pois o modelo de avaliação de risco se mostra satisfatório e o método de provisionamento, seguindo a Resolução 2.682, gerou benefício a medida que melhor se adequou à perda observada. Este benefício tem efeito tanto no resultado, a medida que reduz a despesa com a provisão, como na gestão do capital de giro, pois suaviza impactos de não recebimento.
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