Jag vill med det här kandidatarbetet undersöka om Aristoteles retoriska element är relevanta idag i reklam på digitala plattformar. Hans element är ethos, logos och pathos. Ethos handlar om karaktärer, t.ex. att en person kan övertyga med ett leende. Personen verkar trevlig när hon eller han ler. Logos är information och argument, både det som är skrivet i text och vad bilder berättar och även vad typografi och färger kommunicerar till oss. I min undersökning använder jag situerad kunskap som metod. För att situera mig så analyserar jag några hemsidor, jag intervjuar tre personer och frågade då dem om de övertygas av hemsidorna och jag ska läsa texter om retorik och visuell kommunikation. Orsaken till att jag använder denna metoden är för att reklamen ska vara accountable. Med andra ord. reklamen behöver vara användbar. Den ska övertyga konsumenterna. I min undersökning kom jag fram till att mycket information och bilder på företagets sortiment och på karaktärer när de ler, har arbetskläder eller är med djur övertygar. Typografin på en logotyp till en matbutik ska se fint ut och text ska vara lättläst. Den rätta färgen till en matbutik är grön på grund av att den associerar till naturen och en del mat är grön. En hel del mat kommer ifrån naturen. / In this Bachelor thesis I want to find out if Aristoteles rhetorical elements still is relevant in advertising on digital platforms. His element is Ethos, Pathos och Logos. Ethos is about the characters. For example, a person can convince with a smile. The person seem to be nice when she or he smile. Logos is information and arguments, both what is written in text and what pictures told us and also what the typography and colours communicate to us. In my investigation I use situated knowledge as a method. For situating I make some analysis of websites, I interviewing three persons and then ask if they were convinced of the websites and I read some text about rhetoric and visual communication. The reason why I use this method is because the advertising have to be accountable. With other words, the advertising have to be useful. It have to convince the consumers. In my survey I found out that Aristoteles rhetorical elements are used today and that they convince. A lot of information and pictures on the company's range and on characters when they smile, have fatigues or is with animals convince. The typography on a logotype to a foodstore have to be nicely and the text have to be legible. The right colour to a foodstore is green because is associates to the nature and some food is green. A lot of food come from the nature.

Abstrakt Detta är ett arbete med fokus på kroppen, kroppen i vår verkliga värld. Hur kroppen rör sig i förhållande till hur den ser ut och hur kroppen rör sig i film och animation. Undersökningen syftar till att närmare se hur större företag har använt sig av kroppen i skapande av animationer och filmer. Undersökningen visar jämförelsen mellan hur företag har använt sig av kroppen för att skapa känslor och uttryck samt hur de använt sig av rörelser. Med hjälp av detta skapas det en gestaltning bestående av animationer och filmat material där kroppen är i fokus. Begrepp som matter matters (Barad. 2007) och mimesis (Olofsson. Olsson. Sörbom. u.å) hjälper oss att urskilja vilka små detaljer som gör skillnad och som har betydelse för att efterlikna det som ögat ser av kroppen i verkliga livet. Olika metoder för analys används för att analysera och granska filmer för att ta reda på hur skaparna använt sig av kroppen för att sedan föra det vidare i gestaltandet. Vid redigering har man använt metoder för att jämföra animationer genom att placera dem på eller bredvid varandra. Begreppen har hjälpts åt att skapa det vi skapat och deras betydelse av helheten. En avslutande del som diskuterar och sammanfattar vad undersökningen kommit fram till och vad gestaltningen blivit. Vad forskningen har betytt under undersökningen och vad som har använts och inte använts. Nyckelord: Accountability, mimesis, situated kunskap, matter matters. / Abstract This is a work with focus on the body, the body in our reality and how it moves compared to how it looks and moves in animation and film. An examination which have been done, focusing on bigger companies and how they have used the body in their animations and films. It also compares these companies and how they used the body to create feelings, expressions and how they have used movement. This will lead to a design with the body in focus consisting of some animations and video clips. Words like matter matters (Barad. 2007) and mimesis (Olofsson. Olsson. Sörbom. u.å) to see what details that make a difference, importance and to mimic what the eye sees of the body in reality. With help of using analysing methods to review films to see what the creators used of the body to later on use it to advantage in our own design. With some help from methods that tries out and compare animations and filmed materials, putting them together, beside each other and on top on each other. How words have helped us to create what we have created and their meaning of it all. An ending part that discuss and summarize what the examination have come to and what the design turned into. What the research meant during the examination and what has been used and not been used. Keywords: Accountability, mimesis, situated knowledge, matter matters.

Cette thèse revisite le concept d’accountability élaboré par Robert (1991), défini comme un processus itératif en trois temps, visant pour un individu à justifier un acte qu’il a commis par rapport à des valeurs et des normes, que l’individu reconnaît comme siennes. Au sein des organisations, deux accountability sont définies. L’accountability hiérarchique se réalise à distance, du fait des outils de gestion. L’accountability sociale se réalise en face-à-face par les interactions directes. Cette thèse se concentre les interactions sociales, notamment conflictuelles, pour en comprendre l’influence sur la formation de l’accountability en organisation ; ceci tant au niveau de l’individu que du groupe. La première étude s’intéresse à la formation de l’accountability d’un individu quand il fait face à deux demandes de comptes antagonistes; ceci à partir d’entretiens de salariés qui doivent, au nom de l’entreprise, répondre à une demande sociale, restant alignée sur les principes du monde des affaires. À l’aide de la conceptualisation foucaldienne de la subjectivation de l’individu par lui-même, je montre que ces demandes, sont interprétées par les salariés selon leurs convictions propres. Ils proposent une réponse personnelle. Trop spécifique par rapport aux deux demandes, elle est rejetée. L’individu ne peut plus rendre compte. Pour rétablir l’accountability, une communauté alternative, regroupant les salariés interrogés, leur permet d’être considérés comme ayant bien agi.La seconde étude questionne, à partir d’une ethnographie, réalisée au Mali, la formation de l’accountability d’un groupe dont les collègues remettent en cause la mission. Elle montre que des salariés contrarient l’accountability de leurs pairs car ils mettent en place un produit adapté aux populations rurales, avec lesquelles les salariés urbains ne veulent être assimilés. Pour comprendre ce conflit de classe, les théories post-coloniales sont mobilisées. Elles aident à révéler un déplacement de la dichotomie entre « Nord / Sud », vers une séparation des Suds « élite urbaine / populations rurales ». Pour contrer ces difficultés à rendre compte, les salariés concernés développent une relation de redevabilité envers les villageois. Ils se rendent également mutuellement des comptes pour se soutenir, et réhabiliter leur accountability hiérarchique en s’appuyant sur leurs positions respectives. Cette étude démontre qu’au sein de l’accountability hiérarchique s’opèrent des ruptures, provenant de situations interactionnelles conflictuelles, et compensées par le développement d’accountability sociales alternatives. / This doctoral thesis examines Robert’s (1991) conceptualization of accountability in conflicting situations. In organizational contexts, individuals give account in two ways; at a distance, to show that their actions are aligned with the main goals of the company – hierarchical accountability -; in face-to-face situations, to provide explanations to people they meet - social accountability. First I study how accountability takes shape when an individual faces two antagonist demands for accountabilities towards the same act. Interviews were conducted with employees from CSR departments, whose mission is about providing an answer to social demands in the name of the company, while staying aligned with business principles. With the help of Foucaldian concepts of “Ethics” and “Moral” (1991), I show that employees interpret those two demands within their own norms and provide an answer that satisfies themselves first. This specific answer is rejected. Accountability is interrupted. In order to re-establish accountability, a community is created around that specific answer, gathering employees from various companies. This community provides a space to give accounts and confirms CSR managers are acting appropriately.Second, analysing ethnographic material, I try to understand how accountability takes shape when certain employees oppose the mission of their colleagues. Precisely, the discussion takes place regarding a product, which has been developed especially for poor rural populations, who are assimilated into the “underdeveloped world” and with which the Malian elite would not be associated. First, with the help of Saïd (1978) and Fanon’s (1952) work, I explain the reason for that class conflict through the dichotomy between “North and South”. This dichotomy has been translated south to “local elite / rural population”. Second, I show that to overcome difficulties, employees develop alternative forms of accountabilities toward villagers and toward themselves. The second form aims to develop mutual support but also reinstate accountability toward hierarchy by using their personal positions and degree of power in order to take a coordination action.Overall, this doctoral thesis shows that hierarchical accountability can be momentarily interrupted and later can be restored by the development of alternative types of social accountability.

This study provides a comprehensive look at the current state of best practices in performance appraisal systems in the public and private sector. From this, the main objective for this research paper is to investigate the reasons why INGOs are not currently able to properly implement a ‘best practices’ based performance appraisal system. Furthermore, this paper will provide both future research questions, as well as practitioner based recommendations. In addition, it will examine the need for higher levels of accountability in INGOs through appropriate performance appraisal systems.

All Texas school districts were examined to determine the relationship of district size and diversity to the accountability ratings of selected Texas school districts and the implications of including all data in the accountability rating system. Eight large districts and 12 small districts were matched demographically utilizing data from the 2003-2004 school year. Information from the Texas Education Agency was accessed over 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. The ratings were found to be lowered from Recognized to Academically Acceptable with the inclusion of these groups 6 out of 20 times. These findings indicate that the Texas accountability system, in its current structure, excludes certain students based upon race and economic status and is not in compliance with what the law intended. This study should be replicated on a larger scale to assess its validity for a larger sample of small districts. Equity among states should be examined to provide information for a nationwide accountability system.

This article analyzes the role of political scandals at different times of the government’sactivity, with the intention to verify if news of corruption differs in electoral and non-electoral periods. We try to verify in what contexts Argentinean and Brazilian governments are more permeable to political scandals and respond more actively. We consider the electoral schedule and the type of Presidentialism in Argentina and Brazil. We argue that after an accusation of corruption in media, public officials assess risks in order to consider if their reputation were erode by not facing scandals of corruption. During electoral periods politicians fear of punishment from voters through mechanisms of electoral accountability. Finally we say that the majority Presidentialism is less permeable to allegations that coalition one. To corroborate these hypotheses we investigate responses of governments in Argentina (as a case of majoritarian Presidentialism),and in Brazil (as a case of coalitional Presidentialism). / Este artículo se propone analizar el papel de los escándalos políticos en diferentes momentos de actividad de un gobierno, con la intención de verificar si existen variaciones en los niveles de denuncias de corrupción entre los períodos electorales y los no eleccionarios. Asimis- mo, se intenta verificar en qué contextos los gobiernos de Argentina y Brasil son más permeables a las denuncias mediáticas y responden más activamente. Para ello, consideramos el calendario electoral y el tipo de presidencialismo de cada país. Se argumenta que, tras una acusación de corrupción en los medios, los funcionarios públicos evalúan los riesgos de ver sus reputaciones erosionadas por no enfrentar la denuncia. El costo para contrarrestar la opinión pública tiende a ser mayor en los períodos electorales, ya que el temor al castigo de los votantes mediante mecanismos de accountability electoral también aumenta. Finalmente, afirmamos que el presidencialismo mayoritario resulta menos permeable a las denuncias que uno de coalición. Para corroborar estas hipótesis se investigan las respuestas de los gobiernos en Argentina, como caso de presidencialismo mayoritario, y en Brasil, como caso de presidencialismo de coalición.

Impulsionados por mudanças na legislação e pelo contexto de favorecimento de medidas de publicidade, vários órgãos governamentais vêm ampliando o leque de informações divulgadas nos seus portais de transparência. Entretanto, esse movimento não é uniforme certos órgãos têm tendência maior de serem mais transparentes que outros. Este trabalho sugere a montagem de um modelo de avaliação desses portais em relação à variedade, qualidade e acessibilidade das informações públicas cuja divulgação é exigida por lei e aplica-­o nos sites da Prefeitura de São Paulo, da Câmara Municipal e do Tribunal de Contas do Município. Foi verificada uma diferença significa na avaliação dos portais entre 2008 e 2013, também desigual de acordo com o órgão. Entrevistas com funcionários dos três órgãos indicam que fatores institucionais específicos como a accountability vertical, a receptividade em relação ao escrutínio público e a fiscalização por órgãos de controle são essenciais para entender a diferença nos estímulos para se ampliar a transparência governamental. / Pushed by legislation changes and by a general context more favorable to government publicity, several public institutions have been adopting broader transparency measures and publishing more data in their websites. However, this movement has not been uniform some departments seems to be more transparent then others. This piece suggests a model for evaluating those transparency sites based on the variety, quality and accessibility of the public information that is required to be published by federal law. After that, this model is applied to the sites of the São Paulo municipality, House of Councilmen and the municipal Accounting Tribunal. The result shows that there has been a relevant difference in the websites evaluation from 2008 to 2013, that also varies among the departments. Interviews with managers and former workers of those institutions show that institutional factors such as the vertical accountability, the receptivity of public criticism and the investigation of external control departments are essential to understand the difference in the incentives for greatening government transparency.

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Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-09T16:06:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Patricia Costa.pdf: 1100032 bytes, checksum: eb4ab925fc60980c9f75450c5ed034b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T11:33:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Patricia Costa.pdf: 1100032 bytes, checksum: eb4ab925fc60980c9f75450c5ed034b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T11:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Patricia Costa.pdf: 1100032 bytes, checksum: eb4ab925fc60980c9f75450c5ed034b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Instituto Estadual de Doenças do Tórax Ary Pareiras / Adesão ao tratamento e o consequente aumento das taxas de cura resultam da interação de fatores relacionados aos serviços de saúde, aos pacientes, à sociedade e à gestão pública. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma unidade ambulatorial de referência terciária (UART) para o tratamento da TBMDR no município de Niterói/RJ, utilizando a abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa com o objetivo de conhecer os fatores relacionados à adesão, na perspectiva dos usuários, profissionais e gestores. Foram utilizadas diferentes fontes de evidência na busca de pontos comuns e divergentes e a análise de conteúdo possibilitou a identificação de fatores favoráveis ou não à adesão a partir das categorias adesão, acesso, acolhimento, vínculo, responsabilização. A maioria dos pacientes em tratamento relatou dificuldade de acesso aos benefícios sociais. A ausência de alguns profissionais na equipe comprometeu a abordagem de importantes questões relativas ao perfil dos pacientes, principalmente a vulnerabilidade social, o consumo de álcool e de outras drogas, além do isolamento e preconceito. A oferta gratuita de mediação, a realização de exames na própria UART, a flexibilidade nos agendamentos, a busca de faltosos e o vínculo com a equipe de saúde foram descritos como fatores importantes para a adesão. O conhecimento sobre a doença atual e seu tratamento e seu tratamento associados à vontade do paciente de curar-se foram relatados como aspectos importantes para superar as barreiras encontradas para a realização do tratamento. Os resultados apresentados sugerem que, apesar da existência de fatores desfavoráveis à adesão, as ações de acolhimento, vínculo e responsabilização desenvolvidas pelo serviço foram suficientes para promover a adesão no grupo estudado. Entretanto, recomenda-se a melhoria do acesso aos benefícios assistenciais, a implementação de novas formas de comunicação sobre as formas graves de tuberculose e a articulação com outros segmentos públicos e da sociedade para o enfrentamento da TBMDR

This study was undertaken with the purpose of analysing the public accountability system of secondary schools in the Johannesburg North District. It also tested the relationship between the accountability system and the effectiveness and efficiency of secondary schools. Over and above principals, learners and parents, the study also utilised numerous published literature to analyse the current accountability system. The findings of the empirical study revealed that there were disparities between the literature review and the current accountability system. Three major findings were made by this study. Firstly, there is a lack of synergy between internal and external accountability systems. Secondly, there are different accountability systems used by different secondary schools in the same District and lastly grade twelve results are used to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of secondary schools in the chosen District. In conclusion, proposals which may assist in improving the current accountability system were made. / Public Administration and Management / M. Tech. (Public Management)