This thesis is focused on internal control system. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the development and elements of internal control system, and then demonstrate the possible form of the internal control system in practice. The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. The beginning of the theoretical part is devoted to characteristics of internal controls and their relation to internal control, attention is also paid to economic crimes which the internal control system helps prevent. Next part deals with the development of approach to the internal control system. The main part of the theoretical part is devoted to the elements of internal control system -- control environment, information system, control procedures, risk and internal audit. The theoretical part is completed with the internal guidelines, which is the written expression of the internal control system. The last part is devoted to the evaluation of the internal control system by the external auditor. The practical part demonstrates internal control system in anonymous production company, in detail analysis its interesting parts.

This thesis deals with the reform of state administration and self-government in the field of accounting with a particular focus on accounting for tangible fixed assets differentiating depreciation before reform and depreciation of tangible fixed assets under the new rules. Besides to the accounting the thesis is also focused on various characteristics, such as transfers, technical appreciation or depreciation adjournment and accounting solutions of these problems. Each issue is then supplemented by illustrative example. The whole issue is based on the accounting and reporting of the specific conditions of Prague 13 and Prague City Assembly.

This thesis deals with the assessment of information systems of the selected company and proposals for amendments of it. The content of the first part is the explanation of basic terms used in this field. The thesis also analyzes the current status of the infor-mation system and the assessment of its efficiency. Based on the evaluation of the anal-ysis the individual solutions for improving the current state of the information system of the company in terms of balance and efficiency are proposed.

Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена следующими причинами: успешное развитие экономических и торговых отношений между Китаем и Россией требует унификации финансовой информации для бизнеса и для целей государственного контроля; изучение различий между китайскими и российскими стандартами бухгалтерского учета помогает извлечь уроки из международной практики в процессе построения, развития и совершенствования стандартов; понимание сходства и различия между китайскими и российскими стандартами является лучшим способом понять практику бухгалтерского учета в другой стране, а также оказывает определенное влияние на понимание и корректировку различий в бухгалтерской отчетности, подготовленной в соответствии с различными стандартами и с МСФО; в процессе сближения с международными стандартами бухгалтерского учета, полезно учиться на успешном опыте друг друга, несмотря на формальные и существенные различия в технико-экономическом обосновании и координации национальных стандартов бухгалтерского учета. Научная новизна исследования заключается в следующем: систематизированы основные проблемы стандартизации бухгалтерского учета с точки зрения конвергенции национальных стандартов и МСФО; на основании сравнительной характеристики российских и китайских стандартов рассмотрены перспективы дальнейшего совершенствования национальных систем бухгалтерского учета при переходе на МСФО. / The relevance of the research topic is due to the following reasons: the successful development of economic and trade relations between China and Russia requires the unification of financial information for business and for the purposes of government control; studying the differences between Chinese and Russian accounting standards helps to draw lessons from international practice in the process of building, developing and improving standards; understanding the similarities and differences between Chinese and Russian standards is the best way to understand accounting practices in another country, and also has a certain impact on understanding and adjusting differences in financial statements prepared in accordance with various standards and IFRS; in the process of convergence with international accounting standards, it is useful to learn from each other's successful experiences, despite the formal and significant differences in the feasibility study and coordination of national accounting standards. The scientific novelty of the research is as follows: systematized the main problems of accounting standardization from the point of view of convergence of national standards and IFRS; based on the comparative characteristics of Russian and Chinese standards, the prospects for further improvement of national accounting systems during the transition to IFRS are considered.

Bakgrund: Redovisning har historiskt präglats av noggranna, manuella och tidskrävande metoder. AI-teknologier har revolutionerat redovisningsprocessen genom att automatisera uppgifter, lösa problem och fatta beslut. AI-teknologier inom redovisning inkluderar maskininlärning (ML), robotprocessautomatisering (RPA) och naturlig språkbehandling (NLP). Syfte: Syftet med studien är att identifiera AI’s användningsområden inom företags redovisning och de praktiska och teoretiska utmaningarna användningen medför. Dessutom syftar studien till att undersöka relationen mellan de teoretiska och praktiska utmaningarna för att bidra med kunskap om de utmaningar som användning av AI inom redovisning faktiskt medför i praktiken. Metod: Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats och samlar in empirisk data genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med 7 respondenter. Analysen av den empiriska datan görs med en tematisk analysmetod. Studiens teori utgörs av tidigare forskning från vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker. Slutsats: Studiens slutsats utgår ifrån att AI inom redovisning tillämpas hos företag för automatisering av repetitiva och tidskrävande uppgifter, där RPA till skillnad från ML och NLP har implementerats hos flest företag. De utmaningar som presenterats av teorin gällande användningen av AI inom redovisning, återfinns även i praktiken. Däremot har praktiken förmedlat nya utmaningar som inte tagits upp av tidigare forskning. Utmaningar som exempelvis den manuella tid som AI faktiskt kräver. / Background: Accounting has historically been characterized by meticulous, manual, and time-consuming methods. AI technologies have revolutionized the accounting process by automating tasks, solving problems, and making decisions. AI technologies in accounting include machine learning (ML), robotic process automation (RPA), and natural language processing (NLP). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the areas of AI application in accounting and the practical and theoretical challenges it entails. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the relationship between theoretical and practical challenges to contribute knowledge about the actual challenges of using AI in accounting practice. Method: The study employs a qualitative approach with an abductive stance, gathering empirical data through semi-structured interviews with 7 respondents. The analysis of the empirical data is conducted using a thematic analysis method. The theoretical framework of the study is based on previous research from scientific articles and books. Conclusion: The study concludes that AI is applied in accounting primarily for automating repetitive and time-consuming tasks, with RPA being more widely implemented than ML and NLP. The theoretical challenges related to AI usage in accounting, as presented in previous research, are also evident in practice. However, practical applications have revealed new challenges not previously addressed in the theory, such as the manual time that AI actually requires.

The master´s thesis applies theoretic knowledge of the manager accounting into the practical life of enterprising of the firm Elektro Sochor, Ltd. This thesis includes suggestion intradepartmental economic system of firm, which is able to ensure following of inside economic actions in frames system of intradepartmental economic center, calculations a budget system.

Det finns inte mycket forskning kring hur ett nytt redovisningssystem börjar i en organisation. Forskning kring hållbarhet och hållbarhetsredovisning har bidragit till en nyfikenhet att studera det tidiga skedet av ett eventuellt nytt system för redovisning av hållbarhet. Detta har bidragit till ett ökat intresse av att studera nätverk och relationer mellan aktörer där vi ställer oss i mitten av handlingarna i en organisation för att möjligtvis ta del av det tidiga skedet. Syftet med denna studie är att studera hur hållbarhetsredovisningen konstrueras, med konstrueras menar vi hur ett nytt hållbarhetsredovisningssystem möjligtvis kan tas fram.Vi har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med anställda som arbetar med sociala och miljömässiga frågor i Borås Stad. Studien har en fallstudiedesign med ett snöbollsurval. Totalt har vi intervjuat åtta anställda i kommunen varav fyra tjänstemän och fyra politiker. I empirin och analysen har vi arbetat utifrån en induktiv ansats med ett etnografiskt perspektiv. Vi har skapat egna kategorier med inspiration från Actor-network theory som metodteori. Vi har analyserat empirin utifrån metodteorin och strukturerat upp det empiriska materialet i syfte att tydliggöra våra observationer under kategorierna involverade aktörer, aktörers intressen, konflikter och hinder samt översättning.Vi har observerat att kommunen befinner sig i processen av att möjligtvis utveckla ett nytt system för redovisning av hållbarhet. Kommunen behöver fokusera på att integrera de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna med varandra samt hur kommunen ska beräkna sociala och miljömässiga effekter uttryckta i ekonomiska termer. Studien visar på att den finansiella redovisningen har en betydande roll i kommunen och att förändringsarbete inte är förespråkat. För att bryta gamla arbetsmönster och tankesätt bör kommunen uppmärksamma sin situation och identifiera problem. Studien pekar på verkligheten där vi uppmärksammar kommunens situation. Sammantaget drar vi slutsatsen att kommunen bör bilda ett nätverk. När ett nätverk bildas integrerar aktörer med varandra där de blir aktörer i ett nätverk och får värde genom interaktion, därmed kan komplexiteten i organisationen reduceras. Bildandet av ett nätverk kan möjligtvis bidra till rekonstruktion av kommunens system för redovisning av hållbarhet. / There is not much research on how a new accounting system begins in an organization. Scientific research concerning sustainability and corporate sustainability reports has contributed to a curiosity of studying the early stages of a new possible sustainability accounting system. This has contributed to an increased interest in studying networks and relationships between actors by putting ourselves in the middle of the actions in an organization to possibly take part of the early stages. The purpose of this study is to study how corporate sustainability reports are constructed, with construction we mean how a new sustainability accounting system may be developed.We have conducted qualitative interviews with employees who work with social and environmental issues in Borås municipality. The study applies a case study design and a snowball selection. In total, we have interviewed eight employees in the municipality, four of whom are officials and four are politicians. During the empirics and analysis, we have applied an inductive approach with an ethnographic perspective. We have created our own categories with inspiration from Actor-network theory as method theory. We have analyzed the empirics based on the method theory and structured the empirics in order to clarify our observations under the categories involved actors, actors interests, conflicts and obstacles as well as translation.We have observed that the municipality is in the process of possibly developing a new sustainability accounting system. The municipality need to focus more on integrating the three dimensions of sustainability with each other and also how the municipality is to calculate social and environmental effects expressed in economic terms. The study shows that the financial accounting has a significant role in the municipality and that change is not advocated. To break old work patterns and ways of thinking the municipality should pay attention to its situation and identify problems. The study points towards the reality where we focus on the situation of the municipality. Altogether, we conclude that the municipality should create a network. When a network is created actors integrates with each other as they become actors in a network and gain value through interaction, thus reducing the complexity of the organization. The creation of a network may possibly contribute to a reconstruction of the municipality's sustainability accounting system.This paper is written in Swedish.