På grund av bostadsbristen de senaste åren har byggbranschen varit tvungen att möta den höga efterfrågan på bostäder. Ett sätt att underlätta det tryck som skapats på grund av den höga efterfrågan är att rekonstruera byggnader avsedda för annan användning än bostäder till bostadshus. Ett problem som har uppstått vid ombyggnation av till exempel ett kontorshus som består av spännarmerade pelardäck, är känsligheten för nya hål som krävs för nya installationer som går igenom de efterspända bjälklagen (bestående av betongplattor). Problematiken består av att håltagningar som vanligtvis är lokaliserade nära pelarna måste göras på ett större avstånd från pelaren på grund av de spännkablar som går över och nära plattans pelaranslutning. Efterspända kablar är normalt sett belägna över plattans pelaranslutning enligt dagens dimensioneringsnormer för att bidra till plattornas genomstansningskapacitet.I detta examensarbete undersöktes det om det finns vetenskapligt stöd för att flytta kablarna till en längre distans från pelaren (än vad normerna rekommenderar) med hänsyn till genomstansningskapaciteten, och därmed förenkla vid en potentiell ombyggnation.Huvudsyftet med arbetet var att med hjälp av en litteraturstudie samt beräkningar jämföra ett experiment som utförts av Ghassem Hassanzadeh och Håkan Sundquist vid KTH 1997- 1998 (som visade att kablar på ett längre avstånd från pelaren ger ett visst bidrag till betongplattans genomstansningskapacitet) med dagens normer samt nyare studier. Dagens dimensioneringsnormer inkluderar inte bidraget till kapaciteten när spännkablarna placeras utanför det så kallade grundkontrollsnittet (området som undersöks vid dimensionering enligt normerna).Ett annat syfte med detta examensarbete var att studera och uppdatera de beräknade resultaten (enligt dåtidens normer) från studien. Denna rapport uppdaterar studien genom att undersöka rådande normernas beräknade resultat samt jämföra med liknande tester från andra forskare. Dimensioneringsnormerna som undersöktes var Eurokod 2, ACI 318 och MC2010Som del av litteraturstudien redovisas även en liknande försökserie från Portugal av A. Pinho Ramos, Valter J.G. Lúcio & Duarte M.V Faria samt en sammanställning av olika försök som genomfördes i Schweiz av Clément T, Ramos A.P, Fernández Ruiz M, Muttoni A. Sammanställning i Schweiz beräknade genomstansningskapaciteten för 74 olika plattor där plattorna från försöket vid KTH finns med. Den här studien tyder på att dagens dimensioneringsnormer har en säkerhetsmarginal vid approximationer (vid både normalfall och vid flytt av kablar), men att det fortfarande saknas tillräckliga belägg för att rättfärdiga en flytt av spännkablar.Rapporten är skriven för CBI Betonginstitutet där G. Hassanzadeh har varit handledare.

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), is a naturally-occurring lignan isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). The aqueous extract of this shrub, commonly referred to as Chaparral tea, was listed in the American pharmacopeia as an ethnobotanical used to treat tuberculosis, arthritis and cancer. Other documented traditional applications of creosote bush extract include treatment for infertility, rheumatism, arthritis, diabetes, gallbladder and kidney stones, pain and inflammation among many others. In spite of the numerous pharmacological properties, NDGA use has been associated with toxicities including hepatotoxicity in humans. Previous studies in our group showed that oxidative cyclization of NDGA (a di-catechol) at physiological pH forms a dibenzocyclooctadiene that may have therapeutic benefits whilst oxidation to ortho-quinone likely mediates toxicological properties. In order to investigate the structural features responsible for pharmacological and toxicological properties, a series of NDGA analogues were designed, synthesized and characterized for the purpose of studying their oxidative metabolism. Literature procedures were modified to successfully prepare seven lignan analogues via multi-step synthesis. In our effort to understand the mechanisms of NDGA intramolecular cyclization, the prepared analogues were incubated under previously established conditions where NDGA autoxidized to yield the dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative. We also evaluated the stability of the analogues under the conditions of this study. Furthermore, we evaluated bioactivation potential of the prepared analogues with a goal of eliminating reactive metabolite liability through rational structural modification. We incubated NDGA and its analogues in rat liver microsomes (RLM) in the presence of glutathione as a nucleophilic trapping agent. Standards for comparison were generated by performing glutathione trapping experiments with chemical and enzyme oxidation systems. The potential of the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan 2 derived from NDGA under physiological conditions to contribute to toxicological properties via reactive metabolite formation was also evaluated. Glutathione conjugates were detected by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) scanning for neutral loss (NL) 129 Da or 307 Da in positive ion mode or precursor ion (PI) scanning for 272 Da in negative ion mode and further characterized by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) or in a single LC-MS run using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) as a survey scan to trigger acquisition of enhanced product ion (EPI) data. We determined that NDGA autoxidation at pH 7.4 is dependent on substituents and/or substitution pattern on the two aromatic rings. In particular, spontaneous intramolecular cyclization to a dibenzocyclooctadiene required a di-catechol lignan, raising the possibility that o-Q formation may not be necessary for cyclization to occur. Cyclization was significantly inhibited in the presence of excess GSH which supports the involvement of free radicals as opposed to o-Q in the intramolecular cyclization process. The mono-catechol analogues A1 and A4 underwent oxidation to o-Q but no evidence of cyclization was found implying that electrophilic substitution cannot account for NDGA cyclization. The phenol-type analogues were oxidatively more stable in comparison with the catechol-type analogues at pH 7.4. The results demonstrate that electrophilic substitution makes no contribution to the intramolecular cyclization process and that a radical mediated process accurately describes the situation for NDGA. Oxidative metabolism and bioactivation studies on NDGA and its analogues revealed that reactive metabolites formation is dependent on substitution and/or substitution pattern of the aromatic rings. Cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of NDGA and its catechol-type analogues yielded electrophilic intermediates which reacted with GSH. The GSH mono-conjugates were identified as ring adducts derived from o-Q although the position at which the GSH binds to the aromatic rings could not be determined. We also found that NL 129 or 307 scanning in positive ionization mode has potential diagnostic utility in distinguishing between aromatic and benzylic GSH conjugates although further studies may be required for validation. We found no evidence of p-QM either directly or via isomerization of o-Q intermediates suggesting that o-Q is the major reactive toxicophore responsible for reactive metabolite mediated toxicities associated with NDGA use. In addition, we demonstrated that the NDGA-derived dibenzycyclooctadiene lignan (cNDGA 2) undergoes P450-mediated oxidation to a reactive metabolite which might have toxicological implications. There was no evidence of P450-mediated oxidation to reactive metabolites for the phenol-type NDGA analogues. It is concluded that structural modification efforts should focus on phenol-type analogues to potentially enhance the safety profile of NDGA.

Dor torácica é sintoma frequente em pacientes com cardiomiopatia crônica da doença de Chagas (CCDC). Embora, em muitos casos seja atribuído empiricamente a defeitos transitórios (isquêmicos) encontrados em cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (CPM), ainda não há evidências científicas que embasem terapêutica adequada para essa condição. Objetivos: Testar a hipótese de que ocorra redução > 50% do déficit perfusional transitório e melhora sintomática e de qualidade de vida após tratamento oral com verapamil e ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) em pacientes com CCDC e dor torácica. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, unicêntrico, que incluiu pacientes submetidos a cinecoronariografia por dor torácica, em que não foram identificadas lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas (>30%) e não apresentavam disfunção ventricular moderada ou grave. Alterações de mobilidade segmentar na ventriculografia contrastada e epidemiologia sugestiva apontaram para CCDC, que foi confirmada por dois testes sorológicos distintos. Isquemia microvascular foi comprovada por CPM com escore diferencial (Summed Difference Score (SDS) >= 1). Avaliação de dor torácica e qualidade de vida foi realizada por aplicação de Questionário de Angina de Seattle (QAS) e EQ-5D no momento da inclusão e após 3 meses de tratamento com verapamil e AAS, quando a CPM também foi repetida. As comparações pré e pós-tratamento do EQ-5D, QAS e SDS na CPM foi realizada através de teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas e não normalmente distribuídas. Resultados: Vinte e seis pacientes de ambos os gêneros (58% de mulheres), idade média de 64 ±10 anos, apresentaram melhora significativa de 62,5% no SDS após o tratamento (4,5 [4-9] vs 2 [0-4.25], p<0.001). Dos 26 pacientes, 20 apresentaram melhora do SDS, dentre os quais, 10 com SDS igual a zero, ou seja, sem evidência de déficit perfusional transitório após o tratamento. Em 4 pacientes não houve mudança no SDS e apenas 2 apresentaram piora do SDS. Houve melhora significativa no valor indexado do EQ-5D após os 3 meses de tratamento (0,63±0,11 vs 0,77±0,17, p<0.001), assim como nas 5 subáreas que compõem o QAS (p<0,001).Conclusões: O uso combinado de vasodilatador microvascular e antiplaquetário (verapamil + AAS) associou-se a significativa redução dos defeitos perfusionais transitórios sugestivos de isquemia microvascular e a melhora de dor torácica e qualidade de vida em pacientes com CCDC. Este estudo pioneiro embasa investigações futuras no intuito de sedimentar evidências, comparar a placebo por exemplo, com intuito de definir terapêutica em pacientes com CCDC sintomáticos com distúrbios microvasculares. / Chest pain is a common symptom in patients with chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCDC). Although this might be explained by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) evidence of regional microvascular disturbances in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries, there is no standard evidence based therapy for this condition. Purpose: Evaluate the impact of verapamil and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on symptoms, quality of life and myocardial perfusion defects in CDC patients with chest pain and microvascular ischemia. Methods: 26 patients were evaluated in this clinical trial. CCDC was confirmed by 2 serologic tests. All of them had chest pain and no significant epicardial coronary artery lesions by coronarography or moderate/severe ventricle systolic dysfunction by left ventriculography. Questionnaires to evaluate quality of life (EQ-5D) and chest pain symptoms (Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ)) and SPECT MPS (physical stress preferably) were performed before and three months after treatment with oral verapamil and ASA. Comparison of pre and post EQ-5D/SAQ and SPECT perfusion results were performed using Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data. Results: Mean age was 64 ± 10 years, 15 (57,7%) men. SDS was significantly reduced by 55,6% after treatment (4,5 [4-9] vs 2 [0-4.25], p<0.001). Decrease in SDS was observed in 20 (77%) participants, of those ten (38,5%) exhibited a post-treatment SDS equals zero, i.e., had no more evidence of stress induced perfusion abnormalities. Four patients (15,3%) maintained SDS values and only 2 (7,7%) increased SDS after 3 months of medications. In the evaluation of quality of life and symptoms, enhancement in EQ-5D values (index value: 0,63±0,11 vs 0,77±0,17, p<0.001) and in all dimensions of QAS post treatment were also significant (improve > 10 points each, p<0,001). Conclusions: The combined use of a microvascular vasodilator and an antiplatelet agent seems to improve quality of life and chest pain symptoms and reduce ischemic perfusion abnormalities in patients with CCDC significantly. This study paved the way for an ongoing investigation aimed at getting more definitive evidence of benefit withthese drugs as compared to placebo in CCDC and idiopathic microvascular derangements.

Dor torácica é sintoma frequente em pacientes com cardiomiopatia crônica da doença de Chagas (CCDC). Embora, em muitos casos seja atribuído empiricamente a defeitos transitórios (isquêmicos) encontrados em cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (CPM), ainda não há evidências científicas que embasem terapêutica adequada para essa condição. Objetivos: Testar a hipótese de que ocorra redução > 50% do déficit perfusional transitório e melhora sintomática e de qualidade de vida após tratamento oral com verapamil e ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) em pacientes com CCDC e dor torácica. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, unicêntrico, que incluiu pacientes submetidos a cinecoronariografia por dor torácica, em que não foram identificadas lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas (>30%) e não apresentavam disfunção ventricular moderada ou grave. Alterações de mobilidade segmentar na ventriculografia contrastada e epidemiologia sugestiva apontaram para CCDC, que foi confirmada por dois testes sorológicos distintos. Isquemia microvascular foi comprovada por CPM com escore diferencial (Summed Difference Score (SDS) >= 1). Avaliação de dor torácica e qualidade de vida foi realizada por aplicação de Questionário de Angina de Seattle (QAS) e EQ-5D no momento da inclusão e após 3 meses de tratamento com verapamil e AAS, quando a CPM também foi repetida. As comparações pré e pós-tratamento do EQ-5D, QAS e SDS na CPM foi realizada através de teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas e não normalmente distribuídas. Resultados: Vinte e seis pacientes de ambos os gêneros (58% de mulheres), idade média de 64 ±10 anos, apresentaram melhora significativa de 62,5% no SDS após o tratamento (4,5 [4-9] vs 2 [0-4.25], p<0.001). Dos 26 pacientes, 20 apresentaram melhora do SDS, dentre os quais, 10 com SDS igual a zero, ou seja, sem evidência de déficit perfusional transitório após o tratamento. Em 4 pacientes não houve mudança no SDS e apenas 2 apresentaram piora do SDS. Houve melhora significativa no valor indexado do EQ-5D após os 3 meses de tratamento (0,63±0,11 vs 0,77±0,17, p<0.001), assim como nas 5 subáreas que compõem o QAS (p<0,001).Conclusões: O uso combinado de vasodilatador microvascular e antiplaquetário (verapamil + AAS) associou-se a significativa redução dos defeitos perfusionais transitórios sugestivos de isquemia microvascular e a melhora de dor torácica e qualidade de vida em pacientes com CCDC. Este estudo pioneiro embasa investigações futuras no intuito de sedimentar evidências, comparar a placebo por exemplo, com intuito de definir terapêutica em pacientes com CCDC sintomáticos com distúrbios microvasculares. / Chest pain is a common symptom in patients with chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCDC). Although this might be explained by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) evidence of regional microvascular disturbances in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries, there is no standard evidence based therapy for this condition. Purpose: Evaluate the impact of verapamil and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on symptoms, quality of life and myocardial perfusion defects in CDC patients with chest pain and microvascular ischemia. Methods: 26 patients were evaluated in this clinical trial. CCDC was confirmed by 2 serologic tests. All of them had chest pain and no significant epicardial coronary artery lesions by coronarography or moderate/severe ventricle systolic dysfunction by left ventriculography. Questionnaires to evaluate quality of life (EQ-5D) and chest pain symptoms (Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ)) and SPECT MPS (physical stress preferably) were performed before and three months after treatment with oral verapamil and ASA. Comparison of pre and post EQ-5D/SAQ and SPECT perfusion results were performed using Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data. Results: Mean age was 64 ± 10 years, 15 (57,7%) men. SDS was significantly reduced by 55,6% after treatment (4,5 [4-9] vs 2 [0-4.25], p<0.001). Decrease in SDS was observed in 20 (77%) participants, of those ten (38,5%) exhibited a post-treatment SDS equals zero, i.e., had no more evidence of stress induced perfusion abnormalities. Four patients (15,3%) maintained SDS values and only 2 (7,7%) increased SDS after 3 months of medications. In the evaluation of quality of life and symptoms, enhancement in EQ-5D values (index value: 0,63±0,11 vs 0,77±0,17, p<0.001) and in all dimensions of QAS post treatment were also significant (improve > 10 points each, p<0,001). Conclusions: The combined use of a microvascular vasodilator and an antiplatelet agent seems to improve quality of life and chest pain symptoms and reduce ischemic perfusion abnormalities in patients with CCDC significantly. This study paved the way for an ongoing investigation aimed at getting more definitive evidence of benefit withthese drugs as compared to placebo in CCDC and idiopathic microvascular derangements.

De nombreuses études montrent que les détecteurs corticaux pourraient résulter de l'application d'un principe de réduction de redondance par indépendance statistique de leurs activités. L'analyse en Composantes Indépendantes est utilisée ici pour générer ces détecteurs, puis leurs performances sont analysées en terme de codage et de description pour catégoriser des images sémantiquement. La propriété d'indépendance statistique permet notamment de vaincre la « malédiction de la dimension » dans un contexte de classification d'images. Un second volet concerne la sémantique des images et la perception visuelle. Des sujets humains sont confrontés à des séries d'expérimentation, captant leur jugement de similarités visuelles, afin de pouvoir identifier les catégories sémantiques, d'apprécier l'apport de modalités perceptives comme la chrominance versus la luminance, et de mettre en évidence des asymétries perceptives.

Cette thèse présente des méthodes de séparation aveugle de sources pour un modèle de mélange non-linéaire particulier, le cas quadratique avec auto-termes et termes croisés. Dans la première partie, nous présentons la structure de séparation étudiée qui se décline sous deux formes : étendue ou basique. Les propriétés de ce réseau récurrent sont ensuite analysées (points d'équilibre, stabilité locale). Nous proposons alors deux méthodes de séparation aveugle de sources. La première exploite les cumulants des observations en un bloc placé en amont de la structure récurrente. La deuxième méthode est basée sur une approche par maximum de vraisemblance. Le tout est validé par des simulations numériques.

Shear strength of precast/prestressed hollow-core (PHC) slabs subjected to concentrated or line loads, especially near supports, may be critical and usually is the governing criteria in the design. This study presents the second phase of a research program, undergoing at the University of Manitoba, to calibrate the shear equations in the Canadian code for predicting the shear capacity of PHC slabs. This phase includes both experimental and numerical investigations using a finite element analysis (FEA) software package. The length of bearing, void shape and size, level of prestressing and shear span-to-depth ratio were investigated. The experimental results were compared to the predictions of the Canadian, American and European codes. It was concluded that the Canadian code is unduly conservative. However, the special European code for PHC slabs resulted in better and more consistent predictions. The FEA suggested that the adequate prestressing reinforcement ratio to obtain highest shear capacity ranges between 0.7% and 1.1%.

Le problème de la restauration est rencontré dans domaines très variés notamment en traitement de signal et de l'image. Il correspond à la récupération des données originales à partir de données observées. Dans le cas de données multidimensionnelles, la résolution de ce problème peut se faire par différentes approches selon la nature des données, l'opérateur de transformation et la présence ou non de bruit. Dans ce travail, nous avons traité ce problème, d'une part, dans le cas des données discrètes en présence de bruit. Dans ce cas, le problème de restauration est analogue à celui de la segmentation. Nous avons alors exploité les modélisations dites chaînes de Markov couples et triplets qui généralisent les chaînes de Markov cachées. L'intérêt de ces modèles réside en la possibilité de généraliser la méthode de calcul de la probabilité à posteriori, ce qui permet une segmentation bayésienne. Nous avons considéré ces méthodes pour des observations bi-dimensionnelles et nous avons appliqué les algorithmes pour une séparation sur des documents issus de manuscrits scannés dans lesquels les textes des deux faces d'une feuille se mélangeaient. D'autre part, nous avons attaqué le problème de la restauration dans un contexte de séparation aveugle de sources. Une méthode classique en séparation aveugle de sources, connue sous l'appellation "Analyse en Composantes Indépendantes" (ACI), nécessite l'hypothèse d'indépendance statistique des sources. Dans des situations réelles, cette hypothèse n'est pas toujours vérifiée. Par conséquent, nous avons étudié une extension du modèle ACI dans le cas où les sources peuvent être statistiquement dépendantes. Pour ce faire, nous avons introduit un processus latent qui gouverne la dépendance et/ou l'indépendance des sources. Le modèle que nous proposons combine un modèle de mélange linéaire instantané tel que celui donné par ACI et un modèle probabiliste sur les sources avec variables cachées. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons comment la technique d'Estimation Conditionnelle Itérative permet d'affaiblir l'hypothèse usuelle d'indépendance en une hypothèse d'indépendance conditionnelle

Shear strength of precast/prestressed hollow-core (PHC) slabs subjected to concentrated or line loads, especially near supports, may be critical and usually is the governing criteria in the design. This study presents the second phase of a research program, undergoing at the University of Manitoba, to calibrate the shear equations in the Canadian code for predicting the shear capacity of PHC slabs. This phase includes both experimental and numerical investigations using a finite element analysis (FEA) software package. The length of bearing, void shape and size, level of prestressing and shear span-to-depth ratio were investigated. The experimental results were compared to the predictions of the Canadian, American and European codes. It was concluded that the Canadian code is unduly conservative. However, the special European code for PHC slabs resulted in better and more consistent predictions. The FEA suggested that the adequate prestressing reinforcement ratio to obtain highest shear capacity ranges between 0.7% and 1.1%.

Le problème de la restauration est rencontré dans domaines très variés notamment en traitement de signal et de l'image. Il correspond à la récupération des données originales à partir de données observées. Dans le cas de données multidimensionnelles, la résolution de ce problème peut se faire par différentes approches selon la nature des données, l'opérateur de transformation et la présence ou non de bruit. Dans ce travail, nous avons traité ce problème, d'une part, dans le cas des données discrètes en présence de bruit. Dans ce cas, le problème de restauration est analogue à celui de la segmentation. Nous avons alors exploité les modélisations dites chaînes de Markov couples et triplets qui généralisent les chaînes de Markov cachées. L'intérêt de ces modèles réside en la possibilité de généraliser la méthode de calcul de la probabilité à posteriori, ce qui permet une segmentation bayésienne. Nous avons considéré ces méthodes pour des observations bi-dimensionnelles et nous avons appliqué les algorithmes pour une séparation sur des documents issus de manuscrits scannés dans lesquels les textes des deux faces d'une feuille se mélangeaient. D'autre part, nous avons attaqué le problème de la restauration dans un contexte de séparation aveugle de sources. Une méthode classique en séparation aveugle de sources, connue sous l'appellation "Analyse en Composantes Indépendantes" (ACI), nécessite l'hypothèse d'indépendance statistique des sources. Dans des situations réelles, cette hypothèse n'est pas toujours vérifiée. Par conséquent, nous avons étudié une extension du modèle ACI dans le cas où les sources peuvent être statistiquement dépendantes. Pour ce faire, nous avons introduit un processus latent qui gouverne la dépendance et/ou l'indépendance des sources. Le modèle que nous proposons combine un modèle de mélange linéaire instantané tel que celui donné par ACI et un modèle probabiliste sur les sources avec variables cachées. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons comment la technique d'Estimation Conditionnelle Itérative permet d'affaiblir l'hypothèse usuelle d'indépendance en une hypothèse d'indépendance conditionnelle / The restoration problem is usually encountered in various domains and in particular in signal and image processing. It consists in retrieving original data from a set of observed ones. For multidimensional data, the problem can be solved using different approaches depending on the data structure, the transformation system and the noise. In this work, we have first tackled the problem in the case of discrete data and noisy model. In this context, the problem is similar to a segmentation problem. We have exploited Pairwise and Triplet Markov chain models, which generalize Hidden Markov chain models. The interest of these models consist in the possibility to generalize the computation procedure of the posterior probability, allowing one to perform bayesian segmentation. We have considered these methods for two-dimensional signals and we have applied the algorithms to retrieve of old hand-written document which have been scanned and are subject to show through effect. In the second part of this work, we have considered the restoration problem as a blind source separation problem. The well-known "Independent Component Analysis" (ICA) method requires the assumption that the sources be statistically independent. In practice, this condition is not always verified. Consequently, we have studied an extension of the ICA model in the case where the sources are not necessarily independent. We have introduced a latent process which controls the dependence and/or independence of the sources. The model that we propose combines a linear instantaneous mixing model similar to the one of ICA model and a probabilistic model on the sources with hidden variables. In this context, we show how the usual independence assumption can be weakened using the technique of Iterative Conditional Estimation to a conditional independence assumption