O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos diferentes níveis de nucleotídeos sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com probióticos. Para o trabalho, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições dentro de cada tratamento. Foram utilizados 1050 frangos machos da linhagem Ross 308 totalizando trinta e cinco aves por boxe. As aves foram criadas até 42 dias de idade que receberam as rações experimentais a base de milho e farelo de soja contendo seis diferentes níveis de nucleotídeos (0; 100; 200; 300; 400 e 500 gramas por tonelada de ração). Os diferentes níveis de nucleotídeos foram utilizados na fase inicial (1 a 21 dias de idade) e crescimento (22 a 35 dias de idade). Durante a fase final (36 a 42 dias de idade) foi fornecido rações sem nucleotídeo para todos os tratamentos. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram que houve melhora linear no desempenho dos frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, indicando que, quanto maior o nível de nucleotídeos na dieta de frangos de corte, maior foi o peso corporal das aves. A conversão alimentar também é melhorou linearmente no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade à medida que aumentou o nível de nucleotídeos na ração. O peso no período de 35 dias de idade, também teve um comportamento linear, semelhante ao período de 1 a 21 dias, indicando que, quanto maior o nível de nucleotídeos na dieta de frangos de corte, maior o desempenho das aves. Quanto aos níveis plasmáticos de ácido úrico, pôde-se observar efeito quadrático no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, indicando o valor de 231,59 gramas de nucleotídeos por tonelada de ração, como o melhor, em níveis mínimos de ácido úrico, por outro lado, no período de 35 dias de idade, estima-se o nível de 208,99 g de nucleotídeos por tonelada de ração; como o melhor em níveis mínimos de ácido úrico no sangue. No período final (35 a 42 dias de idade) e período total (1 a 42 dias de idade) não foi possível o observar efeito dos contrastes testados em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of different nucleotides levels in the rations of broilers containing probiotics on response of the birds and its influence on the performance. Birds were allocated in a randomized experimental design with five replications of each treatment. It was used 1,050 chicks of a day of age, males, distributed in 30 experimental boxes with 35 birds each. The chickens were reared from 1 to 42 days of age and the diets contained corn and soybean meal with one of six different nucleotídes levels (0; 100; 200; 300; 400 and 500 grams for ton of ration). The different nucleotides levels were used in the initial phase (1 to 21 days of age) and growth (22 to 35 days of age). During the final phase (36 to 42 days of age) it was supplied rations without nucleotides for all of the treatments. The experimental results demonstrated that there was improvement on broilers performance in the period from 1 to 21 days of age, demonstrating proportionality between nucleotides level in the diet of broilers and body weight of the birds. Feed conversion at 21 days of age was directly proportional to nucleotides level in the diet. Body weight at 35 days of age, also had a linear behavior, similar to the period from 1 to 21 days, indicating that, as higher the nucleotides level in the diet of broilers, higher the acting of the birds. Acid plasmatic uric levels, demonstrated quadratic effect at 21 days of age, indicating 231,59 grams of nucleotides for ton of ration, and at 35 days of age, it was considered the level of 208,99 g of nucleotides for ton of ration. In the final period (35 to 42 days of age) and total period (1 to 42 days of age) it was not demonstrated effect of the contrasts tested in none of the appraised parameters.

A insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) em cadelas com piometra foi avaliada retrospectivamente em 147 animais e prospectivamente em 351 animais selecionando 27 e 132 cadelas respectivamente, mediante os seguintes critérios de inclusão, creatinina ≥ 2,4 mg/dL e ou uréia ≥ 80 mg/dL e ou aumentos relativos de 100% da creatinina e ou uréia séricas em relação a qualquer mensuração anterior, aplicados em 3 momentos estratégicos, o diagnóstico, 24 horas após a ovário-salpingo-histerectomia e na retirada dos pontos. Os animais do estudo retrospectivo foram utilizados como controle, enquanto que os animais selecionados do estudo prospectivo receberam tratamento conservador com solução de Ringer Lactato até 90 ml/kg/h, durante 4 horas. Os parâmetros avaliados antes e após a terapia, peso, pressão arterial sistólica, freqüência cardíaca, função renal, hemogasimetria arterial, bioquímica sérica e urinária e "clearance" da creatinina endógena. Os animais que não responderam adequadamente a terapia convencional e apresentavam-se em "síndrome urêmica" foram submetidos à hemodiafiltração (N=5 animais) e prescrito sessões de 2 horas, durante 3 dias, soluções apropriadas para hemodiafiltração (HDF) e reposição e capilar de polissulfona. Durante a HDF 2 animais vieram a óbito, 1 animal morreu com 18 dias e outro 12 dias após a última sessão de diálise e 1 animal sobreviveu. A taxa de mortalidade para os animais selecionados retrospectivamente foi de 40,7% e 20,4% prospectivamente. Entretanto os animais selecionados do estudo prospectivo que não sobreviveram foram comparados com os animais selecionados que sobreviveram, mediante análise univariada da uréia e creatinina séricas, fração de excreção de eletrólitos, bicarbonato arterial e "clearance" da creatinina e foram significativamente diferentes (p<0,05). Porém quando estes dados foram submetidos a uma análise multivariada e realizada a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), detectou-se que a área sob a curva era de 0,867 (p<0,0001) IC: 0,769 ? 0,966. Desta forma foi possível concluir que a creatinina maior que 2,6 mg/dL prediz a morte da cadela com piometra e IRA, com 93% de sensibilidade e 77% de especificidade. Quanto aos animais que receberam a HDF e morreram apresentavam uma sobrevida de 7 dias em relação aos animais que receberam o tratamento conservador apenas, podendo a HDF ser um método de aumentar a sobrevida, dando tempo para o animal se recuperar. / Acute renal failure (ARF) was evaluated retrospectively in 147 and prospectively in 351 female dogs with piometra. 27 and 132 animals were respectively selected for this study, fulfilling the following criteria, measured in three moments (immediately after the diagnosis, 24 hours after the hysterectomy and when the suture was removed): creatinine ≥ 2,4mg/dl and/or urea ≥ 80mg/dl and/or relative increases of 100% in comparison with values previously obtained. The animals of the retrospective study were used as control. The animals selected for the prospective study received conservative treatment consisting in Lactated Ringer Solution, with the maximum dose of 90ml/kg/h, during 4 hours. The factors evaluated before and after the therapy were weight, systolic arterial pressure, heart rate, renal function, arterial hemogasometry, serum and urinary biochemistry and the endogenous renal creatinine clearance. Five animals that did not respond adequately to the conservative treatment and showed uremic syndrome were randomly chosen and submitted to hemodiafiltration (HDF), given in 3 sessions of 2 hours each, during 3 days, with appropriate solutions for HDF and polissulfona membrane. During the HDF two animals died after the last session of HDF, one animal remained alive for 18 days, another animal for 12 days and one animal survived. The rate of death for the animals in the retrospective study was 40.7% and 20.4% for the prospective group. The animals of the prospective study that died were compared with the alive animals that were selected from the total population for that group, using univariada analysis of the values of serum urea and creatinine, electrolyte rate of excretion, arterial bicarbonate and creatinine clearance and it was observed that there was significative difference (p<0.05), however when this data was submitted to a multivariated analysis and the ROC curve were plotted it was detected that the area under it was of 0,867 (p<0.0001), IC:0,769-0,966. Therefore it was possible to conclude that a creatinine value higher than 2,6mg/dl predicted the death of the animals with piometra and ARF, with 93% of sensibility and 77% of specificity. Regarding the animals that were submitted to HDF and died, it was observed that they presented a -7days prolonged life in relation with the animals that received only the conservative treatment, suggesting that the HDF is a method to increase lifetime, offering extra time for the animal to recover.

A diabetes mellitus é uma das endocrinopatias mais frequente em cães e sabe-se que esses pacientes são mais propensos a desenvolver complicações anestésicas quando comparados aos não-diabéticos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar, durante o período perioperatório, as possíveis alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base e complicações anestésicas em cães diabéticos submetidos a facoemulsificação. Foram incluídos 30 cães, sendo 15 diabéticos e 15 não portadores da afecção. Foram determinados o pH, bicarbonato e déficit de base, além de eletrólitos plasmáticos (sódio, cloro, potássio). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias no período trans-anestésico. Com relação aos distúrbios ácido-base, os pacientes não apresentaram alterações compatíveis com acidose metabólica, apenas discreta acidemia após 30 minutos de anestesia. Apesar dos pacientes diabéticos apresentarem valores de bicarbonato inferiores ao grupo controle, estes permaneceram dentro dos valores de referência. A distribuição dos valores de eletrólitos foi diferente entre os grupos, exceto os valores de cloro. Nos pacientes diabéticos, a hiponatremia ocorreu em seis animais ao término do procedimento cirúrgico e 73% dos cães apresentaram hipercalemia após a administração da medicação pré-anestésica. A complicação anestésica mais comum foi a hipotensão arterial, sendo que 80% dos animais diabéticos apresentaram pressão arterial média inferior a 60 mmHg após indução anestésica. Concluindo, houve variação discreta do equilíbrio ácido-base nos cães diabéticos. Tendo em vista que a acidemia foi verificada em ambos os grupos, sugere-se que a mesma esteja relacionada ao procedimento anestésico. Os pacientes diabéticos submetidos à anestesia geral são mais propensos à hipotensão arterial, sendo que essa alteração merece maiores investigações / Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs and it is know that these patients are more likely to develop anesthetic complications when compared to non-diabetics. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate potential changes in acid-base balance and anesthetic complications in diabetic dogs undergoing phacoemulsification during the perioperative period. Thirty dogs were included, fifteen diabetic and fifteen non-carriers of the disease and were analyzed for pH, bicarbonate, blood gas and plasma electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium). Additionally, we evaluate the cardiorespiratory variables in the peri-anesthetic period. With respect to acid-base disturbances, patients showed no changes consistent with metabolic acidosis, but a mild acidemia after 30 minutes of anesthesia. Although diabetic patients showed values of bicarbonate below the control group, these were within the reference values. The distribution of the electrolyte was different between groups, except for the amounts of chlorine. In diabetic patients, hyponatremia occurred in six animals at the end of the surgical procedure and 73% of dogs showed hyperkalemia after administration of premedication. The most common anesthetic complication was hypotension, and 80% of diabetic animals showed mean arterial pressure below 60 mmHg after induction of anesthesia. In conclusion, there was a slight variation of the acid-base balance in diabetic dog. Given that acidemia was observed in both groups, it is suggested that it is related to the anesthetic procedure. Diabetic patients undergoing general anesthesia are more prone to hypotension, and this change deserves further investigation

Betanina e indicaxantina foram obtidas e purificadas e a hidrólise térmica de betanina foi investigada em diferentes pHs, concentrações de tampão, temperaturas e com a adição de sais. Para a decomposição de indicaxantina, foi realizado um estudo em diferentes pHs. Tampões acetato e citrato se mostraram adequados para estudos com betanina, dentro de sua faixa de tamponamento. Os experimentos realizados com tampão fosfato indicaram a ocorrência de catálise geral pelo íon fosfato presente no tampão. O efeito dos sais sobre a hidrólise de betanina foi investigado em pHs 3 e 6,2, com a adição de sais de sódio, amônio e sais cloretos. p-Toluenosulfonato de sódio, cloreto de amônio e cloreto tetrabutilamônio foram os sais que apresentaram maior efeito sobre a constante cinética observada de hidrólise de betanina. A hidrólise das duas betalaínas apresentou um comportamento semelhante com a variação do pH e o ajuste multiparamétrico dos dados sugere que a catálise básica específica é a principal responsável pela hidrólise de betanina e indicaxantina. Um modelo que sugere a abertura do anel 1,2,3,4-tetrahidropiridínico das betalaínas é proposto para explicar o efeito do pH sobre a constante cinética de decomposição determinada em meio ácido. / Betanin and indicaxanthin were obtained and purified and the thermal hydrolysis of betanin was investigated at different pH, buffer concentration, temperature and in the presence of different salts. For the decomposition of indicaxanthin, a study was conducted at different pHs. Acetate buffer and citrate buffer proved to be suitable for the study of betanin. The experiments carried out with phosphate buffer indicated the occurrence of general base catalysis by phosphate ion present in the buffer. The effect of salts on the betanin hydrolysis was investigated at pH 3 and 6.2 with the addition of sodium salts, ammonium salts and chlorides. Sodium p-toluenesulfonate, ammonium chloride and tetrabutylammonium chloride had the larger effects on the observed rate constant for the hydrolysis of betanin. The variation of pH resulted in similar hydrolysis profile for both betalains studied and multiparameter fitting of the data suggests that the specific base catalysis is primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of betanin and indicaxanthin. A model that suggests the opening of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine ring of betalains is proposed to explain the effect of pH on the decomposition rate constant under acidic conditions.

This thesis details the development and exploration of a catalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction. A catalytic transformation of this type has not been accomplished previously and stoichiometric processes were neither general nor desirable. A simple hydrazine catalyst was found to effect this reaction with the use of strained olefins. The development and optimization of this reaction, including the hydrazine catalyst, conditions and substrates, is discussed. Computational studies of the reaction mechanism are included. A stepwise process in which less strained olefins can undergo the reaction is also explored. Lastly, some initial explorations of transition metal complexes as catalysts for a carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction are discussed, as well. In the second portion of this thesis, the use of cyclopropenimines as achiral organic superbases will be detailed. Previously, the Lambert group has developed this class of compounds as viable catalysts for asymmetric Michael and Mannich reactions. Cyclopropenimines are more basic than other commonly used organic bases, and therefore, can activate less acidic substrates. A simple, achiral cyclopropenimine was developed for use in base catalyzed or mediated processes. Several reactions have been explored as a comparison of cyclopropenimines to other commonly used bases.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo propor e investigar a contribuição de uma sequência didática para aulas prático-laboratoriais no ensino superior em Química. A sequência didática proposta buscou desenvolver habilidades e competências relacionadas, principalmente, à análise e seleção de resultados experimentais e fundamentais para a formação do profissional químico, de acordo com as Diretrizes Curriculares para o Ensino Superior em Química (BRASIL, 2001). As atividades elaboradas nesta proposta buscaram promover habilidades cognitivas de alta ordem (HOCS - High ordem cognitive skills), para isso foram utilizadas estratégias que não são tradicionalmente empregadas em disciplinas experimentais no ensino superior, como a abordagem investigativa, por exemplo. A aplicação da proposta ocorreu no contexto de uma disciplina experimental obrigatória oferecida para estudantes do primeiro ano de cursos de Química (Licenciatura em Química e Bacharelado em Química - com ênfase em Química Ambiental) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). O tema da proposta desenvolvida foi titulações ácido-base e o principal objeto de estudo foi a curva de titulação e sua interpretação. De forma geral, os estudantes, os docentes e os monitores da disciplina foram receptivos com a proposta e com os objetivos de estudo. Considerando que o trabalho desenvolvido no contexto da disciplina experimental foi pontual e a sequência didática elaborada neste estudo teve duração de apenas cinco aulas do programa, os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios e responderam questões relacionadas à promoção das HOCS. Foi possível explorar as potencialidades de metodologias que não são tradicionalmente utilizadas no laboratório didático no ensino superior em Química. / This study aimed to propose and investigate the contribution of a didactic sequence for practical and laboratory classes in higher education in chemistry. The proposed didactic sequence sought to develop related skills and competences, especially the analysis and selection of experimental and fundamental results in the formation of the chemical professional, according to the Curriculum Guidelines for Higher Education in Chemistry (BRAZIL, 2001). The activities developed in this proposal sought to promote high order cognitive skills (HOCS), for it was used strategies that are not traditionally used in experimental disciplines in higher education, as the investigative activities, for example. The implementation of the proposal took place in the context of a mandatory experimental subject offered to students in the first year chemistry courses (Degree in Chemistry and Bachelor of Chemistry - with emphasis on Environmental Chemistry) from the University of São Paulo (USP). The theme of the proposal was developed acid-base titrations and the main object of study was the titration curve and its interpretation. In general, students, teachers and instructors of discipline were receptive to the proposal and the study objectives. Whereas the work undertaken in the context of experimental course was timely and the didactic sequence elaborated in this study lasted only five program classes, the results were satisfactory and answered questions related to the promotion of the HOCS. It was possible to exploit the potential of methodologies that are not traditionally used in teaching laboratory in higher education in chemistry.

e algumas vias de sinalização envolvidas com a reabsorção de HCO3-, além do efeito do tratamento com florizina e com streptozotocina. Para isso, utilizamos o método de microperfusão estacionária in vivo. Perfusões tubulares com solução de glicose 5mM aumentaram a reabsorção de bicarbonato em comparação com soluções contendo florizina sem glicose. Porém, perfusão de soluções de glicose 20mM ocasionaram efeito intermediário sobre esta reabsorção. A perfusão de solução contendo glicose 5mM com os inibidores PD169316 e LY294002 aboliu o efeito estimulatório promovido pela glicose 5mM. O tratamento com streptozotocina aboliu o efeito inibitório da perfusão de solução de glicose 20mM. Já o tratamento com florizina, não apresentou nenhum efeito adicional à inibição ocasionada pela perfusão de glicose 20mM mas inibiu o efeito estimulatório produzido pela perfusão de glicose 5 mM. / We studied the modulation of bicarbonate reabsorption by the apical Na+/H+ exchanger of renal proximal tubule by luminal glucose, and the signaling path of this relationship. Treatment with phloridzin and streptozotocin diabetes on HCO3- reabsorption was also studied. We used stationary microperfusion in vivo for this purpose. Tubule perfusions with 5 mM glucose increased bicarbonate reabsorption compared to solutions without glucose plus phloridzin. Perfusion with 20 mM glucose caused an intermediate effect on JHCO3- compared to 0/phloridzin and 5 mM glucose. The inhibitors PD169316 and LY294002 with 5 mM glucose blocked the stimulatory effect of the latter, but H89 had no such effect. Streptozotocin diabetes abolished the inhibitory effect of 20 mM glucose perfusion. Chronic phloridzin did not produce any additional effect on JHCO3- during 20 mM glucose perfusion in normal rats., but blocked JHCO3- during perfusion with 5 mM glucose.

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability world-wide and affects over 800,000 people per year in the United States. The majority of these strokes are ischemic due to a blockage of blood flow to the brain. Damage to the brain occurs at the onset of stroke, neuronal cell death is irreversible and therefore, quick treatment to remove blockage is critical factor in the recovery from stroke. Mechanical thrombectomy as a treatment for ischemic stroke provides an ideal opportunity to collect blood distal and proximal to the cerebral thrombus to examine neurochemical changes occurring during stroke. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the trajectory of neurochemical changes that occur in response to ischemic stroke during the first 72 hours and the physiological response from stroke patients to improve stroke outcomes. The specific aims were to: 1) to determine whether venous blood gases predict infarct volume and/or mortality in acute ischemic stroke in young male rats; 2) determine whether venous blood gases predict infarct and edema volume, and/or mortality in acute ischemic stroke in aged male and female rats; 3) compare the presence and relative concentrations of acid/base and electrolytes in static blood distal to thrombus and in peripheral blood drawn from adults who received thrombectomy for ischemic stroke and identify associations to postreperfusion functional outcomes. Specific Aim One was addressed by evaluation of young (three-month old) Sprague-Dawley rats that underwent permanent or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Pre- and post-MCAO venous samples from permanent and transient models provided pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, bicarbonate, glucose, hematocrit, hematocrit, and electrolyte values of ionized calcium, potassium and sodium. The analyses indicated that mean differences in the blood gas and electrolytes between pre- to post-MCAO and pH and iCa2+ were predictors of infarct volume in the permanent MCAO model. The second aim was addressed by evaluation of aged (18 month old) male and female rats pre-MCAO, post-MCAO, and at 72 hours of permanent MCAO venous blood gas samples (pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, bicarbonate, glucose, hematocrit, hematocrit, and electrolyte concentrations of ionized calcium, potassium and sodium). Changes in pH (from pre-MCAO to post-MACO and post-MCAO to 72 hours) and changes in Na+ and iCa2+ (from post-MCAO to 72 hours) were predictors of infarct volume and edema volume, respectively in both sexes. Cox regression revealed there was a 3.25 times increased risk for mortality based on changes (cut-off range within -2.00 to - 7.00) in bicarbonate levels (pre- to post-MCAO). The third aim was addressed by evaluation of acid/base balance (pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, bicarbonate, ionized calcium, potassium and sodium) of ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Our results suggests sex differences matter in ischemic stroke populations. Significant differences occur within proximal blood between the sexes. Additionally, females had approximately 2.5 hour increased time between stroke symptom onset to thrombectomy completion time (described as infarct time). Changes in bicarbonate and base deficit were predictors of infarct time, but only in our female population.

<p>Ispitivanja primene vodonika u kliničkim uslovima su prilično nova, međutim efikasnost<br />molekularnog vodonika u dosada&scaron;njim kliničkim ispitivanjima je evidentna. Cilj ovog<br />istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj suplementacije sa vodom obogaćenom molekularnim<br />vodonikom (HRW) na bazalne vrednosti parametara oksidativnog stresa kod vrhunskih<br />džudista. Eksperimentalni tretman odvijao se u dve faze. U prvoj fazi ispitanici<br />eksperimentalne grupe (N=6) su bili suplementirani sa HRW (4g) u trajanju od 28 dana,<br />dok je kontrolna grupa (N=6) koristila placebo. Nakon suplementacije ispitanici su imali<br />&bdquo;Washout&ldquo; period u trajanju od 28 dana, a zatim je ponovljen identičan protokol na<br />ispitanicima u trajanju od 28 dana. U drugoj fazi eksperimentalnog tretmana ispitivani su<br />akutni efekti suplementacije molekularnim vodonikom na acido baznu ravnotežu<br />vrhunskih džudiskinja. U ovoj fazi studije ispitanice eksperimentalne grupe (N=4) su<br />suplementirane sa HRW (4g) , dok je kontrolna grupa (N=4) koristila placebo. Nakon<br />suplementacije ispitanice su imale &bdquo;Washout&ldquo; period u trajanju od 4 dana, a zatim je<br />ponovljen identičan protokol na ispitanicama pri čemu su ispitanice eksperimentalne<br />grupe (N=4) koristile placebo, dok je kontrolna grupa (N=4) suplementirana sa HRW.<br />Rezultati ispitivanja aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima kod Placebo i HRW grupe<br />ukazuju na pojavu statistički značajnih razlika u antioksidativnom statusu kod vrhunskih<br />džudista. Odgovor organizma usled unosa HRW ogleda se u povećanju aktivnosti enzima<br />SOD i sadržaja GSH usled sprovođenja programirane fizičke aktivnosti. Takođe, trend<br />opadanja sadržaja MDA u HRW grupi je bio detektabilan. Primena HRW nije izazvala<br />statistički značajne promene u biohemijsko hematolo&scaron;kim parametrima. Akutni efekti<br />suplementacije sa HRW uticali su statistički značajno na redukciju akumulacije laktata<br />kao i na povećanje pH krvi nakon primene specifičnog džudo fitnes testa (SJFT) kod<br />vrhunskih džudistkinja. Ipak, primena suplementa nije značajno uticala na pobolj&scaron;anje<br />performansi džudistkinja. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na ergogenu antioksidantnu moć<br />molekularnog vodonika, pri čemu su dalja istraživanja neophodna kako bi se podesili<br />uslovi u kojima bi molekularni vodonik ispoljio svoje maksimalno delovanje i u sportu.</p> / <p>Research of hydrogen application are quite new in clinical conditions, however the<br />efficiency of molecular hydrogen in previous clinical studies is evident. The aim of this<br />study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrogen rich water (HRW)<br />on baseline oxidative stress parameters in elite male judokas. Experimental treatment was<br />carried out in two phases. In the first phase, experimental group (N=6) were<br />supplemented daily with HRW (4g) for 28 days, while the control group (N=6) was used<br />placebo. After supplementation intake all subjects had &quot;washout&quot; period for 28 days, after<br />which the same protocol was repeated for a period of 28 days. In the second stage of<br />experimental treatment, acute effects of supplementation with molecular hydrogen on<br />acid base balance of elite female judokas were examined. In this phase of the study,<br />subjects from experimental group (N=4) were supplemented daily with HRW (4g), while<br />the control group (N=4) used placebo. After supplementation all subjects had a<br />&quot;washout&quot; period for a 4 days, after which the same protocol was repeated wherein the<br />members of the experimental group (N=4) used placebo, while the control group (N=4)<br />was supplemented daily with HRW. The results of analyzed antioxidant enzymes activity<br />in placebo and HRW group indicated on the occurrence of statistically significant<br />differences in antioxidant status of elite judo athletes. Obtained results indicate that<br />response of the body due to intake HRW is reflected in increasing levels of SOD and<br />GSH due to the implementation of programmed physical activity. Also, trend of MDA<br />decreasing in HRW group was detectable. In addition, application of HRW did not cause<br />negative changes in the biochemical and hematological parameters. Acute effects of<br />supplementation were affected to a statistically significant reduction in lactate<br />accumulation and pH increase after applied special judo fitness test (SJFT) on the top<br />judoka. However, use of supplements had no significant effect on improving performance<br />in elite judokas. Obtained results confirm ergogenic antioxidant power of molecular<br />hydrogen, wherein further studies are necessary in order to adjust the conditions in which<br />molecular hydrogen will exerted its maximum in sport.</p>

No description available.