The fish ear contains three dense, bony bodies (otoliths) surrounded by fluid (the endolymph) and tissue. Under acoustic stimulation, the surrounding fluid and tissues oscillate relative to the otoliths, stimulating the endolymph as well as the array of hair cell cilia adjacent to the otolith and embedded in tissue. It is believed that the hair cell cilia move with the surrounding fluid. This doctoral thesis studied the steady streaming (i.e., time-independent) component of the acoustically induced fluid motion inside of the fish ear to determine how the hair cell cilia displacements due to the steady streaming could provide acoustically relevant information to the fish. This research characterizes the fluid flow around oscillating model otoliths, namely spheroids, grooved spheroids, and a 350% scale model of a cod saccular otolith. This study models the otolithic endorgan as an oscillating body in a Newtonian fluid. The model ignores the surrounding tissues and assumes that the hair cell cilia move like the surrounding fluid. Particle pathline visualizations and particle-image velocimetry (PIV) are used to characterize the flow fields at various oscillation orientations, frequencies and amplitudes. These data are used to determine the location of the stagnation points on the body surface and at the boundaries of the inner rotating region of the flow. Studies are also conducted on bodies sinusoidally oscillated at both a single frequency and two (simultaneous) frequencies along the same direction. Both the steady streaming flow patterns and velocity fields are found to contain acoustically relevant information, but given the very small displacements associated with these flows, it is unclear if the steady streaming flows can be sensed by the fish ear.

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La présente étude s'intéresse à un écoulement d'acoustic streaming, c'est-à-dire un écoulement généré par la propagation d'une onde acoustique dans un fluide. Le travail consiste à comparer deux approches: expérimentale et numérique. Les ultrasons sont émis à 2MHz par un transducteur piézo-électrique de 28.5mm de diamètre. Ce dernier est plongé dans une cuve d'eau équipée de deux parois absorbantes: l'une sert à séparer le champ proche du champ lointain et l'autre est placée à l'extrémité du domaine fluide afin d'éviter toutes réflexions. On réalise ainsi une étude en champ proche et une étude en champ lointain. Les mesures sont de deux types: champ de pression acoustique (hydrophone) et champ de vitesse (PIV). En parallèle, on effectue des simulations numériques directes avec le logiciel StarCCM+TM. Il s'agit de résoudre les équations de Navier-Stokes en fluide incompressible complétées d'un terme source de force acoustique. L'expression de ce dernier est obtenue par séparation des échelles de temps, ce qui consiste à négliger à l'échelle de temps acoustique les variations temporelles lentes, de l'écoulement généré. La démarche est ensuite analogue à celle utilisé en turbulence pour le calcul des tenseurs de Reynolds. On obtient finalement un bon accord entre les résultats expérimentaux et ceux de la modélisation numérique. / Acoustic streaming, i.e. the flow induced by a propagating acoustic wave, is investigated here with both experiental and numerical approaches. The ultrasound source is a 2MHz transducer with a 29mm diameter. The transducer is introduced inside a water tank with two absorbing walls. An intermediate absorbing wall is used to separate the near field from the far field. An other absorbing wall is placed in the opposite side to teh source to avoid reflective waves. Both near field and far field are studied. The measurements concern the acoustic pressure field (hydrophone) and the velocity field (PIV). Numerical simulations are also performed with the software STARCCM+TM. They solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with an acoustic force source term. Ths term is obtained by time scale separation: the slow variations of the flow are neglected on an acoustic time scale with regard to the fast variations of the acoustic field. The procedure is then similar to that used in turbulence for Reynolds stress calculation. A good agreement is eventually obtained between the experimental and numerical results.

Particle separation is of great interest to many biological and biomedical applications. Flow-based methods have been used to sort particles and cells. However, the main challenge with flow based particle separation systems is the need for a sheath flow for successful operation. Existence of the sheath liquid dilutes the analyte, necessitates precise flow control between sample and sheath flow, requires a complicated design to create sheath flow and separation efficiency depends on the sheath liquid composition. In addition, current gold standard active separation techniques are only capable of separation based on particle size; hence, separation cannot be achieved for same-size particles with different densities. In this dissertation, a sheathless acoustic-based microfluidic platform using surface acoustic wave for not only size-dependent but also density-dependent particle separation has been investigated. In this platform, two different functions were incorporated within a single microfluidic channel with varying the number of pressure node and position. The first function was to align particles on the center of the microfluidic channel without adding any external sheath flow. The second function was to separate particles according to their size or density. Two different size-pairs of polystyrene particles with different diameters (3 µm and 10 µm for general size-resolution, 3 µm and 5 µm for higher size-resolution) were successfully separated. Also, the separation of two 10 µm diameter, different-density particle streams (polystyrene: 1.05 g/cm3, melamine: 1.71 g/cm3) was successfully demonstrated. The effects of the input power, the flow rate, and particle concentration on the separation efficiency were investigated. A range of high separation efficiencies with 94.8-100 % for size-based separation and 87.2 - 98.9 % for density-based separation were accomplished. In this dissertation, an acoustic-based microfluidic platform using dual acoustic streaming for active mixing has also been investigated. The rapid and high efficiency mixing of a fluorescent dye solution and deionized water in a microfluidic channel was demonstrated with single acoustic excitation by one interdigital transducer (IDT) as well as dual excitation by two IDTs. The mixing efficiencies were investigated as a function of applied voltage and flow rates. The results indicate that with the same operation parameters, the mixing efficiency with dual-IDT design increased to 96.7 % from 69.8 % achievable with the traditional single-IDT design. The effect of aperture length of the IDT on mixing efficiency was also investigated. Additionally, the effects of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel wall thickness on the insertion loss and the particle migration to the pressure node due to acoustic radiation forces induced by SAW have been investigated. The results indicate that as the PDMS channel wall thickness decreased, the SAW insertion loss is reduced as well as the velocity of the particle migration due to acoustic forces increased significantly. As an example, reducing the side wall thickness of the PDMS channel from 8 mm to 2 mm in the design results in 31.2 % decrease in the insertion loss at the resonant frequency of 13.3 MHz and 186 % increase the particle migration velocity at the resonant frequency of 13.3 MHz with input power of 27 dBm. Lastly, a novel acoustic-based method of manipulating the particles using phase-shift has been proposed and demonstrated. The location of the pressure node was adjusted simply by modulating the relative phase difference (phase-shift) between two IDTs. As a result, polystyrene particles of 5 µm diameter trapped in the pressure node were manipulated laterally across the microfluidic channel. The lateral displacements of the particles from -72.5 µm to 73.1 µm along the x-direction were accomplished by varying the phase-shift with a range of -180° to 180°. The relationship between the particle displacement and the phase-shift of SAW was obtained experimentally and shown to agree with theoretical prediction of the particle position.

Les propriétés acoustiques des bulles sont reconnues pour leur potentiel dans des applications tant biologiques que médicales. Capables de provoquer la lyse des cellules en générant des écoulements intenses, elles peuvent aussi servir d'agent de contraste en échographie.Ce manuscrit traite de la dynamique de vibration de bulles confinées entre les deux murs d'un canal microfluidique. Ces bulles exhibent une pulsation en volume aux faibles amplitudes d'excitation, à laquelle se superpose un mode de surface paramétrique aux plus fortes amplitudes. Le matériau constituant le canal étant élastique, la pulsation de la bulle confinée a pour effet de générer des ondes de Rayleigh sur les parois du canal. Grâce à ces ondes de surface, les bulles vont pouvoir se coupler les unes aux autres. Ce couplage a un effet sur les écoulements hydrodynamiques autour de ces bulles. En effet, la présence d'une bulle voisine engendre l'apparition d'un mode de translation de la bulle qui, couplé à sa pulsation en volume, conduira à la génération d'écoulements à longue portée. Ce même couplage permet aux bulles de s'auto-organiser en réseau. Afin d'étudier de manière contrôlée les effets collectifs des bulles, leur position a été fixée à l'aide de puits capillaires. Les conditions d'amplification et de synchronisation de la vibration des bulles sont recherchées en vue de créer de nouveaux méta-matériaux. / The pulsation properties of air bubbles under ultrasound have received much attention since the development of sonoporation and contrast agents. Spherical bubbles are well known to induce streaming when excited by ultrasound.We report in this manuscript the acoustic vibration of microbubbles confined between the two walls of a microfluidic channel. These bubbles exhibit a volumetric pulsation at low intensities of ultrasound, superimposed with a parametric surface mode for higher intensities of the pressure field. Because the channel walls are elastic, the bubble pulsation leads to the generation of Rayleigh waves at the channel wall interface. The bubble coupling induced by these surface waves has hydrodynamic consequences. In fact, a neighbouring bubble will create a translation mode of the bubble, in addition to its volumetric pulsation. It gives rise to a long-range mixed-mode streaming. The Rayleigh waves lead also to a self-organization of the bubbles in a network. In order to study the collective effects of these bubble networks in a controlled manner, bubble positions were fixed by capillarity on micropits. Conditions for an amplification or a synchronization of the bubble pulsations are sought in order to develop new bubble metamaterials.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la manipulation par forces acoustiques de particules et de fluide à petite échelle. Nous avons construit pour cela un système où des ondes acoustiques de surface sont générées sur un substrat piézo-électrique de LiNbO3 à partir d’électrodes interdigitées, puis émises dans une cavité microfluidique, à une fréquence de l’ordre de 37 MHz soient des longueurs d’onde d'environ 100 µm.Dans le cas où deux ondes stationnaires sont émises perpendiculairement et à la même fréquence, nous montrons théoriquement et expérimentalement la présence d’un terme d’interférence qui, selon le déphasage temporel entre les deux ondes, va modifier la localisation des ventres et nœuds de pression dans la cavité, mais aussi donner lieu à des tourbillons dont l’axe de rotation est perpendiculaire au substrat.Nous montrons théoriquement que ces tourbillons proviennent de la forme particulière des écoulements redressés en paroi et, en injectant des microparticules, nous avons déterminé des vitesses angulaire de plusieurs rad/s. Leur disposition spatiale suit une périodicité d'une demi-longueur d'onde, et leur sens de rotation est alternée entre tourbillons voisins horaires et anti-horaires. Que cela soit avec des globules rouges ou des particules de latex, nous avons identifié une dynamique complexe, avec la formation d’agrégats au centre des vortex sous l’effet des forces de radiations et une répartition en différents niveaux par effet de lévitation acoustique dans l’épaisseur de la cavité, en accord avec l'analyse.Dans le cas où des particules d’une dizaine de micromètres sont utilisées, nous observons, outre l’arrangement des objets dans les nœuds de pression, une rotation individuelle de chaque objet, à des vitesses angulaires plus élevées. Nous interprétons ces observations comme la première mise en évidence d’un couple d’origine acoustique sur des microparticules et cellules biologiques à partir d’ondes acoustiques de surface, constituant l’analogue à petite échelle des effets de couples acoustiques décrits par Busse et Wang en 1981.La thèse propose une description détaillée des différentes montages électriques et microfluidiques, avec les différentes étapes conduisant à un laboratoire sur puce permettant la génération tant de forces que de couples acoustiques, mais aussi la manière de qualifier électriquement et optiquement ses performances. / The focus of this PhD thesis was on particles and fluid handling through acoustic forces, at a very small scale. For this purpose, we built a micro-system based on surface acoustic waves emitted from interdigitated electrodes on a lithium niobate piezoelectric substrate. Those waves then leak into a fluid contained in a microfluidic cavity, at a frequency of 37 MHz, leading to 100 µm wavelengths.If two stationnary waves are emitted perpendicularly and at the same frequency, we theoretically and experimentally show evidence of interferences that can, depending on the time phase shift between them, nto only alter the positions of pressure nodes and antinodes in the acoustic cavity, but also give birth to acoustic vortices which axis is normal to the substrate surface.We theoretically show that those vortices come from the special behaviour of acoustic streaming due to a moving surface. Then, while injecting microparticles in the cavity, we measure angular velocities of a few rad/s. Those vortices spatial disposition follows a half-wavelength period, and their rotation alternates between neighbours: clockwise or anticlockwise. We identify a complex dynamic concerning their 3D structure, since small particles tend to aggregate in vertical columns in the center of the vortex because of radiation forces, with a vertical modulation in the height of the cavity, in good agreement with theoretical predictions.When 10 µm large particles are used instead, we observe individual rotations, even for spherical objects, with higher rotation velocities. We believe those observations to be the first evidence of an acoustic net torque exerted on micro-objects such as biological cells or beads stemming from surface acoustic waves, thus a small scale equivalent of acoustic torques described by Busse and Wang in 1981.This manuscript develops a detailed description of both electric and microfuidic devices, giving the successive steps leading to a lab on chip designed to generate acoustic forces and torques at once, and also the method for qualifying and quantifying electrically and optically its performances.

La propagation d'une onde acoustique en guide est associée, pour de forts niveaux, à un certain nombre de phénomènes de l'acoustique non linéaire. Parmi ces phénomènes, les écoulements redressés (ou vent acoustique), l'effet d'une discontinuité et la transition à la turbulence, à l'étude dans ce mémoire, sont associés à la génération d'écoulements induits. L'étude expérimentale de ces phénomènes repose sur l'adaptation des méthodes de vélocimétrie Laser : Vélocimétrie Laser par effet Doppler (VLD) et Vélocimétrie par Images de Particules (PIV) à la mesure des différents écoulements. Ainsi, des mesures PIV en sortie de convergent, viennent compléter des mesures VLD réalisées antérieurement. Dans l'espoir de mieux appréhender les spécificités de la transition à la turbulence en guide d'onde acoustique, l'évolution de la couche limite de Stokes est étudiée pour des amplitudes de vitesse acoustique croissantes. Une étude expérimentale des écoulements redressés dans un guide d'onde à section carrée est proposée et les spécificités liées à cette géométrie sont recherchées. En outre, l'évolution des tourbillons du vent acoustique en guide d'onde cylindrique est analysée lorsque le vent devient rapide et certains facteurs pouvant être à l'origine de cette évolution sont modifiés. La répartition harmonique dans le guide est ainsi modifiée, puis l'influence des conditions thermiques est abordée en couplant les mesures de vitesses à des mesures de température moyenne dans le guide et en paroi. Une comparaison avec des résultats issus de simulations numériques permet de conforter l'évolution des écoulements redressés observée. / High amplitude acoustic propagation in a guide is associated with several non linear phenomena including acoustic streaming, discontinuity effects and transition to turbulence. Those phenomena are studied in this work and are all associated with acoustically induced flows. The present experimental study therefore is based on velocimetry laser techniques: Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), wich are fitted to the measurement of the different flow velocity components. Firstly, PIV measurements at the exit of a convergent enable to complement previous LDV measurements. Then, in order to a better understanding of the specificity of transition to turbulence in acoustics, the evolution of the Stokes boundary layer is studied for increasing acoustic velocity amplitudes. Then an experimental study of acoustic streaming in a square channel is reported, and the influence of the geometry is examined. Moreover, the evolution of acoustic streaming vortices in a cylindrical waveguide is analyzed for fast streaming and some parameters that could control such evolution are modified. The harmonicdistribution inside the guide is changed and then the influence of thermal conditions is studied by coupling velocity measurements and mean temperature measurements inside the waveguide and along the wall. Some comparisons between measured streaming velocities and numerical simulation results are presented.

Les travaux de recherche du présent projet se situent dans le contexte général de l'optimisation de la technique de sono-thrombolyse (destruction d'un caillot sanguin ou d'un thrombus par cavitation ultrasonore). En effet, certes cette technique a plusieurs avantages par rapport à la solution chirurgicale, mais elle présente des limitations qui sont principalement le risque de libération de fragments du thrombus, susceptibles d'engendrer l'embolie pulmonaire. Face à ces limites actuelles que de la technique de sono-thrombolyse, s'est imposée la nécessité de pousser plus loin les recherches pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui la régissent. D'où le projet de la présente thèse qui s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux écoulements générés lors de l'application des ultrasons focalisés dans un liquide. L'objet du présent travail consiste à étudier minutieusement les phénomènes hydrodynamiques et acoustiques, en particulier le streaming acoustique du fluide et la force de radiation ultrasonore agissant sur les particules solides. Cela permettra d'obtenir une connaissance profonde des phénomènes hydrodynamiques se produisant lors de l'application des HIFU dans un milieu liquide chargé de particules.La technique optique de PIV a été adoptée pour mesurer l'écoulement du fluide ainsi que des particules solides. Ceci a permis de caractériser le streaming acoustique induit par la propagation des ultrasons focalisés dans un milieu liquide infini, de le comparer à un écoulement classique de type jet circulaire libre, et de déterminer un diamètre critique au-dessus du quel l'écoulement des particules solides sphériques dans un liquide est dominée par la force de radiation ultrasonore plutôt que par l'entrainement du streaming acoustique. Comme approche numérique, un outil de simulation CFD a été utilisé afin de modéliser le même écoulement de streaming en question et afin de comparer les résultats numériques avec les résultats expérimentaux obtenus / The research work of this project is provided in the context of sono-thrombolysis technique optimization (blood clot or thrombus destruction by ultrasonic cavitation). Indeed, although this technique has several advantages over the surgical solution, but it has limitations that are mainly the risk of thrombus fragments releasing in the circulation, likely to induce pulmonary embolism.In view of these sono-thrombolysis technique current limitations, it has become necessary to carry out further research to better understand the mechanisms that govern it. Hence, comes the project of the present thesis, which is particularly interested in the flows generated by the application of focused ultrasound in a liquid. The purpose of the present work is to accurately study the hydrodynamic and acoustic phenomena, in particular the fluid acoustic streaming and the ultrasound radiation force acting on solid particles. This would provide a deep understanding of the hydrodynamic phenomena occurring during HIFU (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound) application in a liquid medium with particles.Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) optical technique has been adopted to measure the fluid flow as well as solid particles flow. This allowed us to characterize the focused ultrasound induced acoustic streaming in an infinite liquid medium, to compare it with a conventional circular free jet flow, and to determine a critical diameter above which solid spherical particles flow in a liquid is dominated by the radiation force rather than the acoustic streaming drag force. As a numerical approach, a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation tool was used to model the same streaming flow and to compare the numerical results with the experimental obtained ones

<div>The growing need to improve the power density of compact thermal systems necessitates developing new techniques to modulate the convective heat transfer efficiently. In the present research, acoustic streaming is evaluated as a potential technology to achieve this objective. Numerical simulations using the linearized and fully non-linear Navier-Stokes equations are employed to characterize the physics underlying this process. The linearized Navier-Stokes equations accurately replicate the low-frequency flow unsteadiness, which is used to find the optimal control parameters. Local and global stability analysis tools were developed to identify the modes with a global and positive heat transfer effect.</div><div><br></div><div>High-fidelity numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the effect of the excitation at selected frequencies, directed by the linear stability analysis, on the heat and momentum transport in the flow. Results indicate that, under favorable conditions, superimposing an acoustic wave, traveling along with the flow, can <i>resonate</i> within the domain and lead to a significant heat transfer enhancement with minimal skin friction losses. Two main flow configurations are considered; at the fixed Reynolds number Re_b=3000, in the supersonic case, 10.1% heat transfer enhancement is achieved by an 8.4% skin friction increase; however, in the subsonic case, 10% enhancement in heat transfer only caused a 5.3% increase to the skin friction. The deviation between these two quantities suggests a violation of the Reynolds analogy. This study is extended to include a larger Reynolds number, namely Re_b=6000 at M_b=0.75 and a similar response is observed. The effect of excitation amplitude and frequency on the resonance, limit-cycle oscillations, heat transfer, and skin friction are also investigated here.</div><div><br></div><div>Applying acoustic waves normal to the flow in the spanwise direction disrupts the near-wall turbulent structures that are primarily responsible for heat and momentum transport near the solid boundary. Direct numerical simulations were employed to investigate this technique in a supersonic channel flow at M_b=1.5 and Re_b=3000. The external excitation is applied through a periodic body force in the spanwise direction, mimicking loudspeakers placed on both walls that are operating with a 180^o phase shift. By keeping the product of forcing amplitude A_f and pulsation period (<i>T</i>) constant, spanwise velocity perturbations are generated with a similar amplitude at different frequencies. Under this condition, spanwise pulsations at <i>T</i>=20 and <i>T</i>=10 show up to 8% reduction in Nusselt number as well as the skin friction coefficient. Excitation at higher or lower frequencies fails to achieve such high level of modulations in heat and momentum transport processes near the walls.<br> <br>In configurations involving a spatially-developing boundary layer, a computational setup that includes laminar, transitional, and turbulent regions inside the domain is considered and the impact of acoustic excitation on this flow configuration has been characterized. Large-eddy simulations with dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid scale modeling has been implemented, due to the excessive computational cost of DNS calculations at high-Reynolds numbers. The optimal excitation frequency that resembles the mode chosen for the fully-developed case has been identified via global stability analysis. Fully non-linear simulations of the spatially-developing boundary layer subjected to the excitation at this frequency reveal an interaction between the <i>pulsations</i> and the perturbations originated from the tripping which creates a re-laminarization zone traveling downstream. Such technique can locally enhance or reduce the heat transfer along the walls.<br></div>