Nosokomiale Infektionen (NKI) gehören zu den häufigsten Komplikationen eines Krankenhausaufenthaltes, insbesondere auf Intensivstationen mit einer Prävalenz von rund 18,65%. Die Folgen sind eine längere Verweildauer, erhöhte Morbidität und Letalität sowie höhere Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem. Die Erfassung NKI stellt einen wichtigen Qualitäts- Parameter für Intensivstationen dar. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Übereinstimmung von nur nach KISS (Krankenhaus-InfektionsSurveillance System)- Definitionen erfassten Infektionen mit der klinisch diagnostizierten nosokomialen Infektion zu prüfen und den Zusammenhang zwischen ärztlicher Diagnose und den laborchemischen und klinisch erhobenen Kriterien darzustellen. Hierfür wurden auf einer interdisziplinären operativen Intensivstation nosokomiale Infektionen sowohl nach ITS- KISS (VAP, ZVK- assoziierte Infektionen und HWI), als auch nach ärztlicher Diagnose plus Beginn oder Eskalation einer Antibiotikatherapie erfasst. Zusätzlich zu den KISS-Parametern wurden laborchemische Entzündungsparameter (CRP und PCT) registriert. Es traten 32 Infektionen nach ITS- KISS und 69 Infektionen nach ärztlicher Diagnose auf. Acht Infektionen wurden ausschließlich nach KISS und 45 ausschließlich nach der ärztlichen Diagnose erfasst. Die Infektionsrate nach KISS für VAP lag bei 20,6, für ZVK bei 5,9 und für HWI bei 2 Infektionen, jeweils pro 1000 Devicetage. Spezifität und positiv prädiktiver Wert hinsichtlich der Vorhersage einer ärztlich diagnostizierten Infektion waren gering. Auch durch Kombination verschiedener Parameter wurden keine höheren prädiktiven Werte erreicht. Die geringe Übereinstimmung der beiden Methoden legt nahe, dass KISS die klinisch relevanten Infektionen nicht wesentlich erfasst und relevante Infektfoci nicht berücksichtigt werden, beispielsweise abdominelle Infektionen. Zudem erlauben die erfassten Laborparameter keine zuverlässige Diagnose bzw. Prädiktion einer nosokomialen Infektion. Die ärztliche Diagnose in Verbindung mit dem Beginn oder der Eskalation einer Antibiotikatherapie könnte eine vereinfachte Methode zur Surveillance nosokomialer Infektionen darstellen.

there is a growing body of research on men who have sex with men (MSM) and risk factors for HIV in South Africa. However, in order to develop more appropriate and relevant interventions to reduce the transmission of HIV amongst MSM and MSMW, there was a need to deepen our understanding of sexual risk behaviour and protective practices. The aim of the study was to explore the sexual risk and protective behaviour of men who have sex with men and women in Soweto, South Africa.

Introduction Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) play a crucial role in the control and management of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is essential to understand the factors that influence the utilisation of VCT to improve implementation of measures that encourage VCT uptake. The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting the utilisation of Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services for HIV/AIDS in Sowa, Botswana. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out by collecting data from 71 randomly selected participants residing in the community of Sowa, Botswana. Open and close ended questions were used. Relevant demographic data were collected from each respondent. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done using chi square test and logistic regression models through STATA11 statistical software. Results About half of the respondents were willing to utilise the VCT services. Willingness to utilise VCT was significantly associated with the respondents' choice of VCT centres, worry about confidentiality at VCT centres, and concern about their partners' being aware of their use of VCT. The expected reactions of their partner, family and community to the use of VCT by the respondents, in addition to the willingness of respondents to inform their partners the result of their HIV test, were other factors associated with the use of VCT. Multivariate regression showed that being "not worried" (AOR 33.48; 95CI 5.63 - 199.15) about confidentiality at VCT centres predicted the willingness to use VCT. In addition, not worried that their partners were aware they had utilised VCT (AOR 7.25; 95CI 1.69- 31.14), and readiness to inform their partners about the result of their HIV test (AOR 14.96; 95CI 3.74- 59.85), predicted the willingness of respondents to utilise VCT. Similarly, the expectation of a happy reaction from partner (AOR 47.02; 95CI 3.83- 577.11) and family (AOR 45.13 95CI 3.28-620.72) on being aware the respondent had used VCT, also predicted willingness to use VCT. Conclusion This study confirmed that stigma related to VCT use and confidentiality at VCT centres influence the utilisation of VCT services. Also, concern about partner's awareness that a respondent had used VCT and the expected response of partner, family, and community, were all important influencing factors to the utilisation of voluntary counseling and HIV testing services. These issues need to be addressed in order to increase VCT uptake among individuals and the community.

A research report submitted to the faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine (Pharmacotherapy) / Background: The decision of when to start treatment in an HIV-infected individual has always been problematic as far as CD4 count is concerned. Aims: To determine the clinical outcome of patients who commence HAART at different CD4 cell count levels. Method: Retrospective analysis of records of a cohort of patients who are received ART at workplace wellness clinics in three mines in Limpopo province from January 2003 to December 2009. Patients were divided into three groups based on their baseline, group A (CD4 <100), group B (CD4 101-200) and group C (CD4 201-250) Each patient’s data was analyzed one year after his/her commencement. Results: The percentage of patients who died in group A (16%) differs significantly from the percentage of patients who died in group B (4%) (Fisher exact test p= 0.038) and also differ significantly from the percentage of patients who died in group C (0%) (Fisher exact test p= 0.011). The percentages of patients who developed TB in the three groups are 8%, 8% and 2.9% respectively. When compared statistically, these percentages do not differ significantly (Fisher exact test p=0.059).The percentages of patients with severe bacterial pneumonia in the three groups (2%, 2% and 0% respectively) do not differ significantly (Fisher exact test p=0,276).The percentage of hospital admissions for patients in group A (18%) differ significantly from the percentage in group B (6%) and the percentage in group C (6%) (Fisher exact test p= 0.05). The percentage of patients with weight loss of more than 10% of baseline value in group A (24%) differ significantly from the percentage in group B (4%) (Fisher exact test p= 0.003) and also differ significantly to from the percentage in group C (0%) (Fisher exact test p= 0.001). The percentage of patients with undetectable viral load in group B (89%) is significantly different from the percentage in group A (69%) (Fisher exact test p= 0.03) and is also significantly different from the percentage in group C (61%) (Fisher exact test p= 0.008).The change in mean CD4 cell count was found to be statistically significant within each group (paired t test, p<0.0001), but the mean changes between the three groups (132,141 and 172) respectively, do not differ significantly (ANOVA test). Conclusion: Patients with baseline CD4 cell count of less than 100 have a poor clinical outcome when compared to patients with baseline CD4 cell count of more than 100. Efforts must be made to identify patients early before CD4 cell count fall to below 100 and preferably initiate HAART when CD4 cell count is above 200.

OBJETIVOS: conhecer os perfis epidemiológico, clínico e laboratorial dos pacientes com infecção por Salmonella spp. e o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana destas cepas de Salmonella spp., no Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo (SP), no período de 1992 a 2002.MÉTODOS: revisão dos prontuários médicos dos pacientes e avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade das cepas de Salmonella ssp. pelo método de disco difusão das cepas aos antimicrobianos ciprofloxacina, ceftriaxone, cloranfenicol, ácido nalidíxico, ampicilina, sulfametoxazol-trimetropim (SMX-TMP), tetraciclina e estreptomicina. RESULTADOS: um total de 146 cepas de Salmonella spp. foram isoladas a partir de pacientes diferentes durante o período avaliado. Cento e onze (76,0%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 35 (24,0%), do feminino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 29,33 ± 12,76 anos (mínima de um ano e máxima de 70 anos). Cento e seis (72,6%) pacientes residiam na cidade de São Paulo. Em 128 (87,7%) casos, a fonte provável de contaminação por Salmonella spp. era desconhecida. A febre, diarréia, náuseas e/ou vômitos e sintomatologia respiratória estiveram presentes em, respectivamente, 111(76%), 92 (63%), 67 (45,9%) e 63 (43,2%) pacientes na admissão hospitalar. Em indivíduos HIV-positivos, os sintomas respiratórios foram mais os comuns. A maior parte das cepas foi obtida de sangue e fezes, respectivamente, 109 (74,4%) e 22 (15,1%) cepas. Trinta e cinco (24,0%) cepas eram do sorotipo Salmonella Typhi e 111 (76%), sorotipos não-Typhi, sendo os sorotipos mais comuns Enteritidis com 42 (37,8%) cepas; Typhimurium, 23 (20,7%); I,4,[5],12:i:-, 16 (14,4%) e Dublin, 16 (14,4%). Noventa e sete (66,4%) pacientes tinham sorologia para HIV positiva e seis (4,1%), negativa. Quarenta e três (29,5%) pacientes tinham sorologia anti-HIV desconhecida. Entre os 97 pacientes HIV-positivo, em 14 (14,4%), o episódio atual de salmonelose, com ou sem patologias oportunistas, foi a responsável pela descoberta da infecção pelo HIV ou desenvolvimento para a sida em indivíduos já sabidamente HIV-positivo. Os seguintes percentuais de sensibilidade foram encontrados nos antimicrobianos estudados: ciprofloxacina, 100% de sensibilidade; ceftriaxone, 99,3%; cloranfenicol, 96,6%; ácido nalidíxico, 95,2%; ampicilina, 92,5%; sulfametoxazoltrimetoprim, 91,8%; tetraciclina, 86,3% e estreptomicina, 65,8%. Trinta e oito (26,0%) pacientes evoluíram para o óbito, sendo todos HIV-positivo/AIDS (p< 0,0001) e em todos isoladas cepas de Salmonella não-Typhi (p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: a ocorrência dos sorotipos Typhi e não-Typhi e a sintomatologia diferem segundo a condição sorológica para o HIV. A cultura do sangue e de fezes deve fazer parte da rotina do diagnóstico. Ciprofloxacina, ceftriaxone,cloranfenicol e ampicilina constituem opções terapêuticas adequadas para a infecção por Salmonella spp.. Foram fatores de risco para o óbito, sorologia anti-HIV positiva e o isolamento de Salmonella não-Typhi. / OBJECTIVES: knwon the epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial characteristics of the patients with infection due to Salmonella spp. and the pattern of susceptibility to antimicrobials of such isolates of Salmonella spp., from \"Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo\" (SP), in the period of January 1992 to December 2002. METHODS: review of the patients charts and evaluation of the pattern of susceptibility from the isolates of Salmonella spp. performing the disk diffusion method to the antimicrobials ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and streptomycin. RESULTS: a total of 146 isolates were obtained from different patients in the period evalueted. One-hundred and eleven (76.0%) patients were male and 35 (24.0%), female. The median age was 29.33 ± 12.76 years (range one year 70 years). One-hundred and six (72.6%) patients lived in the city of São Paulo. In 128 (87.7%) cases, the probable source of contamination with Salmonella spp. was unknwon. Fever, diarrhoea, nausea and/or vomiting and respiratory sintomatology were present, respectively, in 111(76%), 92 (63%), 67 (45.9%) and 63 (43.2%) patients at presentation. In HIV-seropositive patients, respiratory sintomatology was the most common. Most of the isolates were obtained from blood and stool, respectively, 109 (74.4%) and 22 (15.1%) isolates. Thirty-five (24.0%) isolates belonged to serotype Salmonella Typhi and 111 (76%) to non-Typhi serotypes, being the most common Enteritidis with 42 (37.8%) isolates; Typhimurium, 23 (20.7%); I,4,[5],12:i:-, 16 (14.4%) and Dublin, 16 (14.4%). Ninety-seven (66.4%) patients had HIVserology positive and six (4.1%) patients, negative. In 43(29.5%) patients, the HIV serology was unknown. Considering the 97 HIV-seropositive patients, in 14 (14,4%), the actual episode of salmonellosis, with or without oportunistic infections, was the responsible for the discovery of the HIV infection or to development to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in already known HIV-seropositive patients. The following percentages of susceptibility were found in the antimicrobials analysed: ciprofloxacin, susceptibility of 100%; ceftriaxone, 99.3%; chloramphenicol, 96.6%; nalidixic acid, 95.2%; ampicillin, 92.5%; trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 91.8%; tetracycline, 86.3% and streptomycin, 65.8%. Thirtyeight (26.0%) evoluted to death, being all HIV-positive patients (p < 0.0001) with infection to non-typhoidal Salmonellae (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: the occurrence of serotypes Typhi and non-Typhi and the patients sintomatology depends on the HIV-serology. Culture of blood and stool should be part of the diagnosis. Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and ampicillin are good therapeutic options for Salmonella spp. infection. HIV-serology positive and the isolation of non-Typhi Salmonella were risk factors to death.

A utilização de códigos QR por deficientes visuais e robôs expande o horizonte de emprego dessa tecnologia e viabiliza várias aplicações cogitadas por um número crescente de trabalhos acadêmicos. Para que os códigos QR possam ser decodificados eles precisam ser apropriadamente enquadrados. A detecção desses símbolos em imagens adquiridas ao acaso é a primeira etapa na construção de um sistema de enquadramento assistido. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta para a detecção de códigos QR em imagens adquiridas ao acaso. A abordagem proposta é baseada em componentes e dividida em estágios, nos quais primeiramente partes do símbolo são detectadas através da técnica de detecção rápida de objetos proposta por Viola-Jones e em seguida uma análise do conjunto formado por essas partes é realizada para determinar a localização exata do símbolo na cena. A adaptação da técnica proposta por Viola e Jones para esse novo domínio é descrita e detalhada. É realizada uma discussão sobre a influência dos muitos parâmetros de treinamento e detecção presentes na abordagem proposta com base em resultados experimentais detalhados. Por fim é apresentado o desempenho em termos da qualidade dos resultados e tempo de processamento em vídeo e conclui-se que a abordagem proposta aponta um caminho promissor na resolução do problema de detecção de códigos QR em imagens adquiridas arbitrariamente na maioria das situações práticas. / The use of QR codes by visually impaired people and robots expands the applications of this technology and enables many possibilities that are emerging in a crescent number of scientific papers. QR code decoding relies on prior framing of the symbol during image acquisition. The detection of these symbols is the first step in the construction of a system to assist the framing process. This work presents an approach for the detection of QR codes in arbitrarily acquired images. The proposed approach is a component-based one consisting of two stages, where parts of the symbol are first detected through the fast object detection method proposed by Viola-Jones, and then an analysis of the set of detected parts is carried subsequently in order to determine the exact location of the symbol in the scene.The adaptation of the framework proposed by Viola-Jones for this new application domain is described in detail. The influence of various training and detection parameters of the framework in QR code detection is discussed using a series of experiments. The performance of the proposed approach is presented in terms of result quality and processing time and it is concluded that the proposed approach indicates a promising direction in solving the problem of detecting QR codes in arbitrarily acquired images in the majority of real world situations.

Este estudo objetivou compreender os significados de viver com o vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV/aids) sob a perspectiva de pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVH), acompanhadas no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em doenças infectocontagiosas (SAE) de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo. Estudo com abordagem qualitativa, edificado no referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso de matriz francesa. A população de estudo foi constituída por 11 sujeitos, os quais foram admitidos no SAE no ano 2000 e estavam em seguimento clínico ambulatorial no referido serviço em 2015. A geração de dados foi realizada entre os meses de maio e agosto de 2015. Aplicou-se a técnica de entrevista semidirigida norteada por roteiro de entrevista e utilizou-se, ainda, formulário de coleta de dados que considerou dados secundários (prontuário individual) e os relatos dos sujeitos. As entrevistas foram áudio-gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e armazenadas no software Atlas ti 7.0. Os gestos interpretativos possibilitaram a elaboração de dois blocos discursivos (BD): Sentidos de incorporação e (re)produção do discurso biomédico; e Da normalização à resistência: processos de experienciar o HIV/aids em cronicidade. No primeiro BD, os sujeitos adoecidos incorporaram o discurso biomédico, pautando suas experiências no cientificismo e na patologia. Com efeito, reproduziram o discurso dominante reverberando sentidos de seguimento ininterrupto da terapêutica medicamentosa, bem como de práticas e de comportamentos legitimados como salutares (alimentação saudável, higiene pessoal). No segundo BD, foram analisados os sentidos de normalização discursiva do HIV/aids, de modo que os sujeitos relacionaram as experiências de adoecimento às atividades do cotidiano que, sobretudo, deveriam minimizar exposição a situações de risco à saúde. Observou-se, porém, que tais sentidos de normalização estão envoltos em contextos fragilizadores, tais como o preconceito, o estigma e a discriminação ante ao HIV. Aspectos que pareceram estar na base de um discurso de resistência dos sujeitos adoecidos que, por sua vez, pareceu justificar momentos/períodos de interrupção do tratamento medicamentoso. Concluiu-se que o cuidado às PVH em cronicidade requer, entre outros, a constituição de reflexões (outras) que favoreçam uma relação dialógica proximal entre os profissionais de saúde e os sujeitos adoecidos. De tal sorte que se compreenda a dinamicidade de uma condição de adoecimento em constante devir, balizada pelo modo de ser e de estar de cada sujeito em seu meio / The goal of this study was to understand the meanings of living with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) by the perspective of people living with HIV (PLH), assisted by the Specialized Service of infectious diseases (SS), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo. Study through a qualitative approach, based on the theoretical-methodological referential of french Discourse Analysis framework. The study population consisted of 11 subjects, who were admitted to the SS in the year 2000 and were in an outpatient clinical follow-up in the same medical facility in 2015. Data were generated between May and August 2015. The semi-guided interview technique was applied guided by interview script. In addition, data collection form was used which considered secondary data (individual records) and the subjects\' reports. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed in full and stored in the software Atlas ti 7.0. The interpretative gestures allowed the elaboration of two discursive blocks (DB): Sense of incorporation and (re)production of the biomedical discourse; and From normalization to resistance: processes of experiencing HIV/AIDS in chronicity. In the first DB, the sick individuals incorporated the biomedical discourse, guiding their experiences in scientism and pathology. In fact, they reproduced the dominant discourse reverberating meanings of uninterrupted follow-up of drug therapy, as well as practices and behaviors legitimized as healthy (healthy eating, personal hygiene). In the second DB, the meanings of discursive normalization of HIV/AIDS were analyzed, so that the subjects related the experiences of illness to daily activities that, above all, should minimize exposure to health risk situations. It has been observed, however, that such meanings of normalization are embedded in fragilizing contexts, such as prejudice, stigma and discrimination against HIV. Aspects that seemed to be the basis of the sick subjects\' resistance discourse, which, in turn, seemed to justify moments/periods of interruption of drug treatment. It was concluded that care for chronical PLH requires, among other things, the constitution of reflections (others) that favor a proximal dialogical relationship between health professionals and those who are ill. So that the dynamicity of a condition of illness in constant becoming can be understood, distinguished by the way of being and being of each subject in its environment

O paciente portador de necessidades especiais pode ser descrito como aquele indivíduo que não se adapta de maneira física, intelectual ou emocional aos parâmetros normais, considerando os padrões de crescimento, desenvolvimento mental e controle emocional, além dos relacionados à conservação da saúde. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) estima que a prevalência das deficiências no mundo seja de uma pessoa a cada dez e mais de dois terços não recebe nenhum tipo de assistência odontológica. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a percepção dos profissionais odontólogos sobre a acessibilidade do paciente com Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA/AIDS) em estabelecimentos odontológicos na cidade de São Paulo e comparar com um grupo controle, representados por pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus. A informação para o estudo foi baseada em conversações telefônicas com cirurgiões-dentistas, onde foi realizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada. A análise de conteúdo das entrevistas foi executada segundo método de Lefèvre e Lefèvre (2000) e foi realizada destacando-se a idéia central. Do total de entrevistados, 55,14% eram do gênero feminino e 53,27% trabalhavam em consultório particular. Em relação à acessibilidade, 96,26% já tinham tratado de pacientes com Diabetes, 55,14% com SIDA/AIDS. Concluiu-se que a principal dificuldade para tratar pacientes com diabetes é a prática clínica, principalmente relacionada com problemas de coagulação. Entre os pacientes com SIDA/AIDS embora tenham sido citadas dificuldades clínicas, pôde ser verificado que a maior dificuldade ainda é o preconceito contra eles. / The patient who has special needs can be described as the individual that can´t adapt himself to normal physical, intellectual or emotional parameters, considering the growing patterns, mental development and emotional stability, in addition to those related to the health maintenance. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the deficiencies prevalence is about one in ten individuals allover the world and more than two thirds don´t have any dental assistance. The objective of the study was to verify the dental professional perception with relation to the accessibility among patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SIDA/AIDS) in clinical settings in the city of São Paulo, and to compare this perception with a control group, patients with Diabetes Mellitus. The study information was based on telephone conversations with Dentistis. A semi-structured interview was prepared. Content analysis was performed as per Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2000) with the relief of the central ideas. Among the participants, 55.14% were female and 53.27% worked in private settings. Regarding the accessibility, 96.26% had already treated patients with Diabetes, 55.14% with SIDA/AIDS. It was concluded that the main difficulty to treat diabetes patients is the clinical practice, mainly with problems related to blood coagulation. Among SIDA/AIDS patients, even though it had been listed clinical difficulties, it could be verified that the main difficulty is still prejudice amongst them.

Introdução: A assistência à saúde é desafiada por eventos adversos evitáveis e mais da metade destes corresponde a Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS), com expressivas taxas de morbimortalidade e altos custos hospitalares. No entanto, não há investimentos em avaliação e reconhecimento da qualidade dos Programas de Prevenção e Controle de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (PCIRAS). Objetivo: Realizar um diagnóstico de situação da estrutura e atuação dos PCIRAS em hospitais de pequeno porte, tendo como hipótese a conformidade mínima de 70%. Método: Estudo transversal, prospectivo e de avaliação processual no qual foram entrevistadas enfermeiras que atuam nos PCIRAS de catorze hospitais, de um total de 27, com até setenta leitos, adscritos no Departamento Regional de Saúde XVII, Estado de São Paulo, no período de 2015 a 2016. A avaliação aplicou quatro indicadores previamente validados: Estrutura Técnico-Operacional do Programa de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (PCET), Diretrizes Operacionais de Controle e Prevenção de Infecção Hospitalar (PCDO), Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Infecção Hospitalar (PCVE) e Atividades de Controle e Prevenção de Infecção Hospitalar (PCCP). Resultados: O índice de conformidade geral dos indicadores foi de 69%, dispersão (dp) de (12,3), com valores médios de 61% (20,3 dp) para PCET, 85% (18,7 dp) para PCDO, 58% (39,5 dp) para PCVE e 75% (24,1 dp) para PCCP. O desempenho geral ficou pouco abaixo do esperado (70%) em decorrência dos indicadores PCET e PCVE. As instituições privadas apresentaram maiores índices de conformidade, bem como as que possuíam Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Apesar, dos hospitais possuírem enfermeiros designados para PCIRAS (92,9%), somente em 23,1% das instituições privadas eles atuavam com dedicação exclusiva de seis horas. Foi observada relevância estatisticamente significativa para correlação entre os indicadores e as seguintes variáveis: presença de UTI (PCET e PCVE), representação do SCIH (PCDO) e carga horária diária do enfermeiro (PCET). Ao contrário, não foi observada relevância estatística para: presença de acreditação e carga horária do segundo profissional do SCIH. Conclusões: diante do exposto, os hospitais de pequeno porte apresentam dificuldades para instituir PCIRAS nos moldes preconizados pela legislação (Portaria 8 n. 2.616/1998). Faz-se necessário o estabelecimento de recomendações e políticas públicas viáveis e que permitam um programa efetivo de prevenção de infecções nestas instituições. / Introduction: Healthcare is challenged by preventable adverse events and more than half of these events are Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI), with significant morbidity and mortality rates and high hospital costs. However, there is no investment in the assessment and recognition of the quality of the Prevention and Control Programs Related to Healthcare-Associated Infections. Purpose: Provide a diagnosis of the situation of the structure and performance of Programs of HAI in small-sized hospitals, with the hypothesis of a minimal compliance of 70%. Method: Cross-sectional, prospective and process evaluation study presenting interviews with nurses working in Programs of HAI of 14 hospitals, out of a total of 27, with up to 70 beds, ascribed in the Regional Health Department XVII of the state of Sao Paulo, in the period from 2015 to 2016. The evaluation applied four previously validated indicators: Technical-Operational Structure of the Hospital-Acquired Infection Control Program (PCET), Operational Guidelines for the Control and Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections (PCDO), Hospital-Acquired Infection Epidemiological Surveillance System (PCVE) and Activities of Infection Control and Prevention (PCCP). Results: The overall compliance rate of the indicators was 69%, dispersion (dp) of (12.3), with average values of 61% (20.3 dp) for PCET, 85% (18.7 dp) for PCDO, 58 % (39.5 dp) for PCVE and 75% (24.1 dp) for PCCP. The overall performance was slightly lower than expected (70%) as a result of PCET and PCVE indicators. Private institutions had higher rates of compliance, as well as those having an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Though the hospitals have nurses assigned to PCIRAS (92.9%), they worked in an exclusive six hours system only in 23.1% of the private institutions. A statistically significant relevance was observed for correlation between the indicators and the following variables: presence of ICU (PCET and PCVE), representation of the SCIH (PCDO) and daily workload of nurses (PCET). On the contrary, there was no statistical significance for: presence of accreditation and workload of the second professional of the SCIH. Conclusions: considering the above, the small hospitals find it difficult to use PCIRAS along the lines recommended by law (Ordinance no. 2,616/1998). It is necessary to establish recommendations and viable public policies, as well as providing an effective program to prevent infections in these institutions.

As mulheres infectadas por aids, ao engravidarem, enfrentam múltiplas dificuldades, entre elas o receio da transmissão vertical. Objetivou-se com este estudo identificar as características sócio-demográficas e as condições de vida e trabalho de mulheres com aids; identificar os significados atribuídos por elas à maternidade e conhecer as implicações de ser mãe no processo saúde-doença. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, qualitativo, com 16 mulheres com AIDS, matriculadas num serviço especializado em DST/AIDS do município de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos meio de consulta aos prontuários clínicos e de entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado e submetidos posteriormente à análise de conteúdo, sendo interpretados à luz do conceito de Vulnerabilidade. As características do grupo de mulheres estudadas são: solteiras, idade reprodutiva, baixa escolaridade e condições de vida precárias, infectadas por via sexual, souberam do diagnóstico tardiamente. Dos significados da maternidade, emergiram três categorias: a primeira “a vivência da gravidez" abrangendo os determinantes, os sentimentos e as repercussões da gravidez; a segunda categoria, “expressão da maternidade" reuniu os significados atribuídos à maternidade e as dificuldades enfrentadas. A terceira “implicações da maternidade no cotidiano" referem-se ao enfrentamento do processo saúde-doença e ao relacionamento familiar. Na análise das categorias foram identificados elementos potencializadores e protetores da vulnerabilidade à infecção, adoecimento e morte pelo HIV no contexto de transmissão vertical do HIV. Concluiu-se que a maternidade, na ótica das mulheres, constituiu-se em um evento protetor da vulnerabilidade ao adoecimento e morte por HIV, sendo assim necessária uma abordagem dessas mulheres sobre o desejo de ter filhos, pois a maternidade possibilita re-significar suas vidas. / When women who are infected by AIDS get pregnant, they face several difficulties such as the fear of vertical transmission. The objective of this study is to identify the socio-demographic and living and work conditions in the life of women who have AIDS; identify the meaning attributed by them to maternity and identify the implications of being a mother in the health-disease process. It consists of an exploratory and quantitative study with 16 AIDS infected women, enrolled in a specialized service in STD/AIDS in the city of Sao Paulo. The data collected from clinical records and interviews from semi-structured guidelines, were later submitted to the content analysis, and interpreted according to the Vulnerability concept. The characteristics of the women studied are: single, reproductive age group, low education and precarious life condition, sexually infected, with late diagnostic. From de meaning of maternity three categories stood out: the first, “the pregnancy experience", including the determinants, the feelings and the pregnancy consequences: the second category, “maternity significance", combined the meanings attributed to maternity and the difficulties encountered. The third “daily implications of maternity" is related to the confront of the health-disease process and family relationship. While analyzing the categories, potential elements, protectors against the vulnerability to infection, falling ill and death caused by HIV in vertical HIV transmission, were identified. We concluded that maternity, from the women’s point of view, was a protective event against the vulnerability to illness and death caused by the HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to approach these women to discuss the willingness of having children, because maternity makes it possible for them to redirect their lives.