I det här examensarbetet har en studie om elevers perspektiv på spanskundervisning och övningar för språkinlärning på högstadiet genomförts. Studien inkluderar 18 elevers svar på en enkät följt av fem fördjupande intervjuer. Resultaten indikerar att eleverna utsätts för en hög grad av läsövningar och grammatikövningar medan de identifierar att de lär sig bäst genom glosor och att lyssna. Input av spanska utanför klassrummet är låg och användningen av målspråket som arbetsspråk i klassrummet är inte alltid så hög som den skulle kunna vara. Slutsatsen är att den kontinuerliga användningen av visst material, eller läromedel, kan vara en bidragande del av de internationellt låga resultaten för svenska elever i spanska. Framtida forskning kan vara att fokusera på lärarens perspektiv på övningar och används i klassrummet. / In this study, an investigation about students’ perspective on Spanish teaching and exercises in compulsory school has been carried out. The study includes 18 students’ responses to a survey followed by five in-depth interviews. The results indicate that students are exposed to a high level of reading and grammar practice while they identify that they learn best thorough vocabulary and listening. Input of Spanish outside the classroom is low and the use of the target language as a working language in the classroom is not always as high as it could be. The conclusion is that the continuous use of certain teaching material can be a contributing factor to the internationally low results for Swedish students in Spanish. Future research may be to focus on the teacher´s perspective on exercises and their use in the classroom.

The use of ITs in education has created new opportunities for learning and has introduced new ways for knowledge acquisition. Web 2.0 technology presents a variety of tools that can support learning procedure in all levels of Education. Wikis constitute one of the most widespread tools that support cooperation and Project-based learning. This study examines the possibility of a wider use of Wikis for the “Project”, a course that has been taught in Greek High Schools for the last four years. Recently the Greek Ministry of Education attempted to make a shift from traditional learning methods to modern teaching ways that use ITs in all level of education. “Project” course constitutes a pilot course for this attempt and follows new innovating ways of learning. The course has an interdisciplinary character and aims to exploit the benefits of the Project-based learning and to enhance students to cooperation and interaction. The research explores the way that Wikis could support the basic aims of the course and the circumstances under which learners and teachers could be motivated for this use. This qualitative study was conducted in the 1st Lyceum of Eleusis, “Aristoteleio”, and followed the Action-oriented Research approach. The research included interviews with five teachers and a focus group of students. The main outcomes showed that important changes in the Greek Educational system should be done in order for this use to be enhanced.

Handlungsorientierter Unterricht als Konzept zur Gestaltung von Unterricht ist geeignet, die Qualität der Ausbildung von technischen beruflichen Lehrer/innen in Vietnam zu verbessern und den heutigen Anforderungen an die Lehre in den beruflichen Schulen gerecht zu werden. Erstens: Die Forschung stellte die theoretischen Grundlagenhinsichtlich des allgemeinen Konzeptes undder Hauptmerkmaledes handlungsorientierten Unterrichts, die Handlungstheorien sowie den lernpsychologischen Hintergrundim Verhältnis zum handlungsorientierten Unterricht dar.Die Unterrichtsmethoden/Unterrichtsformen zur Realisierung handlungsorientierten Unterrichts wurden bei dieser Forschung auch konkret vorgestellt. Basierend auf der Analyse bestehender Theorien über die Kompetenzen von Berufsschullehrer/innen entwickelte und schlug die Forscherin ein Modell der Kompetenzen von beruflichen Lehrer/innen vor. Zweitens: Die Forschung klärte die praktische Grundlagefür das Forschungsthema durch die Erfassung der Ist-Situationder Ausbildung der pädagogischen Kompetenzen für Berufsschullehrer/innen in Vietnam. Drittens: Die Forschung schlug ein Modell der Ausbildung von pädagogischen Kompetenzen für technisch-berufliche Lehrern/innen in Vietnambasierend auf dem Vergleichder Ausbildung der Berufsschullehrern zwischen Deutschland und Vietnam nach Aspekten der Voraussetzungen, der Phasen der Ausbildung, des Zertifikats, der Art der Ausbildung hinsichtlich der Trennung zwischen der Bildung von fachlichen und von pädagogischen Kompetenzen, der Anzahl der ausgebildeten Fächer, der Inhalte der pädagogischen Ausbildung, sowie auf der Betrachtung des Kontexts von Vietnam vor. Ein entsprechendes Modell der Ausbildung von Berufschullehrer/innen für Vietnammit der Struktur von einem Phase der Ausbildung, der Form der getrennten Ausbildungmit zwei getrennten Gruppen der Bildung (Pädagogik und Technik), die parallelstattfinden, und mit 11 Themen (Lehrveranstaltungen), die nach dem Konzept des handlungsorientierten Unterrichtsorganisiert werden,wurde vorgestellt. Hinsichtlich der konkreten Umsetzung der Gestaltung des Unterrichts nach dem Konzept des handlungsorientierten Unterrichts für die Ausbildung von Berufsschullehrer/innen in Vietnam wurden 03 Beispiele der möglichen ausführlichen Gestaltung des handlungsorientierten Unterrichts für 03 typischen Lehrveranstaltungen (Technische Didaktik, Fachdidaktik im Bereich „Nähtechnik, Modedesign und Hauswirtschaft“, Curriculumentwicklung) vorgeschlagen(die konkreten Inhalte wurden im Anhang dargestellt). Viertens: In Anlehnung an die oben erwähnten Erfahrungen der konkreten Gestaltung von handlungsorientiertem Unterricht sowie der theoretischen Grundlagen von handlungsorientiertem Unterricht wurde der Prozess zur Gestaltung von durchführbaren, effektiven handlungsorientiertem Unterricht vorgeschlagen. Die experimentelle Durchführung des nach dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagenen Modells einschließlich der Umsetzung von Lehrveranstaltungen kann neue Forschungsfragen eröffnen. Die Forschungsergebnisse können weiter verwendet werden, um mit umfangreicherer Forschung in anderen Bereichen der Bildung fortzufahren, besonders zur Didaktik des theoretischen Unterrichts in Vietnam. Das ist die Perspektive des Themas.

In general terms, this research project evolved in response to my desire to find out more about the planning issues faced by micro to small-sized enterprises (MSEs). In particular, how they plan for survival and growth.As such, the main objective of the action oriented research project is to assess the viability of developing a framework which will be capable of providing structured, useful and relevant guidance to micro to small-sized enterprises (MSEs) in terms of business survival and growth. In a practical sense, it is important that the framework is also flexible enough to deal with the complexity and fluidity of the real life business environment within which MSEs operate.A review of current growth theory and the current available data and tools aimed at assisting MSE in the area of growth planning is presented in chapter two. This review serves to highlight two important issues which, in turn, guide the research project.- Firstly, an attempted review of current statistical information regarding MSEs highlighted a serious lack of general planning data for this sector within Europe. (Statistics are only analysed and reported for companies with over 20 employees)- Secondly, extant literature regarding growth theories for MSEs, fails to provide one perfect solution. There is a general consensus that it is neither possible, nor desirable, to try to develop one single and fixed model to predict company growth.Chapter two also provides a review of associated disciplines which are closely related to MSE planning ie entrepreneurship, innovation, and complexity. This extended review shows that flexibility and adaptiveness have a great impact on business decisions regarding company survival and growth and further strengthen the case for a flexible solution. Through consideration of these related topics the following three concepts are brought to the fore and are subsequently integrated into the final response to the research questions: - inherent company leadership,- the influence of the external environment and the opportunities and threats it presents to a MSE, - the internal factors which impact MSE company operations and decisionsAs such, Chapter two highlights the need for a bespoke solution which is both reactive and conditional. In order to focus the project, several delimitations were introduced.- Geographically, the research was based upon the prevailing conditions for German and central European MSEs.- Furthermore, a single case study company was selected as it suited the participative requirements of the project. The company is a micro-sized offset printing house.- As the project advanced, it became clear that decisions regarding company survival and growth for MSEs varied greatly depending upon the stage of operations in which the company found itself. Thus, a more specific focus on mature MSEs was adopted as the project and research progressed. By placing these three restrictions on the research project it was possible to conduct meaningful action-oriented research, aimed at generating future action and change beyond the study, as well as identify and address a very specific set of research problems, namely:Main problem:How can managers of mature micro to small-sized offset printing plants in German/central Europe plan for survival and grow into the future?Sub problems:a. Can a management decision tool be developed to assist this decision and growth process in the mature company?b. How would such a tool be formulated to ensure both effectiveness and acceptance? (what factors should it consider)The key concepts introduced via the extant literature were then integrated into a soft systems review, supported by action-oriented research, in an effort to develop a flexible framework aimed at addressing the research problems.Several phases of research serve to support and build upon, or refine, one another to establish a more relevant and meaningful solution. A preliminary research phase comprising a Delphi study and convergent interviews was supported by group feedback sessions conducted with a small work group from the case study company – Werbedruck Petzold. The work group reviewed aspects of the developing framework at various stages throughout the project; each time participants were able to refine concepts and enhance the response to the main research problem. Chapters three, four and five present this conceptual development and testing/evaluation process. They also highlight the robustness of the data stemming from repetitive cycles and triangulation techniques integrated into the research design. The ultimate contribution to knowledge which evolved from the action-oriented research is presented in the form of a three-step framework which acknowledges - the overriding and inherent wishes of the MSE’s owner/manager - the opportunities and threats posed by the external environment, and- the mix of functions each MSE must develop to meet its own specific goals, given its own environmental situation. It is important to note that the response to the research problem is not a fixed model which can be systematically applied to all MSEs. But is rather a flexible framework which is intended to be actioned by MSEs, given their own situations and goals. The key to the proposed framework is that it must be continually reviewed to reflect the ‘current reality’ of a MSE. It is basically a framework which has been developed via action oriented research techniques and is intended for ongoing case-specific, action, review, and refinement. It represents a shift in growth theory for MSEs as it embraces and promotes contingency, thus better reflecting the reality of MSEs.

In general terms, this research project evolved in response to my desire to find out more about the planning issues faced by micro to small-sized enterprises (MSEs). In particular, how they plan for survival and growth.As such, the main objective of the action oriented research project is to assess the viability of developing a framework which will be capable of providing structured, useful and relevant guidance to micro to small-sized enterprises (MSEs) in terms of business survival and growth. In a practical sense, it is important that the framework is also flexible enough to deal with the complexity and fluidity of the real life business environment within which MSEs operate.A review of current growth theory and the current available data and tools aimed at assisting MSE in the area of growth planning is presented in chapter two. This review serves to highlight two important issues which, in turn, guide the research project.- Firstly, an attempted review of current statistical information regarding MSEs highlighted a serious lack of general planning data for this sector within Europe. (Statistics are only analysed and reported for companies with over 20 employees)- Secondly, extant literature regarding growth theories for MSEs, fails to provide one perfect solution. There is a general consensus that it is neither possible, nor desirable, to try to develop one single and fixed model to predict company growth.Chapter two also provides a review of associated disciplines which are closely related to MSE planning ie entrepreneurship, innovation, and complexity. This extended review shows that flexibility and adaptiveness have a great impact on business decisions regarding company survival and growth and further strengthen the case for a flexible solution. Through consideration of these related topics the following three concepts are brought to the fore and are subsequently integrated into the final response to the research questions: - inherent company leadership,- the influence of the external environment and the opportunities and threats it presents to a MSE, - the internal factors which impact MSE company operations and decisionsAs such, Chapter two highlights the need for a bespoke solution which is both reactive and conditional. In order to focus the project, several delimitations were introduced.- Geographically, the research was based upon the prevailing conditions for German and central European MSEs.- Furthermore, a single case study company was selected as it suited the participative requirements of the project. The company is a micro-sized offset printing house.- As the project advanced, it became clear that decisions regarding company survival and growth for MSEs varied greatly depending upon the stage of operations in which the company found itself. Thus, a more specific focus on mature MSEs was adopted as the project and research progressed. By placing these three restrictions on the research project it was possible to conduct meaningful action-oriented research, aimed at generating future action and change beyond the study, as well as identify and address a very specific set of research problems, namely:Main problem:How can managers of mature micro to small-sized offset printing plants in German/central Europe plan for survival and grow into the future?Sub problems:a. Can a management decision tool be developed to assist this decision and growth process in the mature company?b. How would such a tool be formulated to ensure both effectiveness and acceptance? (what factors should it consider)The key concepts introduced via the extant literature were then integrated into a soft systems review, supported by action-oriented research, in an effort to develop a flexible framework aimed at addressing the research problems.Several phases of research serve to support and build upon, or refine, one another to establish a more relevant and meaningful solution. A preliminary research phase comprising a Delphi study and convergent interviews was supported by group feedback sessions conducted with a small work group from the case study company – Werbedruck Petzold. The work group reviewed aspects of the developing framework at various stages throughout the project; each time participants were able to refine concepts and enhance the response to the main research problem. Chapters three, four and five present this conceptual development and testing/evaluation process. They also highlight the robustness of the data stemming from repetitive cycles and triangulation techniques integrated into the research design. The ultimate contribution to knowledge which evolved from the action-oriented research is presented in the form of a three-step framework which acknowledges - the overriding and inherent wishes of the MSE’s owner/manager - the opportunities and threats posed by the external environment, and- the mix of functions each MSE must develop to meet its own specific goals, given its own environmental situation. It is important to note that the response to the research problem is not a fixed model which can be systematically applied to all MSEs. But is rather a flexible framework which is intended to be actioned by MSEs, given their own situations and goals. The key to the proposed framework is that it must be continually reviewed to reflect the ‘current reality’ of a MSE. It is basically a framework which has been developed via action oriented research techniques and is intended for ongoing case-specific, action, review, and refinement. It represents a shift in growth theory for MSEs as it embraces and promotes contingency, thus better reflecting the reality of MSEs.

In general terms, this research project evolved in response to my desire to find out more about the planning issues faced by micro to small-sized enterprises (MSEs). In particular, how they plan for survival and growth.As such, the main objective of the action oriented research project is to assess the viability of developing a framework which will be capable of providing structured, useful and relevant guidance to micro to small-sized enterprises (MSEs) in terms of business survival and growth. In a practical sense, it is important that the framework is also flexible enough to deal with the complexity and fluidity of the real life business environment within which MSEs operate.A review of current growth theory and the current available data and tools aimed at assisting MSE in the area of growth planning is presented in chapter two. This review serves to highlight two important issues which, in turn, guide the research project.- Firstly, an attempted review of current statistical information regarding MSEs highlighted a serious lack of general planning data for this sector within Europe. (Statistics are only analysed and reported for companies with over 20 employees)- Secondly, extant literature regarding growth theories for MSEs, fails to provide one perfect solution. There is a general consensus that it is neither possible, nor desirable, to try to develop one single and fixed model to predict company growth.Chapter two also provides a review of associated disciplines which are closely related to MSE planning ie entrepreneurship, innovation, and complexity. This extended review shows that flexibility and adaptiveness have a great impact on business decisions regarding company survival and growth and further strengthen the case for a flexible solution. Through consideration of these related topics the following three concepts are brought to the fore and are subsequently integrated into the final response to the research questions: - inherent company leadership,- the influence of the external environment and the opportunities and threats it presents to a MSE, - the internal factors which impact MSE company operations and decisionsAs such, Chapter two highlights the need for a bespoke solution which is both reactive and conditional. In order to focus the project, several delimitations were introduced.- Geographically, the research was based upon the prevailing conditions for German and central European MSEs.- Furthermore, a single case study company was selected as it suited the participative requirements of the project. The company is a micro-sized offset printing house.- As the project advanced, it became clear that decisions regarding company survival and growth for MSEs varied greatly depending upon the stage of operations in which the company found itself. Thus, a more specific focus on mature MSEs was adopted as the project and research progressed. By placing these three restrictions on the research project it was possible to conduct meaningful action-oriented research, aimed at generating future action and change beyond the study, as well as identify and address a very specific set of research problems, namely:Main problem:How can managers of mature micro to small-sized offset printing plants in German/central Europe plan for survival and grow into the future?Sub problems:a. Can a management decision tool be developed to assist this decision and growth process in the mature company?b. How would such a tool be formulated to ensure both effectiveness and acceptance? (what factors should it consider)The key concepts introduced via the extant literature were then integrated into a soft systems review, supported by action-oriented research, in an effort to develop a flexible framework aimed at addressing the research problems.Several phases of research serve to support and build upon, or refine, one another to establish a more relevant and meaningful solution. A preliminary research phase comprising a Delphi study and convergent interviews was supported by group feedback sessions conducted with a small work group from the case study company – Werbedruck Petzold. The work group reviewed aspects of the developing framework at various stages throughout the project; each time participants were able to refine concepts and enhance the response to the main research problem. Chapters three, four and five present this conceptual development and testing/evaluation process. They also highlight the robustness of the data stemming from repetitive cycles and triangulation techniques integrated into the research design. The ultimate contribution to knowledge which evolved from the action-oriented research is presented in the form of a three-step framework which acknowledges - the overriding and inherent wishes of the MSE’s owner/manager - the opportunities and threats posed by the external environment, and- the mix of functions each MSE must develop to meet its own specific goals, given its own environmental situation. It is important to note that the response to the research problem is not a fixed model which can be systematically applied to all MSEs. But is rather a flexible framework which is intended to be actioned by MSEs, given their own situations and goals. The key to the proposed framework is that it must be continually reviewed to reflect the ‘current reality’ of a MSE. It is basically a framework which has been developed via action oriented research techniques and is intended for ongoing case-specific, action, review, and refinement. It represents a shift in growth theory for MSEs as it embraces and promotes contingency, thus better reflecting the reality of MSEs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate a few primary school teachers approach to their education work in sustainable development. The teachers work in Green Flag schools, which is a network that offers teachers teaching material for the education in sustainable development. Research has shown that teachers lack of knowledge in how the education in sustainable development should be designed.   This study proceeds from these following questions: How does the interviwed teachers motivate their goals and didactic choices in the education of sustainable development? The investigation is based on a method triangulation. With qualitative interviews of six primary schools teachers and a text analysis of the teaching material the teachers use I am going to answer the questions of this study. Previous research has shown that there is three teaching traditions teachers can approach and in this study the aim of the teachers will be analyzed by the three traditions. The research shows that a normative teaching tradition is the most occurring teaching tradition with the education for sustainable development. The research also shows that teachers prefer to work  practical so that the students can experience the contents of sustainable development.

Cette thèse porte sur les questions liées au malentendu et à la communication dans le cadre de la didactique du Français Langue Etrangère. Une double question se pose de prime abord : d’une part, comment la communication est-elle envisagée dans didactique du FLE ? Et d’autre part : que peut-on opposer à cette vision du « tout-communicatif » ? Quelle autre façon d’envisager l’enseignement d’une langue étrangère pourrait-on opposer à cette dogmatique de la communication ?Il apparait qu’il y a dans la didactique actuelle des langues une obsession de la communication et une vision simplifiée des échanges langagiers. N’y a-t-il pas aujourd’hui dans la didactique du Français Langue Etrangère un malentendu à propos de la communication, concernant à la fois la façon dont on l’envisage et la place prépondérante qui lui est faite ?Plutôt que de se polariser comme à l’accoutumée sur la capacité des apprenants à transmettre des informations d’un pôle à un autre, il s’agit dans ce travail de proposer une autre perspective prenant davantage en compte le sujet et son intrication dans les langues. Sans doute serait-il profitable pour le Français Langue Etrangère de considérer davantage la relation entre un sujet et une langue plutôt que la relation de communication émetteur-récepteur ou énoncé-destinataire. Peut-être devrions-nous davantage prendre en compte la relation primordiale qui se construit entre une langue venue d’ailleurs et un sujet incorporant dans son esprit cet idiome étranger. / This thesis focuses on issues related to misunderstanding and communication within the teaching of French as a Foreign Language. From the outset, a double question arises: first, how is communication considered in the teaching of FFL? And secondly: what can we oppose this “all-communicative” view? How else could the teaching of a foreign language be opposed to this dogmatic conception of communication?It appears that there is in the current teaching of languages an obsession with communication and a simplified view of language exchanges. Is there not today in the teaching of French as a Foreign Language a misconception about communication, both about how it is viewed and the prominent place which it is given?Rather than concentrating as usual on the learners’ ability to transmit information from one pole to another, it is the aim of this work to propose another perspective taking greater account of the subject and his entanglement in the languages. Without doubt it would be profitable for French as a Foreign Language to consider further the relationship between a subject and a language rather than the communication relationship transmitter-receiver or statement-recipient. Maybe we should take greater consideration of the crucial relationship that is built between a language from elsewhere and a subject incorporating in his mind that foreign idiom.

The diploma thesis entitled Phonetics in the teaching of FLE according to the action- oriented approach deals with the concept of phonetics in teaching French as a foreign language according to the new action-oriented approach. The thesis is focused on the diachronic development of teaching methods in the teaching of French as a foreign language (FLE). Further, the thesis focuses on the theoretical definition of basic phonetic terms, which we work in the practical part of the thesis with. The terms are briefly characterized from the theoretical point of view, from the point of view of the didactic, and subsequently the work defines the contents that should be included in the FLE teaching on level A1 according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. There are defined phonetic exercises and recommended practices in the teaching of phonetics of FLE. The following part is devoted to the diachronic development in the field of FLE phonetics evaluation, the definition of criteria for evaluation and the determination of the main types of evaluation. The practical part analyses the concept of phonetics in modern textbooks of FLE, which are conceived according to the action-oriented approach. Based on the theoretical knowledge in the theoretical part of the thesis, the criteria for...

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-27T17:05:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO PETRÔNIO ALENCAR DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2003..pdf: 3495874 bytes, checksum: 26f2cedd183b05f7571147e29242352b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:05:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO PETRÔNIO ALENCAR DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2003..pdf: 3495874 bytes, checksum: 26f2cedd183b05f7571147e29242352b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-26 / Esse trabalho apresenta o processo de construção e implementação do módulo TAOSGraph da ferramenta iTAOS. iTAOS é uma ferramenta gráfica que implementa o formalismo TAOS (Task and Action Oriented System) concebida para acompanhar o projetista de interfaces durante a fase de análise e descrição da tarefa dentro de um processo de desenvolvimento de interfaces, verificando a completude e consistência da representação. TAOS-Graph foi desenvolvido utilizando a metodologia MEDITE, uma metodologia guiada por modelos e baseada na tarefa para construção de interfaces ergonômicas. Os artefatos gerados ao final de cada etapa do processo de desenvolvimento de TAOS-Graph foram: a descrição TAOS da tarefa, a especificação conceitual da interação e o código da interface. Como recomenda a metodologia, foi realizada uma inspeção de conformidade da ferramenta iTAOS com as partes 14 (Menus), 16 (Manipulação direta) e 17 (Formulários) do padrão ISO 9241. / This work presents the process of construction and implementation of the TAOSGraph module of the iTAOS tool. iTAOS is a graphical tool that implements the TAOS formalism (Task and Action Oriented System) and is responsible for accompanying the interface designer (iTAOS user) during domain task’s description and analysis phases within the interface development process, verifying the completeness and the consistency of the representation. TAOS-Graph was developed using the methodology MEDITE, a methodology guided for models and based in the task for construction of ergonomic interfaces. The artefacts generated to the end of each stage of the development process of TAOS-Graph had been: description TAOS of the task, the conceptual specification of the interaction and the code of the interface. As recommends the methodology, iTAOS was carried through an inspection of conformity with the parts 14, 16 and 17 of the standard ISO 9241.