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Papéis ocupacionais e pessoas com deficiências físicas: independência, tecnologia assistiva e poder aquisitivoCruz, Daniel Marinho Cezar da 02 July 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-02 / The aim was to investigate if there is association between occupational roles, independence, purchasing power, age, time of disability and technology in the lives of people with physical disabilities living in the city of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. For this, we attempted to compare if there was a variation in the number of occupational roles in the three times (past/present/future), according to gender and among two groups (adults and elderly), to describe the performance patterns of occupational roles (absence, continuum, loss, gain); identify which are assistive technology resources that these individuals have and how did the acquisition of these technologies, usability and abandonment; identify the knowledge about the subject of granting policies of technologies. From a cross-sectional research, with a convenience sample, we selected 91 subjects, aged from 18 to 93 years, enrolled in Family Health Care Units, with some physical disability. The sample was divided in two groups: adults (n = 34) and elderly (n = 57) to compare the results between them. The instruments of data collection were the Role Checklist, the Modified Barthel Index, the Brazil Economic Classification Criterion and a form developed by the researcher. For data analysis we used a quantitative approach composed by descriptive analysis, ANOVA with repeated measures and Correspondence Analysis. As an outcomes, we found that the participants showed a considerable repertoire of technologies, mostly acquired with their own funds or donations. Much of these technologies could be granted by the grant program of the Federal Government, however, the list of technologies identified in this study suggests that these individuals also make use, as well as other technologies require not covered by the grant program. It was observed a trend toward reliance on subject, and this trend follows a higher order of dependence to total independence. For assistive technology, it was observed that the classes with smaller number of technology classes were related to independent and in greater numbers, with some dependency classes. With regard to the purchasing power it was noted that the classes C1 and D were more associated with less dependence, since the classes B1, B2 and C2 to a moderate dependence and class A2, besides with low frequency and little explanation, coupled with a reliance on more high. It should be noted that although the technology was not directly associated with the independence, the latter was associated with a greater number of occupational roles, which requires a look at the issues of independence, when considering the typology of occupational roles and how this independence moves between roles in the daily life of these participants. From the data obtained, some implications are done in order to increase actions developed in the health care of people with disabilities and the improvement of public policies for this population. / Teve-se por objetivo verificar se existe associação entre os papéis ocupacionais, a independência, o poder aquisitivo, a idade, o tempo de deficiência e a tecnologia assistiva na vida de pessoas com deficiências físicas residentes na cidade de São Carlos. Para isso, buscou-se comparar se existe variação no número de papéis ocupacionais nos três tempos (passado/presente/futuro), de acordo com o sexo e em dois grupos (adultos e idosos); descrever os padrões de desempenho dos papéis ocupacionais (ausência, continuidade, perda, ganho dos papéis); identificar quais são os recursos de tecnologia assistiva que esses sujeitos possuem e como ocorreu a aquisição dessas tecnologias, sua usabilidade e abandono; e identificar o conhecimento dos sujeitos acerca das políticas de concessão de tecnologias. A partir de uma pesquisa transversal, com amostra de conveniência, foram selecionados 91 sujeitos, com idades variando de 18 a 93 anos, cadastrados em Unidades de Saúde da Família, com algum tipo de deficiência física. Subdividiu-se a amostra em adultos (n=34) e idosos (n=57) a fim de comparação dos resultados entre os grupos. Os instrumentos da coleta de dados foram a Lista de Identificação de Papéis Ocupacionais, o Índice de Barthel Modificado, o Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil e um Formulário, elaborado pelo pesquisador. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a abordagem quantitativa, com análise descritiva, ANOVA com Medidas Repetidas e a Análise de Correspondência. Como resultados, identificou-se que os sujeitos apresentaram um repertório considerável de tecnologias, em sua maioria, adquiridas com recursos próprios ou por doações. Boa parte dessas tecnologias poderiam ser concedidas pelo programa de concessão do Governo Federal, entretanto, a lista de tecnologias identificada na presente pesquisa sugere que esses sujeitos também fazem uso, bem como necessitam de outras tecnologias não previstas no programa de concessão. Pôde-se observar uma tendência em relação à dependência dos sujeitos, sendo que tal tendência segue uma ordem de maior dependência para independência total. Para a tecnologia assistiva, observou-se que as classes com menor número de tecnologia estiveram associadas às classes independentes e aquelas com maior número às classes de alguma dependência. Com relação ao poder aquisitivo, notou-se que as classes D e C1 estiveram mais associadas à menor dependência, já as classes B1, B2 e C2 a uma dependência intermediária e a classe A2, embora com baixa frequência e pouca explicação, associada a uma dependência mais elevada. Cabe destacar que embora a tecnologia não estivesse associada diretamente com a independência, esta última mostrou associação com um maior número de papéis ocupacionais, o que requer um olhar para as questões de independência, ao se considerar a tipologia de papéis ocupacionais e de que forma essa independência transita entre os papéis no cotidiano desses sujeitos. São apontadas implicações, a fim de incrementar ações desenvolvidas no âmbito da saúde da pessoa com deficiência e no aprimoramento das políticas públicas voltadas para essa população.
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Health for community dwelling older people : trends, inequalities, needs and care in rural VietnamVan Hoi, Le January 2011 (has links)
Background InVietnam, the proportion of people aged 60 and above has increased rapidly in recent decades. The majority live in rural areas where socioeconomic status is more disadvantaged than in urban areas.Vietnam’s economic status is improving but disparities in income and living conditions are widening between groups and regions. A consistent and emerging danger of communicable diseases and an increase of non-communicable diseases exist concurrently. The emigration of young people and the impact of other socioeconomic changes leave more elderly on their own and with less family support. Introduction of user fees and development of a private sector improve the coverage and quality of health care but increase household health expenditures and inequalities in health care. Life expectancy at birth has increased, but not much is known about changes during old age. There is a lack of evidence, particularly in rural settings, about health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older people within the context of socioeconomic changes and health-sector reform. Knowledge of long-term elderly care needs in the community and the relevant models are still limited. To provide evidence for developing new policies and models of care, this thesis aimed to assess general health status, health care needs, and perspectives on future health care options for community-dwelling older people. Methods An abridged life table was used to estimate cohort life expectancies at old age from longitudinal data collected by FilaBavi DSS during 1999-2006. This covered 7,668 people aged 60 and above with 43,272 person-years. A 2007 cross-sectional survey was conducted among people aged 60 and over living in 2,240 households that were randomly selected from the FilaBavi DSS. Interviews used a structured questionnaire to assess HRQoL, daily care needs, and willingness to use and to pay for models of care. Participant and household socioeconomic characteristics were extracted from the 2007 DSS re-census. Differences in life expectancy are examined by socioeconomic factors. The EQ-5D index is calculated based on the time trade-off tariff. Distributions of study subjects by study variables are described with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate analyses are performed to identify socioeconomic determinants of HRQoL, need of support, ADL index, and willingness to use and pay for models of care. In addition, four focus group discussions with the elderly, their household members, and community association representatives were conducted to explore perspectives on the use of services by applying content analysis. Results Life expectancy at age 60 increased by approximately one year from 1999-2002 to 2003-2006, but tended to decrease in the most vulnerable groups. There is a wide gap in life expectancy by poverty status and living arrangement. The sex gap in life expectancy is consistent across all socioeconomic groups and is wider among the more disadvantaged populations. The EQ-5D index at old age is 0.876. Younger age groups, position as household head, working, literacy, and belonging to better wealth quintiles are determinants of higher HRQoL. Ageing has a primary influence on HRQoL that is mainly due to reduction in physical (rather than mental) functions. Being a household head and working at old age are advantageous for attaining better HRQoL in physical rather than psychological terms. Economic conditions affect HRQoL through sensory rather than physical functions. Long-term living conditions are more likely to affect HRQoL than short-term economic conditions. Dependence in instrumental or intellectual activities of daily living (ADLs) is more common than in basic ADLs. People who need complete help are fewer than those who need some help in almost all ADLs. Over two-fifths of people who needed help received enough support in all ADL dimensions. Children and grand-children are confirmed to be the main caregivers. Presence of chronic illness, age groups, sex, educational level, marital status, household membership, working status, household size, living arrangement, residential area, household wealth, and poverty status are determinants of the need for care. Use of mobile teams is the most requested service; the fewest respondents intend to use a nursing centre. Households expect to use services for their elderly to a greater extent than did the elderly themselves. Willingness to use services decreases when potential fees increase. The proportion of respondents who require free services is 2 to 3 times higher than those willing to pay full cost. Households are willing to pay more for day care and nursing centres than are the elderly. The elderly are more willing to pay for mobile teams than are their households. ADL index, age group, sex, literacy, marital status, living arrangement, head of household status, living area, working status, poverty and household wealth are factors related to willingness to use services. Conclusions There is a trend of increasing life expectancy at older ages in ruralVietnam. Inequalities in life expectancy exist between socioeconomic groups. HRQoL at old age is at a high level, but varies substantially according to socioeconomic factors. An unmet need of daily care for older people remains. Family is the main source of support for care. Need for care is in more demand among disadvantaged groups. Development of a social network for community-based long-term elderly care is needed. The network should focus on instrumental and intellectual ADLs rather than basic ADLs. Home-based care is more essential than institutionalized care. Community-based elderly care will be used and partly paid for if it is provided by the government or associations. The determinants of elderly health and care needs should be addressed by appropriate social and health policies with greater targeting of the poorest and most disadvantaged groups. Building capacity for health professionals and informal caregivers, as well as support for the most vulnerable elderly groups, is essential for providing and assessing the services. / Aging and Living Conditions Program / Vietnam-Sweden Collaborative Program in Health, SIDA/Sarec
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